Effect of Digital Screen Usage on Perceived Sports Competence of Sport Sciences University Students

Yıl 2022, , 31 - 53, 30.09.2022

Ümit Demir , Cevdet Cengiz

https://doi.org/10.55929/besad.1076481

Cited By: 1

Öz

This study aimed to investigate the association between perceived sports competence and digital screen usage among students in Sport Sciences faculties. A cross-sectional survey was conducted at three universities in Turkey. A total of 219 students were surveyed in the spring term of 2021 during the COVID pandemic lockdown period. Data about the use of mobile phones and computers as well as social media and digital games, which pose a risk of addiction to these devices, was obtained from the participants. They were asked to complete a self-report questionnaire on their demographic characteristics, mobile phone and personal computer usage, and the effect of digital screen usage on their sportive competencies. Results showed that the frequent use of digital screen applications had a negative effect on the students' perceived sports competency. A significant difference was found in the scores according to sex, PC ownership, students’ departments, daily phone habits, social media and digital screen usage, daily physical activity, and changes in daily physical activity. In conclusion, the use of digital screen applications had a negative effect on sports science students' perceived sports competence. These effects increased during the Covid-19 pandemic confinement period.

Anahtar Kelimeler

social media, addiction, digital games, university students

Dijital Ekran Kullanımının Spor Bilimleri Öğrencilerinin Spor Yeterliliklerine Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışma, Spor Bilimleri fakültelerinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerde algıladıkları spor yeterlilikleri ile dijital ekran kullanımı arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Türkiye'de üç üniversitede kesitsel bir araştırma yapılmıştır. COVID pandemisi karantina döneminde 2021 bahar döneminde toplam 219 öğrenci ankete katılım göstermiştir. Katılımcılardan cep telefonu ve bilgisayar kullanımı ile bu cihazlara bağımlılık riski oluşturan sosyal medya ve dijital oyunların kullanımına ilişkin veriler alınmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, katılımcılardan demografik özellikleri, cep telefonu ve kişisel bilgisayar kullanımları ve dijital ekran kullanımının sportif yeterliklerine etkisi hakkında bir anket doldurmaları istenmiştir. Araştırma sonucu olarak, dijital ekran uygulamalarının sık kullanımının öğrencilerin algılanan spor yeterlilikleri üzerinde olumsuz bir etkisi olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca; cinsiyet, bilgisayar sahibi olma, bölüm, günlük telefon alışkanlıkları, sosyal medya ve dijital ekran kullanımı, günlük fiziksel aktivite ve günlük fiziksel aktivitedeki değişime göre spor yeterlilik puanlarında anlamlı farklılık görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, dijital ekran uygulamalarının kullanımı spor bilimleri öğrencilerinin algıladıkları spor yeterliliği üzerinde olumsuz bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu etkilerin Covid-19 pandemisi karantina döneminde arttığı görülmüştür

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sosyal Medya, Bağımlılık, Dijital oyunlar, Üniversite öğrencileri

Kaynakça

• Abney, T. B. (2007). The Importance of Perceived Competence in Fitness/Exercise Programming. The Sport Journal, 15 (3) Daphne Al, United States Sports Academy.
• Alshehri, A. G., & Mohamed, A. M. A. S. (2019). The relationship between electronic gaming and health, social relationships, and physical activity among males in Saudi Arabia. American Journal of Men's Health, 13(4), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319873512
• Añez, E., Fornieles-Deu, A., Fauquet-Ars, J., López-Guimerà, G., Puntí-Vidal, J., & Sánchez-Carracedo, D. (2018). Body image dissatisfaction, physical activity, and screen-time in Spanish adolescents. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(1), 36-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316664134
• Barkley, J.E., & Lepp, A. (2016). Mobile phone use among college students is a sedentary leisure behavior which may interfere with exercise. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 29–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.001
• Barnett, L. M., Morgan, P. J., van Beurden, E., & Beard, J. R. (2008). Perceived sports competence mediates the relationship between childhood motor skill proficiency and adolescent physical activity and fitness: a longitudinal assessment. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5(1), 1-12.
• Berkey, C. S., Rockett, H. R., Field, A. E., Gillman, M. W., Frazier, A. L., Camargo, C. A., & Colditz, G. A. (2000). Activity, dietary intake, and weight changes in a longitudinal study of preadolescent and adolescent boys and girls. Pediatrics, 105(4), e56-e56. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.105.4.e56
• Boursier, V., Gioia, F., Musetti, A., & Schimmenti, A. (2020). Facing Loneliness and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Isolation: The Role of Excessive Social Media Use in a Sample of Italian Adults. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 586222. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.586222
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2012). Scientific Research Methods. Ankara: Pegem Academy Publishing.
• Can, S., & Karaca, A. (2019). Determination of musculoskeletal system pain, physical activity intensity, and prolonged sitting of university students using smartphone. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 11, 28–35. https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2019-0004
• Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Pratt, M., Yang, Z., & Adams, E. K. (2015). Inadequate physical activity and health care expenditures in the United States. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 57(4), 315-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2014.08.002
• Cengiz, C., & Tilmaç, K. (2018) High school students’ exercise-related stages of change and physical activity self-efficacy. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 18 (73), 59-76. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejer/issue/42503/512033
• Chakraborty, R., Bose, K., Khongsdier, R., & Bisai, S. (2009). Body mass index and body fat among adult Bengalee male slum dwellers in West Bengal, India. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 3(3), 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2009.03.003
• Cheng, C., & Li, A. Y. L. (2014). Internet addiction prevalence and quality of (real) life: A meta-analysis of 31 nations across seven world regions. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(12), 755-760. http://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0317
• Cihan, B. B., & Ilgar E. A. (2019). Examination of Digital Sports Games’ Effects on Athletes: Phenomenological Analysis. Gaziantep University Journal of Sport Science, 4(1), 171-189. https://doi.org/10.31680/gaunjss.510351
• Doganer, S., & Akoglu, H. E. (2020). The effect of sports science students' social media addictions on redundant purchasing behavior. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 6(4), 616-626. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.522.2020.64.616.626
• Ekinci, N. E., Yalçın, İ., & Soyer, F. (2017). Digital game addiction level of high school students in Turkey. Acta Kinesiological, 11(2), 98-103.
• Ercan, S., Acar, H. T., Arslan, E., Canbulut, A., Oğul, A., & Çetin, C. (2021). Effect of internet addiction on sleep quality, physical activity, and cognitive status among university students. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine, 1, 49-56. https://doi.org/10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2021.96158
• Feng, Q. I., Zhang, Q. L., Du, Y., Ye, Y. L., & He, Q. Q. (2014). Associations of physical activity, screen time with depression, anxiety, and sleep quality among Chinese college freshmen. PloS One, 9(6), e100914. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100914
• Fennell, C., Barkley, J. E., & Lepp, A. (2019). The relationship between cell phone use, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in adults aged 18–80. Computers in Human Behavior, 90, 53-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.044
• Gómez, S. F., Homs, C., Wärnberg, J., Medrano, M., Gonzalez-Gross, M., Gusi, N., & Schröder, H. (2020). Study protocol of a population-based cohort investigating physical activity, sedentarism, lifestyles, and obesity in Spanish youth: the PASOS study. BMJ Open, 10(9), e036210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036210
• Górnicka, M., Hamulka, J., Wadolowska, L., Kowalkowska, J., Kostyra, E., Tomaszewska, M., & Bronkowska, M. (2020). Activity–inactivity patterns, screen time, and physical activity: The association with overweight, central obesity and muscle strength in Polish teenagers. Report from the ABC of Healthy Eating Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7842. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217842
• Grau, S., Kleiser, S., & Bright, L. (2019). Exploring social media addiction among student millennials. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 22(2), 200-216. https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-02-2017-0058
• Hallal, P. C., Andersen, L. B., Bull, F. C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W., Ekelund, U., & Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. (2012). Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. The Lancet, 380(9838), 247-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60646-1
• Haripriya, S., Samuel, S. E., & Megha, M. (2019). Correlation between smartphone addiction, sleep quality and physical activity among young adults. Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research, 13(10), 5-9. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2019/42168.13212
• Harter, S. (1978). Effectance motivation reconsidered. Toward a developmental model. Human Development, 21(1), 34-64.
• Harter, S. (1982). The perceived competence scale for children. Child Development, 87-97. Iannotti, R. J., Kogan, M. D., Janssen, I., & Boyce, W. F. (2009). Patterns of adolescent physical activity, screen-based media use, and positive and negative health indicators in the US and Canada. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(5), 493-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.10.142
• Joshi, P., Cole, K., & Overton, M. (2016). Trends in sedentary behaviors among high school students: analysis of television and other screen-time activities. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 16(4), 1142. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2016.04183
• Kautiainen, S., Koivusilta, L., Lintonen, T., Virtanen, S. M., & Rimpelä, A. (2005). Use of information and communication technology and prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents. International Journal of Obesity, 29(8), 925-933. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802994
• Kelly, S (2010) Qualitative interviewing techniques and styles. In: Bourgeault, I, Dingwall, R, de Vries, R (eds) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Methods in Health Research, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
• Kemp, S. (2020). Digital 2020: Global digital yearbook-we are social. USA: Hootsuite.
• Kim, D., Lee, Y., Lee, J., Nam, J. K., & Chung, Y. (2014). Development of Korean smartphone addiction proneness scale for youth. PloS One, 9(5), e97920. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097920 Knight-McCord, J., Cleary, D., Grant, N., Herron, A., Lacey, T., Livingston, T., & Emanuel, R. (2016). What social media sites do college students use most. Journal of Undergraduate Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2(21), 21-26.
• Korkmaz, N. H. & Öztürk, İ. E. & Rodoslu, C. & Uğur, S. (2020). Investigation of changes in physical activity levels of secondary school students during the covid-19 outbreak process (Bursa case example). Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 22(4) 101-115.
• Koyuncu, İ., & Kılıç, A. F. (2019). The use of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses: A document analysis. Education and Science, 44(198), 361-388. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2019.7665
• Kuss, D., Griffiths, M., Karila, L., & Billieux, J. (2014). Internet addiction: A systematic review of epidemiological research for the last decade. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(25), 4026-4052. https://doi.org/10.2174/13816128113199990617
• Männikkö, N., Billieux, J., & Kääriäinen, M. (2015). Problematic digital gaming behavior and its relation to the psychological, social, and physical health of Finnish adolescents and young adults. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(4), 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.040
• Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., Sanders, G. J., Rebold, M., & Gates, P. (2013). The relationship between cell phone use, physical and sedentary activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness in a sample of U. S. college students. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and physical activity. 10(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-79
• Liao, Y., Harada, K., Shibata, A., Ishii, K., Oka, K., Nakamura, Y., & Shimomitsu, T. (2011). Joint associations of physical activity and screen time with overweight among Japanese adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-131
• Ma, C., Zhou, L., Xu, W., Ma, S., & Wang, Y. (2020). Associations of physical activity and screen time with suboptimal health status and sleep quality among Chinese college freshmen: A cross-sectional study. PloS One, 15(9), e0239429. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239429
• Narwal, R., & Aggarwal, H. (2022). Predicting online game-addicted behaviour with sentiment analysis using twitter data. In Machine Learning, Advances in Computing, Renewable Energy and Communication (pp. 505-517). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2354-7_45
• Olufadi, Y. (2015). Gravitating towards mobile phone (GoToMP) during lecture periods by students: Why are they using it? and how can it be measured? Computers & Education, 87, 423-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.08.013
• Palinkas, LA, Horwitz, SM, Green, CA, Wisdom, J.P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015) Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research 42(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
• Park, J., Kim, J., Kim, J., Kim, K., Kim, N., Choi, I., Lee, S., & Yim, J. (2015) The effects of heavy smartphone use on the cervical angle, pain threshold of neck muscles and depression. Advanced Science and Technology Letters, 91(3), 12-17.
• Park, M. H., Park, E. J., Choi, J., Chai, S., Lee, J. H., Lee, C., & Kim, D. J. (2011). Preliminary study of Internet addiction and cognitive function in adolescents based on IQ tests. Psychiatry Research, 190(2-3), 275-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.08.006
• Roberts, J., Yaya, L., & Manolis, C. (2014). The invisible addiction: Cell-phone activities and addiction among male and female college students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(4), 254-265. https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.3.2014.015
• Ryan, T., Chester, A., Reece, J., & Xenos, S. (2014). The uses and abuses of Facebook: A review of Facebook addiction. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(3), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.3.2014.016
• Samaha, M., & Hawi, N. S. (2017). Associations between screen media parenting practices and children’s screen time in Lebanon. Telematics and Informatics, 34(1), 351-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.06.002
• Sevil, J., Abós, Á, Aibar, A., Sanz, M., & García-González, L. (2018). Should we reconsider sedentary screen time recommendations in adolescents? Sport TK 7(2), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.343271
• Siddiquah, A., & Salim, Z. (2017). The ICT facilities, skills, usage, and the problems faced by the students of higher education. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(8), 4987-4994. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00977a
• Silva, D. A. S., Chaput, J. P., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Fogelholm, M., Hu, G., Maher, C., & Tremblay, M. S. (2018). Physical education classes, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 50(5), 995-1004. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001524
• Singh, S., Dixit, A., & Joshi, G. (2020). Is compulsive social media use amid COVID-19 pandemic addictive behavior or coping mechanism? Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 102290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102290
• Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2010). “Uncool to do sport”: A focus group study of adolescent girls’ reasons for withdrawing from physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(6), 619-626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.07.006
• Taliaferro, L. A., Rienzo, B. A., Pigg, R. M., Miller, M. D., & Dodd, V. J. (2009). Associations between physical activity and reduced proportions of hopelessness, depression, and suicidal behavior among college students. Journal of American College Health, 57(4), 427-436. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.4.427-436
• Tao, S., Wu, X., Yang, Y., & Tao, F. (2020). The moderating effect of physical activity in the relation between problematic mobile phone use and depression among university students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 273, 167-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.012
• Teychenne, M., Ball, K., & Salmon, J. (2010). Sedentary behavior and depression among adults: a review. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17(4), 246-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-010-9075-z
• Trost, S. G., Blair, S. N., & Khan, K. M. (2014). Physical inactivity remains the greatest public health problem of the 21st century: evidence, improved methods, and solutions using the ‘7 investments that work’ as a framework. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(3),169–70. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093372
• Venkatesh, E., Jemal, M. Y. A., & Samani, A. S. A. (2017). Smartphone usage and addiction among dental students in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 10, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2016-0133
• Višnjić, A., Veličković, V., Sokolović, D., Stanković, M., Mijatović, K., Stojanović, M.,. & Radulović, O. (2018). Relationship between the manner of mobile phone use and depression, anxiety, and stress in university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040697
• Warburton, D. E., & Bredin, S. S. (2017). Health benefits of physical activity: a systematic review of current systematic reviews. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 32(5), 541-556. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000437
• Weiss, M. R. (2000). Motivating kids in physical activity. President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest, 3(11), 3-10. World Health Organization, (2010). Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health.
• Wu, X., Tao, S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., & Tao, F. (2015). Low physical activity and high screen time can increase the risks of mental health problems and poor sleep quality among Chinese college students. PloS One, 10(3), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119607
• Yang, S. Y., Chen, M. D., Huang, Y. C., Lin, C. Y., & Chang, J. H. (2017). Association between smartphone use and musculoskeletal discomfort in adolescent students. Journal of Community Health, 42(3), 423-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0271-x
• Zhai, X., Ye, M., Wang, C., Gu, Q., Huang, T., Wang, K., & Fan, X. (2020). Associations among physical activity and smartphone use with perceived stress and sleep quality of Chinese college students. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 18, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100323