Ophthalmic Implications of Avian Influenza A H5N1

Harun Ağca

Ophthalmic Implications of Avian Influenza A H5N1

Abstract

The Orthomyxoviridae family comprises four genera of influenza viruses: influenza A, B, C, and D. Sporadic infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virüs in human, with a severe case fatality of more than 50%, have been reported around the world over more than 20 years. In 2024, an influenza A H5N1 virus infection was diagnosed in a dairy worker in United States, with bilateral conjunctivitis. Influenza viruses lead to conjunctivitis, uveal disorders, retinal and neuro-ophthalmic complications. Personal protective equipment should be used when working directly or closely with sick or dead animals, animal tissues, bedding, raw milk. Handwashing before putting on and after taking off PPE plays a significant role in reducing the risk of infection.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Ophthalmology

Journal Section

Letter to Editor

Authors

Harun Ağca ^*
0000-0002-2651-2034
Türkiye

Publication Date

December 31, 2025

Submission Date

December 30, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 31, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 7

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA35WP27DU

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Ağca, H. (2025). Ophthalmic Implications of Avian Influenza A H5N1. Clinical and Experimental Ocular Trauma and Infection, 7, 3-5. https://izlik.org/JA35WP27DU

AMA

1.Ağca H. Ophthalmic Implications of Avian Influenza A H5N1. CEOTI. 2025;7:3-5. https://izlik.org/JA35WP27DU

Chicago

Ağca, Harun. 2025. “Ophthalmic Implications of Avian Influenza A H5N1”. Clinical and Experimental Ocular Trauma and Infection 7 (December): 3-5. https://izlik.org/JA35WP27DU.

EndNote

Ağca H (December 1, 2025) Ophthalmic Implications of Avian Influenza A H5N1. Clinical and Experimental Ocular Trauma and Infection 7 3–5.

IEEE

[1]H. Ağca, “Ophthalmic Implications of Avian Influenza A H5N1”, CEOTI, vol. 7, pp. 3–5, Dec. 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA35WP27DU

ISNAD

Ağca, Harun. “Ophthalmic Implications of Avian Influenza A H5N1”. Clinical and Experimental Ocular Trauma and Infection 7 (December 1, 2025): 3-5. https://izlik.org/JA35WP27DU.

JAMA

1.Ağca H. Ophthalmic Implications of Avian Influenza A H5N1. CEOTI. 2025;7:3–5.

MLA

Ağca, Harun. “Ophthalmic Implications of Avian Influenza A H5N1”. Clinical and Experimental Ocular Trauma and Infection, vol. 7, Dec. 2025, pp. 3-5, https://izlik.org/JA35WP27DU.

Vancouver

1.Harun Ağca. Ophthalmic Implications of Avian Influenza A H5N1. CEOTI [Internet]. 2025 Dec. 1;7:3-5. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA35WP27DU