Investigation of antioxidant potential of Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott extracts via total phenolic, flavonoid content and DPPH assays

Seyda Sahin; Buğrahan Emsen; Muhammet Doğan

doi:10.51539/biotech.1797120

Investigation of antioxidant potential of Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott extracts via total phenolic, flavonoid content and DPPH assays

Abstract

Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott is an annual halophytic plant widely recognized for its adaptability to arid environments and its traditional use in folk medicine. It has been reported to contain diverse bioactive compounds, including phenolics and flavonoids, which contribute to its potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties. Understanding the solvent-dependent extraction efficiency of these compounds is essential for maximizing their biological value. In this study, the antioxidant potential and phenolic composition of B. scoparia extracts obtained using different solvents—acetone, ethyl acetate, and water—were evaluated. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were measured spectrophotometrically, while antioxidant capacity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The acetone extract showed the highest phenolic content (273.73 ± 4.6 µg/mg) and strong radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 39.54 µg/mL), followed closely by the ethyl acetate extract (IC50 = 38.14 µg/mL). In contrast, the water extract exhibited the lowest antioxidant capacity (IC50 = 105.52 µg/mL). Heatmap and clustering analyses demonstrated a clear distinction between the organic solvent extracts and the water extract, confirming the superior antioxidant activity of the acetone and ethyl acetate extracts. These findings indicate that solvent polarity significantly influences the extraction efficiency of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and, consequently, their antioxidant potential. Overall, the results highlight that B. scoparia extracts obtained with organic solvents are rich in bioactive constituents and possess strong antioxidant activity. Therefore, these extracts may serve as promising natural sources of antioxidants for use in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications.

Keywords

References

Apak R, Ozyurek M, Guclu K, Çapanoğlu E (2016). Antioxidant activity/capacity measurement. 1. Classification, physicochemical principles, mechanisms, and electron transfer (ET)-based assays. J Agric Food Chem 64(5):997–1027.
Ayik B, Emsen B, Dogan M (2025). Antioxidant profiling of Anethum graveolens: insights into phenolic and flavonoid-rich extracts. Anatol J Bot 9(1):43–50.
Bai L, Xu D, Zhou Y-M, Zhang Y-B, Zhang H, Chen Y-B, Cui Y-L (2022). Antioxidant activities of natural polysaccharides and their derivatives for biomedical and medicinal applications. Antioxidants 11(12):2491.
Chang X, Zhou S, Yan Z, Zhang Q, Liu J, Wang Y, Guan X, Wu Q, Liu R (2025). Potential candidates of natural antioxidants from herbs for treating lung disorders: focus on redox balance and natural products. Phyther Res 39:3353–3385.
Chen X, Wang H, Zhang K, Lu J, Zhang Y (2026). Chemical constituents from the fruits of Kochia scoparia and their chemotaxonomic significance. Biochem Syst Ecol 124:105141.
Dai J, Mumper RJ (2010). Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules 15(10):7313–7352.
Darwin R, Valmon R, Chithanna S, Galla SH, Syed SH, Mohathasim Billah AA, Kumar Reddy KT, Arjun U (2025). Sustainable extraction and purification of phytochemicals: a review of green solvents and techniques. Chem Methodol 9(5):356–385.
Do QD, Angkawijaya AE, Tran-Nguyen PL, Huynh LH, Soetaredjo FE, Ismadji S, Ju Y-H (2014). Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. J Food Drug Anal 22(3):296–302.

Emsen B, Guven B (2020). Activities of two edible macrofungi, Coprinus comatus and Leucoagaricus leucothites in human lymphocytes: cytogenetic and biochemical study. Plant Biosyst 154(3):361–368.
Grabowska K, Buzdygan W, Galanty A, Wróbel-Biedrawa D, Sobolewska D, Podolak I (2023). Current knowledge on genus Bassia All.: a comprehensive review on traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, and nonmedical applications. Phytochem Rev 22(5):1197–1246.
Jeon H, Kim DH, Nho Y-H, Park J-E, Kim S-N, Choi EH (2016). A mixture of extracts of Kochia scoparia and Rosa multiflora with PPAR α/γ dual agonistic effects prevents photoaging in hairless mice. Int J Mol Sci 17(11):1919.
Jomova K, Raptova R, Alomar SY, Alwasel SH, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Valko M (2023). Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: chronic diseases and aging. Arch Toxicol 97(10):2499–2574.
Kok O, Emsen B, Surmen B (2023). Screening of in vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant potential of selected endemic plants in Turkey. J Taibah Univ Sci 17(1):2217369.
Kumar A, P N, Kumar M, Jose A, Tomer V, Oz E, Proestos C, Zeng M, Elobeid T, K S (2023). Major phytochemicals: recent advances in health benefits and extraction method. Molecules 28(2):887.
Kumar V, Jha P, Jugulam M, Yadav R, Stahlman PW (2019). Herbicide-resistant kochia (Bassia scoparia) in North America: a review. Weed Sci 67(1):4–15.
Lama-Muñoz A, Contreras MDM (2022). Extraction systems and analytical techniques for food phenolic compounds: a review. Foods 11(22):3671.
Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, Bulli G, Aran L, Della-Morte D, Gargiulo G, Testa G, Cacciatore F, Bonaduce D (2018). Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging 13:757–772.
Lim J, Kim K, Kwon DY, Kim JK, Sathasivam R, Park SU (2024). Effects of different solvents on the extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, and antioxidant activities, in Scutellaria baicalensis hairy roots. Horticulturae 10(2):160.
Mansoori A, Verma U, Bourhia M, Hajira SK, Laha GS, Sundaram RM, Kumar A (2025). Plant extracts induce resistance in rice against bacterial blight disease by modulating antioxidant enzymes activity. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol :102801.
Mohammed MMD, Heikal EA, Ellessy FM, Aboushousha T, Ghareeb MA (2023). Comprehensive chemical profiling of Bassia indica Wight. aerial parts extract using UPLC-ESI–MS/MS, and its antiparasitic activity in Trichinella spiralis infected mice: in silico supported in vivo study. BMC Complement Med Ther 23(1):161.
Prıor RL, Wu X, Schaıch K (2005). Standardized methods for the determination of antioxidant capacity and phenolics in foods and dietary supplements. J Agric Food Chem 53(10):4290–4302.
Safarzadeh S, Ostovar P, Yasrebi J, Ronaghi A, Eshghi S, Hamidian M (2024). Evaluating phytoremediation potential and nutrients status of Bassia indica (Wight) AJ Scott (Indian Bassia) in a cadmium-contaminated saline soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31(35):48742–48757.
Şahin N, Emsen B, Aslan A, Sadi G (2021). Antioxidant potential of Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf and its secondary metabolites on hepatocellular carcinoma cells: regulation of antioxidant enzymes. Anatol J Bot 5(2):127–133.
Salehi B, Azzini E, Zucca P, Maria Varoni E, V. Anil Kumar N, Dini L, Panzarini E, Rajkovic J, Valere Tsouh Fokou P, Peluso I (2020). Plant-derived bioactives and oxidative stress-related disorders: a key trend towards healthy aging and longevity promotion. Appl Sci 10(3):947.
Shahidi F, Ambigaipalan P (2015). Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: antioxidant activity and health effects–a review. J Funct Foods 18:820–897.
Sharifi-Rad M, Anil Kumar N V, Zucca P, Varoni EM, Dini L, Panzarini E, Rajkovic J, Tsouh Fokou PV, Azzini E, Peluso I (2020). Lifestyle, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: back and forth in the pathophysiology of chronic diseases. Front Physiol 11:694.
Sultana B, Anwar F, Ashraf M (2009). Effect of extraction solvent/technique on the antioxidant activity of selected medicinal plant extracts. Molecules 14(6):2167–2180.
Teng Y-N, Lin K-I, Lin Y-C, Thang T-D, Lan Y-H, Hung C-C (2021). A novel flavonoid from Fissistigma cupreonitens, 5‑hydroxy‑7, 8‑dimethoxyflavanone, competitively inhibited the efflux function of human P-glycoprotein and reversed cancer multi-drug resistance. Phytomedicine 85:153528.
Tokgoz A, Emsen B, Dogan M (2023). Allelopathic effects of some lichens on growth and antioxidant activities of in vitro propagated Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. J Taibah Univ Sci 17(1):2229595.
Wan H, Fu W, Zhu Z, Zhang Q, Li Y, Long L, Li L (2024). Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome sequence of Bassia scoparia (L.) AJ Scott 1978 (Amaranthaceae) and its phylogenetic analysis. Mitochondrial DNA Part B 9(6):787–792.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Plant Biotechnology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Seyda Sahin
0009-0009-4078-1765
Türkiye

Buğrahan Emsen ^*
0000-0002-9636-2596
Türkiye

Muhammet Doğan
Türkiye

Publication Date

December 29, 2025

Submission Date

October 4, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 18, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 6 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.51539/biotech.1797120

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA43LN85JC

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Sahin, S., Emsen, B., & Doğan, M. (2025). Investigation of antioxidant potential of Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott extracts via total phenolic, flavonoid content and DPPH assays. Bulletin of Biotechnology, 6(2), 73-78. https://doi.org/10.51539/biotech.1797120

AMA

1.Sahin S, Emsen B, Doğan M. Investigation of antioxidant potential of Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott extracts via total phenolic, flavonoid content and DPPH assays. Bull. Biotechnol. 2025;6(2):73-78. doi:10.51539/biotech.1797120

Chicago

Sahin, Seyda, Buğrahan Emsen, and Muhammet Doğan. 2025. “Investigation of Antioxidant Potential of Bassia Scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott Extracts via Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Content and DPPH Assays”. Bulletin of Biotechnology 6 (2): 73-78. https://doi.org/10.51539/biotech.1797120.

EndNote

Sahin S, Emsen B, Doğan M (December 1, 2025) Investigation of antioxidant potential of Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott extracts via total phenolic, flavonoid content and DPPH assays. Bulletin of Biotechnology 6 2 73–78.

IEEE

[1]S. Sahin, B. Emsen, and M. Doğan, “Investigation of antioxidant potential of Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott extracts via total phenolic, flavonoid content and DPPH assays”, Bull. Biotechnol., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 73–78, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.51539/biotech.1797120.

ISNAD

Sahin, Seyda - Emsen, Buğrahan - Doğan, Muhammet. “Investigation of Antioxidant Potential of Bassia Scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott Extracts via Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Content and DPPH Assays”. Bulletin of Biotechnology 6/2 (December 1, 2025): 73-78. https://doi.org/10.51539/biotech.1797120.

JAMA

1.Sahin S, Emsen B, Doğan M. Investigation of antioxidant potential of Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott extracts via total phenolic, flavonoid content and DPPH assays. Bull. Biotechnol. 2025;6:73–78.

MLA

Sahin, Seyda, et al. “Investigation of Antioxidant Potential of Bassia Scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott Extracts via Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Content and DPPH Assays”. Bulletin of Biotechnology, vol. 6, no. 2, Dec. 2025, pp. 73-78, doi:10.51539/biotech.1797120.

Vancouver

1.Seyda Sahin, Buğrahan Emsen, Muhammet Doğan. Investigation of antioxidant potential of Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott extracts via total phenolic, flavonoid content and DPPH assays. Bull. Biotechnol. 2025 Dec. 1;6(2):73-8. doi:10.51539/biotech.1797120