SPOR YAPAN LİSE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN SPORA KATILIM MOTİVASYONLARINA ETKİ EDEN FAKTÖRLERİN BELİRLENMESİ

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 98 - 110, 01.08.2008

Erkan Faruk Şirin Hakan Salim Çağlayan Mehmet Çağrı Çetin Alpaslan İnce

Öz

Bu araştırma; liselerde eğitim gören ve spor yapan öğrencilerin spora katılım motivasyonlarını belirlemek; cinsiyet, yaş, yaptıkları spor branşları ve spora başlama sürelerine göre spora katılım güdülerinin farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini, 2006–2007 eğitim-öğretim yılında, Osmaniye ilinde ders dışı okullar arası spor faaliyetlerine katılan 1156 kız ve erkek sporcu öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın örneklemi ise farklı branşlarda okullarını temsil eden ve müsabakalara katılmış 270 sporcu öğrenciden oluşmuştur. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak, araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen kişisel bilgi formu ve Gill, ve ark. 1983 ’ un geliştirdiği ve Oyar ve ark. 2001 tarafından Türk popülasyonuna uyarlaması yapılan Spora Katılım Güdüsü ölçeği Participation Motivation Questionnaire PMQ kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, t testi ve Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi Anova kullanılmış, anlamlılık düzeyi 0.05 olarak alınmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda spor yapan lise öğrencilerinin spora katılım motivasyonları dışsal güdülerden çok “takım üyeliği/ruhu”, “beceri gelişimi” ve “hareket/aktif olma” olarak bulunmuştur. Spora katılım nedenlerinde cinsiyet farklılığında kız ve erkek sporcular arasında “eğlence” ve “hareket/aktif olma” alt boyutlarında kız sporcuların lehine bir fark olduğu belirlenmiştir. Spora katılım nedenlerinde yaş farklılığında “takım üyeliği/ruhu” “eğlence”, “başarı/statü” ve “hareket/aktif olma” alt boyutlarında anlamlı düzeyde farklılaşma bulunmuştur. Voleybol, futbol, basketbol ve diğer branşlarla ilgilenen sporcuların spora katılım motivasyonları “yarışma” ve “arkadaş” alt boyutları düzeyinde farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Spora başlama süresine göre sporcuların spora katılım motivasyonları “takım üyeliği/ruhu” ve “arkadaş” alt boyutlarında farklılaştığı bulunmuştur

Anahtar Kelimeler

Spora Katılım motivasyonu, Lise Öğrencileri, Spor, cinsiyet, yaş

DETERMINATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING SPORTS PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS WHO MAKE SPORTS

Öz

This study was carried on in order to determine the sports participation motivation of high school students who make sports and to observe the difference in their sports participation motivation according to gender, age, sports branch and beginning to sports time. The universe of the study was constituted of 1156 boys and girls in Osmaniye who participated to sports activities in 2006-2007 educational years. The sample of this study is 270 students who were the representatives of their schools in sports activities. The data collecting instruments are personal information form which was developed by the researcher and Participation Motivation Questionnaire PMQ which was developed by Gill et al. 1983 and which was adapted to Turkey by Oyar et al 2001 . t test and ANOVA were used in analyzing the data and the significance level was taken as 0.05. Sports participation motivation of students was found as “team membership/spirit”, “skill development” and “movement/being active” rather than exterior motives. There is a significant difference in “fun” and “movement/being active” sub dimensions between boys and girls in the favour of girls. There is significant difference in “team membership/spirit”, “fun”, “success/status” and “movement/being active” sub dimensions in the reasons of sports participation. The motivations of the athletes who are interested in volleyball, football, basketball and other branches differentiated in the “competition” and “friend” sub dimensions. The sport participation motivation of athletes differentiated in “team membership/spirit” and “friend” sub dimensions according to beginning of sports time. Key Words: Sports participation motive, high school student, sports, gender, age

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sports participation motive, high school student, sports, gender, age.

Kaynakça

• Apter M.J., An introduction to Reversal Theory. In M. J. Apter (Ed.), Motivational styles in everyday life: A guide to Reversal Theory, Washington,DC: American Psychological Association. (2001).
• Bakker F.C., Whiting H.T.A., and Van Der Brug, H., Sport Psychology: Concepts and Applications, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1990.
• Barber H., Sukhi, H., and White, S.A., “The Influence of Parent-Coaches on Participant Motivation and Competitive Anxiety in Youth Sport Participants”, Journal of Sport Behavior. 22, 162-180, 1999.
• Bartle L.P., and Malkin M.J., “The Motivation To Move”, Parks & Recreation, 35(1), 28-36, 2000.
• Bayar P., Sporda Psiko-Sosyal Alanlar Seminer Kitabı, 7-8 Haziran, Ankara, 1997.
• Biddle S.J.H., and Mutrie, N., Psychology of Physical Activity: Determinants, Well-Being and Interventions, London, Routledge, 2001.
• Bouchard C., Shephard R., and Stephens, T., The Consensus Statement. In C. Bouchard, R. Shephard, & T. Stephens (Eds.), Physical Activity, Fitness and Health International Proceedings and Consensus Statement (pp.3- ). Champaingn, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1994.
• Brodkin P., and Weis M.R., “Developmental Differences in Motivation for Participating in Competitive Swimming”. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12, 248-263, 1990.
• Cervello E.M., and Santos-Rosa F.J., “Motivation in Sport: An Achievement Goal Perspective in Young Spanish Recreational Athletes”, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 92(2), 527-534, 2001.
• Dereobalı N., Okul Çağı Çocuk Gelişimi ve Eğitimi, Morpa Kültür Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2005.
• Dwyer J.J.M., “Internal Structure of Participation Motivation Questionnaire Completed by Undergraduates”. Psyhological Reports, 70, 283-290, 1992.
• Flood S.E., and Hellsdetd J.C., “Gender Differences in Motivation of Intercollegiate Athletic Participation”. Journal of Sport Behavior, 14 (3) 156-167, 1991.
• Gill D.L., Gross J.B., and Huddleston, S., “Participation Motivation In Young Sports”. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 1-14, 1983.
• Gill K., Overdorf, V., “Incentives to Exercise in Younger and Older Women”. Journal of Sport Behavior, 17, 89, 1994.
• Gould D., Feltz D., and Weiss, M., Motives for Participation in Competitive Youth Swimming. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 16, 126-140, 1985.
• İkizler C.H., Sporda Sosyal Bilimler, Alfa Basım Yayım Dağıtım, Bursa, 2000.
• Kazak Z., “Sporda Güdülenme Ölçeği (SGÖ)’nin Türk Sporcuları İçin Güvenirlik ve Geçerlik Çalışması”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2004.
• Kazak Ö.O., 9-14 Yaş Arasındaki Çocukların Spora Katılım Nedenlerinin Değerlendirilmesi (Kütahya İli Örneği). Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Anabilim Dalı, Kütahya, 2007.
• Kerr J.H., and Vlaminkx J., “Gender Differences in The Experience of Risk”, Personality and IndividualDifferences, 22, 293-295, 1997.
• Klint K., and Weiss M., “Perceived Competence and Motives for Participating in Youth Sports: A Test of Harter’s Competence Motivation Theory”. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9, 55-65, 1987.
• Kolt G., Kirby R., Bar-Eli M., Blumenstein B., Chadha N.K., Liu J., and Kerr, G., “A Crosscultural Investigation of Reasons for Participation in Gymnastics”, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 30, 381-398, 1999.
• Koivula N., “Sport Participation: Differences in Motivation and Actual Participation Due to Gender Typing”. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22, 360-381, 1999.
• Lee M.J., Whitehead J., and Balchin N., “The Measurement of Values in Youth Sport: Development of the Youth Sport Values Questionnaire”, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 22, 326, 2000.
• Mota J., and Esculcas C., “Leisure-Time Physical Activity Behavior: Structured and Unstructured Choices According to Sex, Age, and Level of Physical Activity”. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 9(2), 111- , 2002.
• Oyar Z.B., Aşçı H.F., Çelebi M., ve Mülazımoğlu Ö., “Spora Katılım Güdüsü Ölçeği’nin Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, H.Ü. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(2): 21-23, 2001.
• Roberts G.C., Achivement Motivation in Children’s Sport. Development of Achievement Motivation. (Ed.) J.Nicholls Greenwich C.T, JAI, 1984.
• Ryan R.M., and Deci, E.L., “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions”, Contemporary Educational Psychology 25, 54–67, 2000.
• Ryan R.M., Frederick C.M., Lepes D., Rubio N., and Sheldon, K.M., “Intrinsic Motivation and Exercise Adherence”. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 28, pp. 335-354, 1997.
• Ryska T.A., “Sportsmanship in Young Athletes: The Role of Competitiveness, Motivational Orientation, and Perceived Purposes of Spot”. The Journal of Psychology, 137(3), 273-292, 2003.
• Ryska T.A., Hohensee D., Cooley D., and Jones, C., “Participation Motives in Predicting Sport Dropout”, North American Journal of Psychology,4, 199-209, 2002.
• Salguero A., Gonzalez-Boto R., Tuero C., and Marquez, S., “Relationship between Perceived Physical Arability and Sport Participation Motives in Young Competitive Swimmers”, Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 44 (3), 294-299, 2004.
• Sallis J.F., Alcaraz J.E., McKenzie T.L., and Hovell, M.F., “Predictors of Change in Children’s Physical Activity over 20 Months. Variations by Gender and Level of Adiposity”, American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 16, 222-229, 1999.
• Scanlan T.K., Stein G.L., and Ravizza, K., “An in-depth Study of Former Elite Figure Skaters: II. Sources of Enjoyment”, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology”, 11, 65-83, 1989.
• Steptoe A., and Butler N., “Sports Participation and Emotional Wellbeing in Adolescents”. The Lancet, (9018), 1789-1792, 1996.
• Stern H.P., Bradley R.H., Prince M.T., and Stroh, S.E., “Young Children in Recreation Sports: Participation Motivation”, Clinical Pediatrics, 29, 89-94, 1990.
• Şirin, E.F., “Futbolcu Kızların (12-15 Yaş) Spora Katılım Motivasyonlarının Belirlenmesi”, Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 1-7, 2008.
• Şirin E.F. ve Hamamioğlu, Ö. “Uzak Doğu Spor Branşlarındaki (Taekwondo, Karate, Judo) Sporcu Gençlerin Spora Katılım Motivasyonlarının Belirlenmesi”. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(2), 29-42, 2007.
• Wang C.K.J., and Biddle S.J.H., “Intrinsic Motivation Towards Sports in Singaporean Students: The role of Sport Ability Beliefs”, Journal of Health Psychology, 8, 515-523, 2004.
• Wankel L.M., and Kreisel P.S.J., “Factors Underlying Enjoyment of Youth Sports: Sport and Age Group Comparisons”, Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 51- 64, 1985.
• Wankel L.M., and Kreisel P.S.J., “Methodological Considerations in Youth Sport Motivation Research: A Comparison of Open-Ended and Paired Comparison Approaches”, Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 65-74, 1985.
• Wann D.L., Sport Psychology. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Pretice-Hall, 1997.
• Weiss M.R., and Chaumeton, N., Motivational Orientations in Sport, T.S. Horn, (Ed.), Advances in Sport Psychology, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1992.
• Weiss M.R., “Motivating Kids in Physical Activity”, The President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest, 3 (11), 1-8, 2000.
• Weiss M.R., and Ferrer-Caja E., Motivational orientations and sport behavior. T.S. Horn, (Ed.), Advances in Sport Psychology (2. Baskı). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2002.
• White S.A., and Duda J.L., “The Relationship of Gender, Level of Sport Involvement, and Participation Motivation to Task and Ego Orientation”. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 25, 4-18, 1994.