Preventive Approaches for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Nursing Care

Abstract

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is sudden death from an unexplained cause in infants under the age of one. It is generally thought to occur at midnight, during sleep, or during the transition between sleep and wakefulness in the morning. It is thought that more than one factor plays a role in the development of SIDS. There are many risk factors related to parent, baby and environment in the formation of SIDS. Baby's prone sleeping position, soft bed surface, blankets, pillows, soft objects, cushion pillows, covering the head or face with a blanket during sleep, bed sharing, excessive heat exposure of the room or the baby, male gender, premature or low birth weight babies and SIDS in a sibling or twin are among the risk factors. In order to ensure airway patency, babies should sleep on a firm mattress other than the parent's bed in the parent bedroom, up to one year old in the supine position, with a firm, flat floor covered with a thin, rubberized sheet. It should be protected from excessive heat, feeding with breast milk (breastfeeding) should be supported, and pacifier use is recommended for babies between 1 month and 1 year old. In addition, the mother should avoid the use of tobacco products, alcohol and substances starting from the pregnancy period.

Keywords

• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• Infant
• Protective Approaches
• Nurse

Ani Bebek Ölüm Sendromunu Önleyici Yaklaşımlar ve Hemşirelik Bakımı

Abstract

Ani bebek ölümü sendromu (ABÖS), bir yaş altı bebeklerde açıklanamayan bir nedenle gerçekleşen ani ölümdür. Genellikle gece yarısı, uyku esnasında veya sabah saatlerinde uyku-uyanıklık arasındaki geçişte gerçekleştiği düşünülmektedir. ABÖS’ün gelişiminde birden fazla faktörün rol oynadığı düşünülmektedir. ABÖS’ ün oluşumunda ebeveyne, bebeğe ve çevreye ait birçok risk faktörü bulunmaktadır. Bebeğin yüzükoyun uyku pozisyonu, yumuşak yatak yüzeyi, battaniye, yastık, yumuşak cisimler, tampon yastık, uyku sırasında baş veya yüzün bir örtü ile kapatılması, yatak paylaşımı, odanın veya bebeğin aşırı ısıya maruz kalması, erkek cinsiyet, prematüre veya düşük doğum ağırlığına sahip bebekler ve kardeşinde veya ikizinde ABÖS görülmesi risk faktörleri arasında yer almaktadır. Bebeklerin hava yolu açıklığının sağlanması için, ebeveyn yatak odasında ebeveynin yatağı dışında sağlam bir yatakta, bir yaşına kadar ya da bebek sırtüstü pozisyonda, ince, lastikli bir çarşafla kaplanmış sağlam, düz bir zemin sağlayacak şekilde uyumaları sağlanmalı. Aşırı ısıdan korunmalı, anne sütü ile beslenme (emzirme) desteklenmeli, bir yaşına kadar bebeklerde emzik kullanımını önerilmektedir. Ayrıca anne, gebelik döneminden itibaren tütün ürünü, alkol ve madde kullanımından kaçınılmalıdır.

Keywords

• Ani Bebek Ölüm Sendromu
• Bebek
• Koruyucu Yaklaşımlar
• Hemşire

References

1. Andreotta, J., Hill, C., Eley, S., Vincent, D., & Moore, J. M. (2015). Safe sleep practices and discharge planning. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 21(5), 195-199.
2. Ayyıldız, T. K., Özdemir, S., Topan, A., Cebeci, E., Kuzlu, N., & Toplu, M. (2020). 0-13 Aylık Bebeği Olan Ebeveynlerin Uyku Güvenliği Hakkında Bilgi ve Davranışlarının Değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine, 2, 73-79.
3. Barutçu, A., & Şahin, A. B. (2020). Ani Bebek Ölümü Sendromu. Yenidoğan, Sağlam Çocuk ve Sosyal Pediatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14, 175-186.
4. Byard, R. W. (2010). Sudden infant death syndrome. In: Sudden death in the young. 3rd ed. UK: Camb ridge University Press, 555-630.
5. Carpenito-Moyet, L. J. (2012). Hemşirelik Tanıları El Kitabı. (Çev. Ed.: Firdevs Erdemir). Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri. Census (2020). Unexplained deaths in infancy, England and Wales. 10.04.2023 tarihinde https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/unexplaineddeathsininfancyenglandandwales/2018#trends-in-unexplained-infant-deaths-in-england-and-wales adresinden erişildi.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023, March 8). Sudden Unexpected Infant Death and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. 10.04.2023 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/sids/data.htm adresinden erişildi.
7. Çelik, Y., Meral, C., Öztürk, B., & Purisa, S. (2010). Assessment of sleeping positions of infants followed-up in a pediatric outpatient clinic. Journal of Child, 10(4), 179-182.
8. Deleş, B. (2019). Önlenebilir Bir Sendrom: Ani Bebek Ölümü Sendromu. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 65-71.

9. Dietz, P. M., England, L. J., Shapiro-Mendoza, C. K., Tong, V. T., Farr, S. L., & Callaghan, W. M. (2010). Infant morbidity and mortality attributable to prenatal smoking in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39(1),5-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.03.009
10. Doğan, P., & Yılmaz, H. B. (2020). Ani Bebek Ölüm Sendromu Riskinin Azaltılmasında ve Güvenli Uyku Ortamının Oluşturulmasında Hemşirenin Rolü. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine , 77.
11. Elhaik E. (2016). A “wear and tear” hypothesis to explain sudden infant death syndrome. Front Neurol, 7, 180. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2016.00180
12. Fleming, P. J., Blair, P. S., & Pease, A. (2015). Sudden unexpected death in infancy: aetiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology and prevention in 2015. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100(10), 984-988. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-306424
13. Goldstein, R. D., Kinney, H. C., & Willinger, M. (2016). Sudden Unexpected Death in Fetal Life Through Early Childhood. Pediatrics, 137(6), e20154661. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-4661
14. Hakeem, G. F., Oddy, L., Holcroft, C. A., & Abenhaim, H. A. (2015). Incidence and determinants of sudden infant death syndrome: a population-based study on 37 million births. World Journal of Pediatrics: WJP, 11(1), 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-014-0530-9
15. Hauck, F. R., Thompson, J. M., Tanabe, K. O., Moon, R. Y., & Vennemann, M. M. (2011). Breastfeeding and reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 128(1), 103-110.
16. Highet, A. R., Berry, A. M., Bettelheim, K. A., & Goldwater, P. N. (2014). Gut microbiome in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) differs from that in healthy comparison babies and offers an explanation for the risk factor of prone position. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 304(5-6), 735-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.05.007
17. Hockenberry, M. J., & Wilson, D. (2013). Wong's essentials of pediatric nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Horne R. S. C. (2019). Sudden infant death syndrome: current perspectives. Internal Medicine Journal, 49(4), 433-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.14248
18. Huang, W. T., Chen, R. T., Hsu, Y. C., Glasser, J. W., & Rhodes, P. H. (2017). Vaccination and unexplained sudden death risk in Taiwanese infants. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 26(1), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.4141
19. Johannsen, E. B., Baughn, L. B., Sharma, N., Zjacic, N., Pirooznia, M., & Elhaik, E. (2021). The Genetics of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome-Towards a Gene Reference Resource. Genes, 12(2), 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12020216
20. Jullien S. (2021). Sudden infant death syndrome prevention. BMC pediatrics, 21(Suppl 1), 320. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02536-z
21. Kural, B., & Gökçay, G. (2018). Anne-Bebek ikilisinin birlikte uyuması ve anne sütü ile beslenme. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, 81(2), 62-66.
22. Maged, M., & Rizzolo, D. (2018). Preventing sudden infant death syndrome and other sleep-related infant deaths. JAAPA: Official Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, 31(11), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JAA.0000546475.33947.44
23. Moon, R. Y., Carlin, R. F., Hand, I., & Task Force On Sudden Infant Death Syndrome And The Commıttee On Fetus And Newborn (2022). Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2022 Recommendations for Reducing Infant Deaths in the Sleep Environment. Pediatrics, 150(1), e2022057990. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-057990
24. Moon, R. Y., Tanabe, K. O., Yang, D. C., Young, H. A., & Hauck, F. R. (2012). Pacifier use and SIDS: evidence for a consistently reduced risk. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(3), 609-614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0793-x
25. Nabaweesi, R., Whiteside-Mansell, L., Mullins, S. H., Rettiganti, M. R., & Aitken, M. E. (2019). Field assessment of a safe sleep instrument using smartphone technology. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 4(5), 451-456. https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.446
26. Naugler, M. R., & DiCarlo, K. (2018). Barriers to and Interventions that Increase Nurses' and Parents' Compliance With Safe Sleep Recommendations for Preterm Infants. Nursing for Women's Health, 22(1), 24-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nwh.2017.12.009
27. Newberry J. A. (2019). Creating a Safe Sleep Environment for the Infant: What the Pediatric Nurse Needs to Know. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 44, 119-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2018.12.001
28. Pease, A. S., Fleming, P. J., Hauck, F. R., Moon, R. Y., Horne, R. S., L'Hoir, M. P., Ponsonby, A. L., & Blair, P. S. (2016). Swaddling and the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 137(6), e20153275. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3275
29. Perrone, S., Lembo, C., Moretti, S., Prezioso, G., Buonocore, G., Toscani, G., Marinelli, F., Nonnis-Marzano, F., & Esposito, S. (2021). Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Beyond Risk Factors. Life (Basel, Switzerland), 11(3), 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11030184
30. Petrikin, J. E., Willig, L. K., Smith, L. D., & Kingsmore, S. F. (2015). Rapid whole genome sequencing and precision neonatology. Seminars in Perinatology, 39(8), 623-631. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2015.09.009
31. Rachel Y. Moon, M. F. (2022). How to Keep Your Sleeping Baby Safe: AAP Policy Explained. Healthychildren.org from the American Academy of Pediatrics. 10.04.2023 Tarihinde https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/sleep/Pages/a-parents-guide-to-safe-sleep.aspx?_ga=2.187594344.175812791.1680038199-1926557617.1680038199&_gl=1*1bf09f6*_ga*MTkyNjU1NzYxNy4xNjgwMDM4MTk5*_ga_FD9D3XZVQQ*MTY4MDM3NzMxOC4xNS4xLjE2ODAzNz adresinden erişildi.
32. Rouw, E., von Gartzen, A., & Weißenborn, A. (2018). Bedeutung des Stillens für das Kind [The importance of breastfeeding for the infant]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz, 61(8), 945-951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-018-2773-4
33. Ruiz Botia, I., Cassanello Peñarroya, P., Díez Izquierdo, A., Martínez Sánchez, J. M., & Balaguer Santamaria, A. (2020). Síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante: ¿siguen las familias las recomendaciones? [Sudden infant death syndrome: Do the parents follow the recommendations?]. Anales de Pediatria, 92(4), 222-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.06.011
34. Schnitzer, P. G., Covington, T. M., & Dykstra, H. K. (2012). Sudden unexpected infant deaths: sleep environment and circumstances. American Journal of Public Health, 102(6), 1204-1212. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300613
35. Thach B. T. (2015). Potential Central Nervous System Involvement in Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths and the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Comprehensive Physiology, 5(3), 1061-1068. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c130052
36. Thompson, J. M. D., Tanabe, K., Moon, R. Y., Mitchell, E. A., McGarvey, C., Tappin, D., Blair, P. S., & Hauck, F. R. (2017). Duration of Breastfeeding and Risk of SIDS: An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 140(5), e20171324. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1324
37. Trachtenberg, F. L., Haas, E. A., Kinney, H. C., Stanley, C., & Krous, H. F. (2012). Risk factor changes for sudden infant death syndrome after initiation of Back-to-Sleep campaign. Pediatrics, 129(4), 630-638. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-1419
38. Uludağ, M. E. (2020). Emzik kullanımı hakkında anne görüşlerine dayalı nitel bir değerlendirme. Elektronik Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(18), 188-206. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejedus/issue/58123/778974
39. Vennemann, M. M., Höffgen, M., Bajanowski, T., Hense, H. W., & Mitchell, E. A. (2007). Do immunisations reduce the risk for SIDS? A meta-analysis. Vaccine, 25(26), 4875-4879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.077
40. World Health Organisation (WHO). Ten facts on breastfeeding. (Last updated: August 2017). 10.04.2023 tarihinde http://www.who.int/topics/breastfeeding/en/ adresinden erişildi.
41. World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Who Mortality Database. Interactive platform visualizing mortality data. 10.04.2023 tarihinde https://platform.who.int/mortality/themes/theme-details/topics/topic-details/MDB/sudden-infant-death-syndrome adresinden erişildi.
42. Wu M. H. (2010). Sudden death in pediatric populations. Korean Circulation Journal, 40(6), 253-257. https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2010.40.6.253
43. Yıldız, İ., Altun Yılmaz, E., & Aras Doğan, Ş. (2021). Emzik Kullanımının Bebek Sağlığına Etkileri. YOBU Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 78-85.