<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>busbed</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1309-6672</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2618-6322</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Bingöl Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29029/busbed.1817988</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Historical Studies (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Tarihsel Çalışmalar (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>ECOPOLITICAL CITY IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: UGARIT</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <article-title>ESKİ YAKIN DOĞU’DA EKOPOLİTİK KENT: UGARİT</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1053-0836</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Tiryaki</surname>
                                    <given-names>Sırrı</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>BİNGÖL ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260428">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>28</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                                    <issue>31</issue>
                                        <fpage>164</fpage>
                                        <lpage>182</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251105">
                        <day>11</day>
                        <month>05</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260206">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>06</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2011, Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2011</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>In addition to possessing significant natural resources, the location of Syria at the crossroads of trade routes during the Bronze Age enabled wealthy city-states to develop there. The states that were established and developed in this region, such as Ugarit, used the geopolitical advantages of their location to become important city-states. However, these advantages also led states such as the Hittites, Assyrians, Mitanni and Egyptians to pursue continuous occupation policies in this region during this period. In response to the encirclement policies of the great powers, Ugarit sought to establish a regional balance of power. This balance of power was based on taking advantage of the conflicts between states that were hostile towards Ugarit. Thus, the rulers of Ugarit sought to pre-empt any attack on their country. Following the establishment of parameters such as the safe zone created by the Ugarit rulers, it was inevitable that the city-state would become a key player in interregional commercial activities. Ugarit became a significant player in the regional supply and processing of raw materials. However, the beginning of the end for Ugarit, a key stop on land and sea trade routes, was marked by attacks from the sea.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                                            <abstract><p>Tunç Çağı’nda Suriye coğrafyasının önemli hammadde kaynaklarına sahip olmasının yanı sıra ticaret yolları kavşağında yer alması, sahanın zengin kent devletlerine ev sahipliği yapmasını sağlamıştır. Başta Ugarit olmak üzere bu bölgede kurulan ve gelişen devletler bulundukları coğrafyanın jeopolitik avantajlarını kullanarak bölgelerinde önemli kent devletleri haline gelmiştir. Ancak Suriye coğrafyasının sahip olduğu avantajlar dönemin Hitit, Asur, Mitani ve Mısır gibi devletlerin bu bölgeye yönelik olarak sürekli işgal politikalarını geliştirmelerine de neden olmuştur. Büyük güçlerinin Suriye coğrafyasına yönelik olarak geliştirdikleri çevreleme politikalarına karşılık Ugarit bölgede bir güç dengesi oluşturmaya çalışmıştır. İfade ettiğimiz güç dengesinin temel parametrelerini ise; kendilerine yönelik saldırgan bir tavır içerisinde olan devletlerin kendi aralarındaki mücadelelerinden yararlanmak oluşturmuştur. Böylece Ugarit yöneticileri ülkelerine yönelik herhangi bir saldırı karşısında ön almaya çalışmıştır. Ugarit yöneticileri tarafından oluşturulan güvenli bölge gibi temel parametreler sonrasında kent krallığının bölgelerarası ticari faaliyetlerde önemli bir denklem haline gelmesi kaçınılmaz olmuştur. Ugarit bölgesel anlamda hammadde temininde ve işlenmesinde önemli bir aktör hâline gelmiştir. Kara ve denizlerdeki ticaret rotalarının önemli duraklarından biri haline gelen Ugarit için sonun başlangıcını ise; denizlerden gelen saldırılar oluşturmuştur.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                                                    <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Eski Yakın Doğu</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Suriye</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ugarit Krallığı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Diplomasi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ticaret</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Ancient Near East</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Syria</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Kingdom of Ugarit</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Diplomacy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Trade</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                                                    </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Arslantaş, Y. (2013). Kuzey Mezopotamya’da bir kavşak noktası Tepe Gawra. Fırat Üniversitesi Orta Doğu Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 1-50.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Astour, M. C. (1965). New evidence on the last days of Ugarit. American Journal of Archaeology, 69(3), 253-258.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Astour, M. C. (1969). The partition of the confederacy of Mukiš-Nuḫašše-Nii by Šuppiluliuma: A study in the political geography of the Amarna age. Orientalia, 38(3), 381-414.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Astour, M. C. (1970). Ma&#039;hadu, le port d&#039;Ugarit. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 13, 113-127.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Astour, M. C. (1972). The merchant class of Ugarit. In D. O. Edzard (Ed.), Gesselschaftklassen im Alten Zweistromland und in den angrenzenden Gebieten (pp. 11-26). Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Astour, M. C. (1979). The kingdom of Siyannu-Ušnatu. UF, 11, 13-27.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Astour, M. C. (1981). Ugarit and the great powers. In G. D. Young (Ed.), Ugarit in retrospect: Fifty years of Ugarit and Ugaritic (pp. 3-29). Eisenbrauns.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aubet, M. E. (2000). Aspects of Tyrian trade and colonization in the Eastern Mediterranean. Münstersche Beiträge zur Antiken Handelsgeschichte, 19, 70-120.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bass, G. F. (1995). Sea and river craft in the ancient Near East. In J. M. Sasson (Ed.), Civilizations of the ancient Near East (pp. 1421-1431). Scribners.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Beckman, G. (1995). Hittite provincial administration in Anatolia and Syria: The view from Masat and Emar. In O. Carruba, M. Giorgieri, &amp; C. Mora (Eds.), Atti del II Congresso Internazionale di Hittitologia (pp. 41-41). Gianni Iuculano Editore.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Beckman, G. (1996). Hittite diplomatic texts. Scholars Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bell, C. (2005). The influence of economic factors on settlement continuity across the LBA / Iron Age transition on the northern Levantine littoral [Unpublished PhD dissertation]. University College London.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bibliotheca Orientalis. [Bo]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Boyes, P. J. (2018). Negotiating imperialism and resistance in Late Bronze Age Ugarit: The rise of alphabetic cuneiform. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/negotiating-imperialism-and-resistance-in-late-bronze-age-ugarit-the-rise-of-alphabetic-cuneiform/5DE04581682E949D85A2B7FA6A13BCA9</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Breasted, J. H. (1906). Ancient records of Egypt III: Historical documents from the earliest times to the Persian conquest. Russell &amp; Russell.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bryce, T. (2014). Ancient Syria: A three thousand year history. Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Callot, O., &amp; Monchambert, J. Y. (2011). Les sanctuaires de l&#039;acropole d&#039;Ougarit: les temples de Baal et de Dagan. Publications de la maison de l’orient et de la Méditerranée.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Caubet, A., &amp; Poplin, F. (1987). Les objets de matiere dure animale: Etude du materiau. In M. Yon (Ed.), *Le centre de la ville 38-44 campagnes (1978-1984)* (pp. 273-306). Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cloud, R. (2014). Ugarit and the Old Testament. https://www.academia.edu/38510742/Ugarit_and_the_Bible_Paper_docx</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Curtis, A. (1985). Ugarit: Ras Shamra (Cities of the Biblical World). Eerdmans Pub. Co.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Devecchi, E. (2019). A reluctant servant: Ugarit under foreign rule during the Late Bronze Age. https://www.academia.edu/41774055/A_Reluctant_Servant_Ugarit_under_Foreign_Rule_during_the_Late_Bronze_Age</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dietrich, M. (2003). Salmanassar I von Assyrien, Ibirānu (VI) von Ugarit und Tudḫalija IV. von Ḫatti RA 34.156 und die Schlacht von Niḫrija zwischen den Hethitern und Assyrern. UF, 35, 103-139.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dijkstra, M. (1989). Marginalia to the Ugaritic letter II. UF, 21, 141-152.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dothan, M. (1993a). Tell Acco. In E. Stern (Ed.), The new encyclopedia of archaeological excavations in the Holy Land (pp. 17-24). Simon and Schuster.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dothan, M. (1993b). Ashdod. In E. Stern (Ed.), The new encyclopedia of archaeological excavations in the Holy Land (pp. 93-102). Simon and Schuster.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Drews, R. (1993). The end of the Bronze Age: Changes in warfare and the catastrophe 1200 B.C. Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Drower, M. (1973). Commerce and industry. CAH V.II, pt. 1, ch. X, sec. 8, 507-519.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Edel, E. (1994). Die ägyptisch-hethitische Korrespondenz aus Boghazköi in babylonischer und hethitischer Sprache. Westdeutscher Verlag.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Feldman, M. H. (2002). Ambiguous identities: The “marriage” vase of Niqmaddu II and the elusive Egyptian princess. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 15, 75-99.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ford, J. N. (2008). The Ugaritic letter RS 18.038 (KTU2 2.39) and the meaning of the term spr “lapis lazuli” (= BH ספיר “lapis lazuli”). UF, 40, 277-338.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Glatz, C. (2013). Negotiating empire – a comparative investigation into the responses to Hittite imperialism by the vassal state of Ugarit and the Kaska peoples of the Anatolian Black Sea region. In G. Areshian (Ed.), Empires and diversity: On the crossroads of archaeology, history and anthropology (pp. 21-56). Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Goetze, A. (1975). The Hittite and Syria (1300-1200 B.C.). CAH V.II, pt. 2, ch. XXIV, 252-273.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Halayqa, I. K. H. (2010). The demise of Ugarit in the light of its connections with Ḫatti. https://www.academia.edu/7368731/The_Demise_of_Ugarit_in_Light_of_its_Connections_to_Hatti_</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Helck, W. (1963). Urḫi-Tešub in Ägypten. JCS, 17, 87-97.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Heltzer, M. (1977). The metal trade of Ugarit and the problem of transportation of commercial goods. Iraq, 39, 213-217.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Heltzer, M. (1978). Goods, prices and the organization of trade in Ugarit. Reichert.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Heltzer, M. (1982). The internal organization of the kingdom of Ugarit. Reichert Verlag.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazkoi. (1916-1923, 1954). [KBo]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi. (1921). [KUB]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kınal, F. (1963). Ugarit krallarının tarihi. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/782726</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kitchen, K. (1977). The king list of Ugarit. UF, 9, 131-142.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Klengel, H. (1969). Geschichte Syriens im 2 Jahrtausend V. U. Z. Teil I–II. Akademie Verlag.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Klengel, H. (1974). Hungerjahre in Ḫatti. AoF, 1, 165-174.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Klengel, H. (1992). Syria 3000 to 300 B.C.: A handbook of political history. Akademie-Verlag.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Knoppers, G. N. (1993). Treaty, tribute list, or diplomatic letter: KTU 3.1 reexamined. BASOR, 289, 81-94.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kuhrt, A. (2010). *Eski Çağ’da Yakındoğu (MÖ 3000-330)* (I-II) (D. Şendil, Çev.). Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kühne, C. (1973). Ammistamru und die Tochter der ‚großen Dame‘. UF, 5, 175-184.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lackenbacher, S. (2000). Between Egypt and Hatti, the mysteries of Ugarit: History, daily life, cult. Near Eastern Archaeology, 63(4), 194-195.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lehmann, G. A. (1979). Die Šikalājū-ein neues Zeugnis zu den Seevölker-Heerfahrten im späten 13. Jh. v. Chr. (RS 34.129). UF, 11, 481-494.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Linder, E. (1981). Ugarit: A Canaanite thalassocracy. In G. D. Young (Ed.), Ugarit in retrospect: Fifty years of Ugarit and Ugaritic (pp. 31-42). Eisenbrauns.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liverani, M. (1979). Ras Shamra II: Histoire. In H. Cazelles &amp; A. Feuillet (Eds.), Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible (Fasc. 53, pp. 1295-1348). Letouzey &amp; Ané.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liverani, M. (1987). The collapse of the Near Eastern regional system at the end of the Bronze Age: The case of Syria. In M. Rowlands, M. Larsen, &amp; K. Kristiansen (Eds.), Centre and periphery in the ancient world (pp. 66-73). Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MacQueen, J. G. (1986). The Hittites and their contemporaries in Asia Minor. Thames and Hudson.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Maner, Ç. (2017). Fortification architecture of Late Bronze Age Anatolia: Where are the borders? In E. Baysal &amp; L. Karakatsanis (Eds.), Bordered places/bounded times: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on Turkey (pp. 73-84). BIAA Monograph 51 Oxbow.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Neu, E. (1995). Hethiter und Hethitisch in Ugarit. In M. Dietrich &amp; O. Loretz (Eds.), Ugarit: Ein ostmediterranes Kulturzentrum im Alten Orient. Band I. Ugarit und seine altorientalische Umwelt (pp. 115-129). Münster.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Oettinger, N. (2010). Seevölker und Etrusker. In Y. Cohen, A. Gilan, &amp; J. Miller (Eds.), Pax Hethitica: Studies on the Hittites and their neighbours in honour of Itamar Singer (pp. 233-246). Harrassowitz.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Otten, H. (1967). Ein hethitischer Vertrag aus dem 15./14. Jahrhundert v. Chr. (KBo XVI 47). IstMit, 17, 55-62.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Owen, D. I. (1981). An Akkadian letter from Ugarit at Tel Aphek. Tel Aviv, 8, 1-17.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Royal Palais d’Ugarit I-VI. (1965-1970). [PRU]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rainey, A. F. (1965). The military personnel of Ugarit. JNES, 24, 17-27.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Roux, G. (1986). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[Ras Shamra] [RS]</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sanders, N. K. (1978). The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the ancient Mediterranean. Thames and Hudson.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schloen, D. (2001). The house of the father as fact and symbol: Patrimonialism in Ugarit and the ancient Near East. Eisenbrauns.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sherratt, A., &amp; Sherratt, S. (1991). From luxuries to commodities: The nature of Mediterranean Bronze Age trading systems. In N. H. Gale (Ed.), Bronze Age trade in the Mediterranean (pp. 351-386). Paul Aströms Förlag.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sherratt, S. (1998). Sea Peoples and the economic structure of the late second millennium in the Eastern Mediterranean. In S. Gitin, A. Mazar, &amp; E. Stern (Eds.), Mediterranean peoples in transition (pp. 292-313). Israel Exploration Society.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref67">
                        <label>67</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Singer, I. (1983). Takuḫlinu and Ḫaya: Two governors in the Ugarit letter from Tel Aphek. Tel Aviv, 10, 2-25.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref68">
                        <label>68</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Singer, I. (1985). The battle of Niḫriya and the end of the Hittite Empire. ZA, 75, 100-123.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref69">
                        <label>69</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Singer, I. (1987). Dating the end of the Hittite Empire. Hethitica, 8, 413-421.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref70">
                        <label>70</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Singer, I. (1999). A political history of Ugarit. In W. Watson &amp; N. Wyatt (Eds.), Handbook of Ugaritic studies (pp. 603-734). Brill.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref71">
                        <label>71</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Singer, I. (2000). New evidence on the end of the Hittite Empire. In E. D. Oren (Ed.), The Sea Peoples and their world: A reassessment (pp. 21-33). The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref72">
                        <label>72</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Stager, L. E. (1993). Ashkelon. In E. Stern (Ed.), The new encyclopedia of archaeological excavations in the Holy Land (pp. 103-112). Simon and Schuster.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref73">
                        <label>73</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Taş, I. (2007). MÖ 13. yüzyılda Hitit vassali Ugarit’in ticari önemi. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Dergisi, 126, 11-24.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref74">
                        <label>74</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Taş, I. (2008). MÖ 13. yüzyılda Kargamıš Krallığı’nda görevli iki Hitit memuru: mâr šarri (DUMU.LUGAL) ve Lukartappu. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 27(43), 95-118.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref75">
                        <label>75</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Van Soldt, W. H. (1989). Tbṣr queen of Ugarit. UF, 21, 389-392.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref76">
                        <label>76</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Van Soldt, W. H. (1991). Studies in the Akkadian of Ugarit: Dating and grammar. Neukirchener Verlag.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref77">
                        <label>77</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Van Soldt, W. H. (1995). Ugarit: A second millennium kingdom on the Mediterranean coast. In J. M. Sasson (Ed.), Civilizations of the ancient Near East (pp. 1255-1266). Scribners.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref78">
                        <label>78</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Vidal, V. (2006). Ugarit and the southern Levantine sea-ports. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 49(3), 269-279.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref79">
                        <label>79</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yaron, R. (1963). A royal divorce at Ugarit. Or., 32, 21-31.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref80">
                        <label>80</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yaron, R. (1969). Foreign merchants at Ugarit. Israel Law Review, 4, 70-79.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref81">
                        <label>81</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yasur Landau, A. (2010). On birds and dragons: A note on the Sea Peoples and Mycenaean ships. In Y. Cohen, A. Gilan, &amp; J. Miller (Eds.), Pax Hethitica: Studies on the Hittites and their neighbours in honour of Itamar Singer (pp. 399-410). Harrassowitz.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref82">
                        <label>82</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yon, M. (1992). The end of the kingdom of Ugarit. In W. Ward &amp; M. Joukowisky (Eds.), The crisis years: 12th century B.C. from beyond the Danube to Tigris (pp. 111-122). Kendall-Hunt Publishing Company.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref83">
                        <label>83</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yon, M. (1997). Ougarit et le port de Mahadou/Minet el-Beida. In S. Swiny, R. L. Hohlfelder, &amp; H. Wylde Swiny (Eds.), Res maritimae (pp. 357-369). Scholars Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref84">
                        <label>84</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yon, M. (2000a). Ugarit: 6000 years of history. Near Eastern Archaeology, 63(4), 186-189.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref85">
                        <label>85</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yon, M. (2000b). Trading city: Ugarit and the West. Near Eastern Archaeology, 63(4), 192-193.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref86">
                        <label>86</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yon, M. (2000c). The mysteries of Ugarit: History, daily life, cult. Near Eastern Archaeology, 63(4), 200-201.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref87">
                        <label>87</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yon, M. (2003). The foreign relations of Ugarit. In N. C. Stampolidis &amp; V. Karageorghis (Eds.), Ploes... Sea routes... Interconnections in the Mediterranean (pp. 41-51). University of Crete and the A.G. Leventis Foundation.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref88">
                        <label>88</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yon, M. (2006). The city of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra. Eisenbrauns.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
