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Determining The Impact of Environmental Costs on Financial Performance: An Empirical Study on The Firms Included In The Bist Sustainability Index

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 417 - 442, 30.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.54838/bilgisosyal.1175732

Öz

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of environmental expenditures on environmental regulations and practices of companies operating in different sectors included in the BIST Sustainability Index in Turkey, on the financial performance of companies. The data obtained from the financial and sustainability reports of 18 companies, which are included in the BIST Sustainability Index in Turkey, operating in different sectors and selected randomly between the years 2015-2020, were used. Financial data were obtained from the Public Disclosure Platform and sustainability reports were obtained from the websites of the companies, and these data were measured with the help of system-GMM data analysis. In this study, the effect of companies' environmental expenditures on the return on capital employed (ROCE) is investigated; Environmental expenditures were determined as independent variable, return on capital used as dependent variable, and firm size as control variable. As a result of the analysis made with the System-GMM method, a negative and significant relationship was determined between the environmental costs and the return on the capital used, and it was concluded that a 1% increase in the environmental costs would reduce the return on the capital used by 0.08%. In the study; It is thought that the companies operating in Turkey and reporting this using environmental accounting will contribute to both the literature and the widespread use of environmental accounting by companies, thanks to the findings on the relationship between environmental costs and profitability levels. During the execution of the study, it was observed that in some of the sustainability reports published by companies included in the BIST Sustainability Index, environmental expenditure amounts were not specified at all or were stated in different currencies. This situation limits sample selection and determination in empirical studies.

Kaynakça

  • Adedıran, S.A. ve Alade, S.O. (2013). “The Impact of Environmental Accounting on Corporate Performance in Nigeria”. European Journal of Business and Management, Vol: 5 (23), 141-151.
  • Ahmad, Muhammad ve Waseer Wasif Ali, Shabbir HUSSAİN, Ume AMMARA (2018). “Relationship Between Environmental Accounting and Nonfinancial Firms Performance: An Empirical Analysis of Selected Firms Listed in Pakistan Stock Exchange, Pakistan”. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Vol: 5 (1), 197-209.
  • Alagöz, A. ve Yılmaz, B. (2001). “Çevre Muhasebesi ve Çevresel Maliyetler”. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt: 1 (1-2), 147-158.
  • Al-Tuwaıjrı, S. A., Chrıstensen T. E. ve Hughes K. E. (2004). “The Relations Among Environmental Disclosure, Environmental Performance and Economic Performance: A Simultaneous Equations Approach”. Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol: 29, 447-471.
  • Andrıkopoulos, A. ve Krıklanı N. (2013). “Environmental Disclosure And Financial Characteristics of the Firm: The Case Of Denmark”. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, Vol: 20, 55-64.
  • Bayyurt, N. (2011). “İşletmelerde Performans Değerlendirmenin Önemi ve Performans Göstergeleri Arasındaki İlişkiler”. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, Sayı: 53, 577-592.
  • Chang, K. (2015). “The İmpacts of Environmental Performance and Propensity Disclosure on Financial Performance: Empirical Evidence From Unbalanced Panel Data of Heavy-Pollution Industries In China”. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, Vol: 8 (1), 21-36.
  • Dizgil, E. (2019). “Firma Karlılığını Etkileyen İçsel Faktörler: BİST Gıda, İçecek Endeksinde Yer Alan Firmalar Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, Cilt: 22 (2), 420-432.
  • Düzer, M. ve Önce S. (2018). “Sürdürülebilirlik Performans Göstergelerine İlişkin Açıklamaların Finansal Performans Üzerine Etkisi: Bist’te Bir Uygulama”. Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamaları Dergisi, Cilt: 11 (1), 93-118.
  • Elsayed, K. ve Paton D. (2005). “The Impact of Environmental Performance on Firm Performance: Static and Dynamic Panel Data Evidence”. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 16, 395-412.
  • Gürünlü, M. (2019). “Sürdürülebilirlik ve Finansal Performans Arasındaki İlişki: BİST Şirketleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, Sayı: 84, 177-190.
  • Haninun, H., Lindrianasari, L. ve Denziana, A. (2018). “The Effect Of Environmental Performance and Disclosure on Financial Performance”. Int. J. Trade and Global Markets, Vol: 11(1/2), 138–148.
  • Iwata, H. ve Okada, K. (2011). “How Does Environmental Performance Affect Financial Performance? Evidence From Japanese Manufacturing Firms”. Ecological Economics, Vol: 70 (9), 1691-1700.
  • Jones, M. J. (2010). “Accounting for the Environment: Towards a Theoretical Perspective for Environmental Accounting and Reporting”. Accounting Forum, Vol: 34, 123-138.
  • Kim, T. H. ve Kim, B. (2018). “Firm’s Environmental Expenditure, R&D Intensity, and Profitability”. Sustainability, 10, 2071.
  • Li, D., Zhao, Y., Sun, Y. ve Yin, D. (2017). “Corporate Environmental Performance, Environmental Information Disclosure, and Financial Performance: Evidence From China”. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 23(2), 323-339.
  • Liu, R., He, F. ve Ren, J. (2021). “Promoting or Inhibiting? The Impact of Enterprise Environmental Performance on Economic Performance: Evidence from China’s Large Iron and Steel Enterprises”. Sustainability, Vol:13, 6465.
  • Liu, Y., Xi B. ve Wang, G. (2021). “The Impact of Corporate Environmental Responsibility on Financial Performance—Based on Chinese Listed Companies”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol: 28 (7), 7840-7853.
  • Makorı, D. M. ve Jagongo A. (2013). “Environmental Accounting and Firm Profitability: An Empirical Analysis of Selected Firms Listed in Bombay Stock Exchange, India”. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol: 3 (18), 248-256.
  • Monterıo, S. M. da Silva ve Guzman B. A. (2010). “The influence of the Portuguese Environmental Accounting Standard on the Environmental Disclosures in the Annual Reports of Large Companies Operating in Portugal A First View (2002-2004)”. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, Vol: 21 (4), 414-435.
  • Nguyen, L. S., Tran, M. D., Nguyen, T. X. H. ve Le, Q. H. (2017). “Factors Affecting Disclosure Levels of Environmental Accounting Information: The Case of Vietnam”. Accounting and Finance Research, Vol: 6 (4), 255-264.
  • Nkwojı, N. (2021). “Environmental Accounting and Profitability of Selected Quoted Oil and Gas Companies in Nigeria (2012-2017)”. Journal of Accounting and Financial Management, Vol: 7 (3), 22-39.
  • Nuzula, N. F. (2019). “Does Environmental Cost Affect Japanese Firms’ Performance?”. International Journal of Professional Business Review, Vol: 4 (1), 14-21.
  • Özkol, A. E. (1998). “Çevre Muhasebesi”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 13 (1), 15-26.
  • Pehlivanoğlu, F. ve Solmaz, A. R. (2021). Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi: BRIC ve MIST Ülkeleri için Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi . Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi , 5 (2) , 471-493 . DOI: 10.33399/biibfad.918535
  • Rounaghı, M. M. (2019). “Economic Analysis of Using Gren Accounting and Environmental Accounting to Identify Environmental Costs and Sustainability Indicators”. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, Vol: 35 (4), 504-512.
  • Salama, A. (2005). “A Note on The Impact of Environmental Performance on Financial Performance”. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 16, 413-421.
  • Shabbir, M. S. ve Wısdom, O. (2020). “The Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility, Environmental Investments and Financial Performance: Evidence From Manufacturing Companies”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol: 27, 39946-39957.
  • Sevim, U. (2021). “İşletmelerin Çevresel Yatırım Harcamalarının Finansal Performans Üzerine Etkisi: BİST Sürdürülebilirlik Endeksi Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, Cilt: 7 (1), 55-67.
  • Sıla, İ. ve Çek, K. (2017). “The Impact of Environmental, Social and Governance Dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility on Economic Performance: Australian Evidence”. Procedia Computer Science, 120, 797-804.
  • Song, H., Zhao, C. ve Zeng, J. (2017). “Can Environmental Management Improve Financial Performance: An Empirical Study Of A-Shares Listed Companies in China”. Journal Of Cleaner Production, 141, 1051-1056.
  • Şenol, Z. ve Ulutaş, A. (2018). “Muhasebe Temelli Performans Ölçümleri ile Piyasa Temelli Performans Ölçümlerinin CRITIC ve ARAS Yöntemleriyle Değerlendirilmesi”. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, Sayı: 641, 83-102.
  • Şimşek, H. ve Öztürk, G. (2021). “Evaluation of the Relationship Between Environmental Accounting and Business Performance: The Case of Istanbul Province”. Green Finance, Vol: 3 (1), 46-58.
  • Tetik, S. (2003). “İşletme Performansını Belirlemede Veri Zarflama Analizi”. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, Cilt: 10 (2), 221-230.
  • Yakhou, M. ve Dorweıler, V. P. (2004). “Environmental Accounting: An Essential Component Of Business Strategy”. Business Strategy and the Environment, Vol: 13, 65-77.
  • Yıldız, Ş., Tuna, G. ve Tuna, V. E. (2016). “Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk Kapsamında Çevre Açıklamaları ile Firma Özellikleri Arasındaki İlişki: Kimya, Petrol, Kauçuk ve Plastik Ürünler Sektöründe Bir Uygulama”. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 8 (2), 255-276.
  • Yücel, M. A. ve Terzioğlu, K. (2022). Türkiye ve Avrupa Bölgesinde Eko-Verimlilik: Dinamik Mekânsal Panel Veri Yaklaşımı. Journal of Productivity. 4, 569-584.
  • Wagner, M., Schaltegger, S. ve Wehrmeyer, W. (2001). The Relationship Between The Environmental And Economic Performance Of Firms: What Does Theory Propose And What Does Empirical Evidence Tell Us?. Greener Management International, (34), 95-108.
  • Wei-Lun, H. ve Yan-Kai F. (2019). “The Study on the Relationship Between the Environmental and Financial Performances of Corporates Which Have Adopting the System of Environmental Accounting in Taiwan”. E3S Web of Conferences 81. The 1st International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Management (WREM 2018) . P: 1-8. (https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198101012 ).

Çevresel Maliyetlerin Finansal Performans Üzerindeki Etkisinin Tespiti: BİST Sürdürülebilirlik Endeksinde Yer Alan Firmalar Üzerinden Bir Ampirik İnceleme

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 417 - 442, 30.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.54838/bilgisosyal.1175732

Öz

Özet
Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de BIST Sürdürülebilirlik Endeksinde yer alan farklı sektörlerde faaliyette bulunan şirketlerin çevresel düzenlemeler ve uygulamalara yönelik gerçekleştirmiş oldukları çevre muhasebesi kapsamında yer alan çevresel harcamaların firmaların finansal performansı üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Türkiye’de BIST Sürdürülebilirlik Endeksinde yer alan ve farklı sektörlerde faaliyet gösterip tesadüfi olarak seçilen 18 şirketin 2015-2020 yılları arasındaki finansal ve sürdürülebilirlik raporlarından elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır. Finansal veriler Kamu Aydınlatma Platformu’ndan, sürdürülebilirlik raporları ise şirketlerin web sitelerinden elde edilmiş olup söz konusu veriler sistem-GMM veri analizi yardımı ile ölçümlenmiştir. Şirketlerin çevresel harcamalarının kullanılan sermayenin getirisi (ROCE) üzerindeki etkisinin araştırıldığı bu çalışmada; bağımsız değişken çevre harcamaları, bağımlı değişken kullanılan sermaye getirisi ve kontrol değişkeni olarak da firma büyüklüğü belirlenmiştir. Sistem-GMM yöntemi ile yapılan analiz sonucunda çevre maliyetleri ve kullanılan sermayenin getirisi arasında negatif yönlü ve anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiş olup çevre maliyetlerinde gerçekleştirilecek %1'lik artışın kullanılan sermayenin getirisini % 0.08 oranında azalttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmanın gerçekleştirilmesi sırasında BIST Sürdürülebilirlik Endeksinde yer alan şirketler tarafından yayımlanan sürdürülebilirlik raporlarının bazılarında çevresel harcama tutarlarının hiç belirtilmediği veya farklı para birimleri cinsinden belirtildiği gözlenmiştir. Bu durum, yapılacak ampirik çalışmalardaki örneklem seçim ve tespitini sınırlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Adedıran, S.A. ve Alade, S.O. (2013). “The Impact of Environmental Accounting on Corporate Performance in Nigeria”. European Journal of Business and Management, Vol: 5 (23), 141-151.
  • Ahmad, Muhammad ve Waseer Wasif Ali, Shabbir HUSSAİN, Ume AMMARA (2018). “Relationship Between Environmental Accounting and Nonfinancial Firms Performance: An Empirical Analysis of Selected Firms Listed in Pakistan Stock Exchange, Pakistan”. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Vol: 5 (1), 197-209.
  • Alagöz, A. ve Yılmaz, B. (2001). “Çevre Muhasebesi ve Çevresel Maliyetler”. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt: 1 (1-2), 147-158.
  • Al-Tuwaıjrı, S. A., Chrıstensen T. E. ve Hughes K. E. (2004). “The Relations Among Environmental Disclosure, Environmental Performance and Economic Performance: A Simultaneous Equations Approach”. Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol: 29, 447-471.
  • Andrıkopoulos, A. ve Krıklanı N. (2013). “Environmental Disclosure And Financial Characteristics of the Firm: The Case Of Denmark”. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, Vol: 20, 55-64.
  • Bayyurt, N. (2011). “İşletmelerde Performans Değerlendirmenin Önemi ve Performans Göstergeleri Arasındaki İlişkiler”. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, Sayı: 53, 577-592.
  • Chang, K. (2015). “The İmpacts of Environmental Performance and Propensity Disclosure on Financial Performance: Empirical Evidence From Unbalanced Panel Data of Heavy-Pollution Industries In China”. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, Vol: 8 (1), 21-36.
  • Dizgil, E. (2019). “Firma Karlılığını Etkileyen İçsel Faktörler: BİST Gıda, İçecek Endeksinde Yer Alan Firmalar Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, Cilt: 22 (2), 420-432.
  • Düzer, M. ve Önce S. (2018). “Sürdürülebilirlik Performans Göstergelerine İlişkin Açıklamaların Finansal Performans Üzerine Etkisi: Bist’te Bir Uygulama”. Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamaları Dergisi, Cilt: 11 (1), 93-118.
  • Elsayed, K. ve Paton D. (2005). “The Impact of Environmental Performance on Firm Performance: Static and Dynamic Panel Data Evidence”. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 16, 395-412.
  • Gürünlü, M. (2019). “Sürdürülebilirlik ve Finansal Performans Arasındaki İlişki: BİST Şirketleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, Sayı: 84, 177-190.
  • Haninun, H., Lindrianasari, L. ve Denziana, A. (2018). “The Effect Of Environmental Performance and Disclosure on Financial Performance”. Int. J. Trade and Global Markets, Vol: 11(1/2), 138–148.
  • Iwata, H. ve Okada, K. (2011). “How Does Environmental Performance Affect Financial Performance? Evidence From Japanese Manufacturing Firms”. Ecological Economics, Vol: 70 (9), 1691-1700.
  • Jones, M. J. (2010). “Accounting for the Environment: Towards a Theoretical Perspective for Environmental Accounting and Reporting”. Accounting Forum, Vol: 34, 123-138.
  • Kim, T. H. ve Kim, B. (2018). “Firm’s Environmental Expenditure, R&D Intensity, and Profitability”. Sustainability, 10, 2071.
  • Li, D., Zhao, Y., Sun, Y. ve Yin, D. (2017). “Corporate Environmental Performance, Environmental Information Disclosure, and Financial Performance: Evidence From China”. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 23(2), 323-339.
  • Liu, R., He, F. ve Ren, J. (2021). “Promoting or Inhibiting? The Impact of Enterprise Environmental Performance on Economic Performance: Evidence from China’s Large Iron and Steel Enterprises”. Sustainability, Vol:13, 6465.
  • Liu, Y., Xi B. ve Wang, G. (2021). “The Impact of Corporate Environmental Responsibility on Financial Performance—Based on Chinese Listed Companies”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol: 28 (7), 7840-7853.
  • Makorı, D. M. ve Jagongo A. (2013). “Environmental Accounting and Firm Profitability: An Empirical Analysis of Selected Firms Listed in Bombay Stock Exchange, India”. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol: 3 (18), 248-256.
  • Monterıo, S. M. da Silva ve Guzman B. A. (2010). “The influence of the Portuguese Environmental Accounting Standard on the Environmental Disclosures in the Annual Reports of Large Companies Operating in Portugal A First View (2002-2004)”. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, Vol: 21 (4), 414-435.
  • Nguyen, L. S., Tran, M. D., Nguyen, T. X. H. ve Le, Q. H. (2017). “Factors Affecting Disclosure Levels of Environmental Accounting Information: The Case of Vietnam”. Accounting and Finance Research, Vol: 6 (4), 255-264.
  • Nkwojı, N. (2021). “Environmental Accounting and Profitability of Selected Quoted Oil and Gas Companies in Nigeria (2012-2017)”. Journal of Accounting and Financial Management, Vol: 7 (3), 22-39.
  • Nuzula, N. F. (2019). “Does Environmental Cost Affect Japanese Firms’ Performance?”. International Journal of Professional Business Review, Vol: 4 (1), 14-21.
  • Özkol, A. E. (1998). “Çevre Muhasebesi”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 13 (1), 15-26.
  • Pehlivanoğlu, F. ve Solmaz, A. R. (2021). Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi: BRIC ve MIST Ülkeleri için Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi . Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi , 5 (2) , 471-493 . DOI: 10.33399/biibfad.918535
  • Rounaghı, M. M. (2019). “Economic Analysis of Using Gren Accounting and Environmental Accounting to Identify Environmental Costs and Sustainability Indicators”. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, Vol: 35 (4), 504-512.
  • Salama, A. (2005). “A Note on The Impact of Environmental Performance on Financial Performance”. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 16, 413-421.
  • Shabbir, M. S. ve Wısdom, O. (2020). “The Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility, Environmental Investments and Financial Performance: Evidence From Manufacturing Companies”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol: 27, 39946-39957.
  • Sevim, U. (2021). “İşletmelerin Çevresel Yatırım Harcamalarının Finansal Performans Üzerine Etkisi: BİST Sürdürülebilirlik Endeksi Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, Cilt: 7 (1), 55-67.
  • Sıla, İ. ve Çek, K. (2017). “The Impact of Environmental, Social and Governance Dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility on Economic Performance: Australian Evidence”. Procedia Computer Science, 120, 797-804.
  • Song, H., Zhao, C. ve Zeng, J. (2017). “Can Environmental Management Improve Financial Performance: An Empirical Study Of A-Shares Listed Companies in China”. Journal Of Cleaner Production, 141, 1051-1056.
  • Şenol, Z. ve Ulutaş, A. (2018). “Muhasebe Temelli Performans Ölçümleri ile Piyasa Temelli Performans Ölçümlerinin CRITIC ve ARAS Yöntemleriyle Değerlendirilmesi”. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, Sayı: 641, 83-102.
  • Şimşek, H. ve Öztürk, G. (2021). “Evaluation of the Relationship Between Environmental Accounting and Business Performance: The Case of Istanbul Province”. Green Finance, Vol: 3 (1), 46-58.
  • Tetik, S. (2003). “İşletme Performansını Belirlemede Veri Zarflama Analizi”. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, Cilt: 10 (2), 221-230.
  • Yakhou, M. ve Dorweıler, V. P. (2004). “Environmental Accounting: An Essential Component Of Business Strategy”. Business Strategy and the Environment, Vol: 13, 65-77.
  • Yıldız, Ş., Tuna, G. ve Tuna, V. E. (2016). “Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk Kapsamında Çevre Açıklamaları ile Firma Özellikleri Arasındaki İlişki: Kimya, Petrol, Kauçuk ve Plastik Ürünler Sektöründe Bir Uygulama”. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 8 (2), 255-276.
  • Yücel, M. A. ve Terzioğlu, K. (2022). Türkiye ve Avrupa Bölgesinde Eko-Verimlilik: Dinamik Mekânsal Panel Veri Yaklaşımı. Journal of Productivity. 4, 569-584.
  • Wagner, M., Schaltegger, S. ve Wehrmeyer, W. (2001). The Relationship Between The Environmental And Economic Performance Of Firms: What Does Theory Propose And What Does Empirical Evidence Tell Us?. Greener Management International, (34), 95-108.
  • Wei-Lun, H. ve Yan-Kai F. (2019). “The Study on the Relationship Between the Environmental and Financial Performances of Corporates Which Have Adopting the System of Environmental Accounting in Taiwan”. E3S Web of Conferences 81. The 1st International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Management (WREM 2018) . P: 1-8. (https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198101012 ).
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Finans
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ferah Yıldız 0000-0003-3374-1297

Yavuz Kılınç 0000-0001-7545-8663

Türkan Kavas 0000-0002-1030-3895

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldız, F., Kılınç, Y., & Kavas, T. (2022). Çevresel Maliyetlerin Finansal Performans Üzerindeki Etkisinin Tespiti: BİST Sürdürülebilirlik Endeksinde Yer Alan Firmalar Üzerinden Bir Ampirik İnceleme. Bilgi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 417-442. https://doi.org/10.54838/bilgisosyal.1175732

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