Lysimakhos ve Belevi: Arkeoloji’nin Bitmeyen Mücadelesi ve Etkileşime Dair Bazı Düşünceler

Yıl 2019, , 19 - 35, 10.07.2019

Ali Bora

https://doi.org/10.30804/cesmicihan.578564

Öz

Özet: Bilindiği gibi ünlü
Ephesos antik kenti, Messogis (Aydın) Dağları’nın kuzey yamaçlarında inşa
edilen görkemli bir anıt mezara (mousoleium-maoussoleion) ev sahipliği yapar.
Yerleşimden yaklaşık 14 km. kuzeydoğuda, Belevi Köyü yakınlarında bulunan bu
ünlü yapı arkeoloji dünyasına kazandırıldığı 20. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren
bilim insanlarının, özellikle Klasik Arkeoloji dünyasının ilgisini çekmektedir.
Bu çalışmamızda söz konusu antik yapıya değinilmekte ve Anadolu ölü gömme
geleneklerinin en güzel referanslarından birisini oluşturan anıtın, Geç
Klasik’ten Hellenistik Döneme geçiş sürecinde Makedon hanedanlarının
mücadelesine konu olan bu coğrafyadaki önemi ve anlamı değerlendirilmeye
çalışılmaktadır. Mimari, buluntu envanteri, arkeolojik kronoloji, literatür
bağlamında uzun yıllardır yapılan nitelikli araştırmaların konusunu oluşturan
mausoleionun Hellenistik Dönem olası sahibi ya da kimin için yaptırılmış
olabileceği ünlü Diadokh Lysimakhos’un kariyerinde ele alınmaya çalışılmakta ve
doğu etkisine dair Persli-Paphlagonialı Kraliçe Amastris figürü’nün rolü
değerlendirilmektedir.

Abstract: As it is known, the
ancient city of Ephesus is home to a magnificent mausoleum
(mousoleium-maoussoleion), built on the northern slopes of the Messogis (Aydın)
Mountains. This famous building which located about 14 km northeast of the
settlement, near the village of Belevi, has attracted the attention of
scientists, especially the Classical Archeology world since the beginning of
the 20th century when it was introduced to the archeology world. In this study
the monument, which is one of the most beautiful references of the Anatolian
burial customs, is tried to be evaluated and mentioned in terms of its
importance and meaning in this geography which is the subject of the struggle
of Macedonian dynasties during the transition period from Late Classical to
Hellenistic Period. Of the ancient structure that constitutes the subject of
long-term qualified researches by means of it’s architecture, inventory,
archeological chronology and in the context of literature, it’s possible owner
in the Hellenistic Period or for whom it was built is tried to be considered in
the career of the famous Diadokh Lysimakhos and the role of
Perisan-Paphlagonian Queen Amastris figure on the eastern influence is to be
evaluated

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Belevi Mausoleionu, Lysimakhos, Amastris

Lysimachus and Belevi: The Endless Struggle of Archeology and Some Thoughts on Interaction

Öz

Kaynakça

• BİBLİYOGRAFYA:Alzinger, W. “Die Altertümer von Belevi. Versuch einer topographischen, archaologischen und historischen Einordnung”. şurada: Praschniker-Theuer 1979: 167-199.Akurgal, E. Ancient Civilisations and Ruins of Turkey: From Prehistoric Times Until the End of the Roman Empire. İstanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu 1970.Akurgal, E. Anadolu Uygarlıkları. İstanbul: Net Turistik Yayınları, 2000.Anson, Edward M. Alexander’s Heirs: The Age of the Successors. West Sussex UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014.App., Syr. Appianus, Appian’s Roman History The Syrian Wars, Trans.: Horace White, Ed.: E. Capps, W. H. D. Rouse, L. A. Post, E.H. Warmington, The Loeb Classical Library. New York: Macmillan Company, 1962.Arslan, Murat. İstanbul’un Antikçağ Tarihi Klasik ve Hellenistik Dönemler. İstanbul: Odin Yayıncılık, 2010.Austin M. M. The Hellenistic World From Alexander to the Roman Conquest A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Bağdatlı Çam, Fatma. “Paphlagonia’da Bir Pers Prensesi ve Onun Kenti: Amastris”. Bartın Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1/2 (2016): 31-46.Billows, Richard A. Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.Buluç, S. “The Tomb Monumant at Belevi Near Ephesos,” The Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Classical Archaeology, II, Ankara – İzmir 23-30 Kasım 1973, Ed.: Ekrem Akurgal, Türk Taih Kurumu (1978): 1085-1092.Burstein, Stanley Mayer. Outpost of Hellenism: The Emergence of Heraclea on the Black Sea, London: University of California Press, 1974.Carstens, Anne Marie. “Tomb Cult on the Halikarnassos Peninsula”. American Journal of Archaeology (AJA) 106/3 (2002): 391-409.Debord, Pierre. L'Asie Mineure au Ive Siecle (412-323 a.c.) Pouvoirs et Jeux Politiques. Paris: Diffusion De Boccard, 1999.Dmitriev, Sviatoslav. “The Last Marriage and the Death of Lysimachus”, Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies (GrRomByzSt) 47 (2007): 135-149.Duyuran, Rüstem. “Belevi’deki Mausoleum: Batı Anadoluda Bulunan Muhteşem Bir Anıt – Mezarı”. Arkitekt 11-12 (1949): 243-246.Errington, R. Malcolm. Hellenistik Dünya Tarihi MÖ. 323-30. Çev.: Gülşah Günata, İstanbul : Homer Kitabevi, 2010.Fedak, Jano. Monumental Tombs of the Hellenistic Age A Study of Selected Tombs from Pre-Classical to the Early Imperial Era, Totonto: University of Totonto Press, 1990.Fleischer, R. “Erganzungen zum Abschnitt: Der figürliche Schmuck”, şurada: Praschniker-Theuer 1979: 121-160.Grawehr, Matthias. “Agathokles als Grabherr Des Mausoleums von Belevi”, Antike Kunst, 57, 2014, s. 38-47.Heinz, R; Ruggendorfer, P.. “Forschungen am Mausoleum von Belevi”. Jahreshefte des Österreichischen archäologischen Instituts in Wie (ÖJh) 71 (2002): 149-176.Heinz, Reinhard. Das Mausoleum von Belevi Bauforschung, Forschungen In Ephesos, 6/1. Österreichischen Archäologischen Institut. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2017.Henry, Olivier. Tombes de Carie Architecture Funéraire et Culture Carienne VIe-IIe S. Av. J.-C. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2009.Hoepfner, W. “Zum Mausoleum von Belevi”. Archäologischer Anzeiger (AA) (1993): 111-123.Hoepfner, W. “Zum Entwurf des Athena-Tempels in Ilion”. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung (AM) 84 (1969): 165–181.Işık, Fahri. “Tempelgraeber von Patara und ihre anatolischen Wurzeln”. Lykia: Anadolu – Akdeniz Kültürleri II (1995): 160-186.Işık, Fahri. “Anadolu-Lykia Uygarlığı: Lykia’nın ‘Hellenleşmesi’ Görüşüne Eleştirel Bir Yaklaşım”. Anadolu-Anatolia 36 (2010): 65-125.Kaymak Heinz, Gamze. “Kültürel Mirasın Yapı Malzemeleri Tarihine Katkı Boyutu: Belevi Mausoleumu Örneği”. 5. Ulusal Yapı Malzemesi Kongresi ve Sergisi 3-4-5 Kasım 2010 İstanbul, Kongre Bildirileri, TMMOB Mimarlar Odası İstanbul. İstanbul (2010): 205-218.Kasper, Sandor. “Der Tumulus von Belevi”. The Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Classical Archaeology, I, Ankara – İzmir 23-30 Kasım 1973, Ed.: Ekrem Akurgal, Türk Taih Kurumu. (1978): 387-398.Keil, J. “17. Vorlaufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Ephesos”. Jahreshefte des Österreichischen archäologischen Instituts in Wie (ÖJh) 29 (1933): 28-40.Keil, J.. “18. Vorlaufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Ephesos”. Jahreshefte des Österreichischen archäologischen Instituts in Wie (ÖJh) 29 (1935): 103-145.Kurtz, Donna C.; John Boardman. Greek Burial Customs. New York: Cornell University Press, 1971.Law, H. W. “The Mausoleum”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies (JHS) 59/1 (1939): 92-102.Lawrence, A. W. Greek Architecture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.Lehman, Karl. “Kallistratos Meets a Centaur,” American Journal of Archaeology (AJA) 61/2 (1957): 123-127.Lund, Helen S. Lysimachus: A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship. London: Routledge, 2002.Müller, Sabina. “Female Element of the Political Self-Fashioning of the Diadochi: Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Their Iranian Wives”. After Alexander The Time of the Diadochoi (323-281 BC), Ed.: Victor Alonso Troncoso, Edward M. Anson. Oxford: Oxbow Books (2013): 199-214.Öztürk, Bülent. “Herakleia Pontika (Zonguldak - Karadeniz Ereğli) Antik Kenti Epigrafik Çalışmaları ve Tarihsel Sonuçları”. I. Uluslararası Karadeniz Kultur Kongresi, 06-09 Ekim 2011, Sinop/Türkiye (2013): 505-527.Ogden, Daniel. Polygamy, Prostitutes and Death The Hellenistic Dynasties. London: The Classical Press of Wales, 1999.O’Neil, James L. “Iranian Wives and Their Roles in Macedonian Royal Courts”. Prudentia 34/2 (2002): 159-177.Paus., Pausanias. Periegesis tes Hellados - Description of Greece, Trans.: W. H. S. Jones, Ed.: E. Capps, T. E. Page, W. H. D. Rouse, I, The Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann, 1918.Polat, Gürcan. “War Der Persische Satrap Autophradates von Sardeis der Ursprüngliche Grabherr des Mausoleum von Belevi?’’. Epigraphica Anatolica 38 (2005): 57-72.Pollit, J. J. Art in the Hellenistic Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.Praschniker, Camillo. “Die Datierrung des Mausoleums von Belevi”, Anzeiger: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Philologisch-historische Klasse (AnzWien) 85 (1948): 271-293.Praschniker, Camillo; Theuer, Max. Das Mausoleum von Belevi. Wien: Forschungen in Ephesos (FiE) 6, 1979.Ridgway, Brunilde Sismondo. Prayers in Stone: Greek Architectural Sculpture c. 600-100 B.C.E. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.Ruggendorfer, Peter. Das Mausoleum von Belevi Archäologische Untersuchungen zu Chronologie, Ausstattung und Stiftung. Forschungen In Ephesos, 6/2, Österreichischen Archäologischen Institut. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2016.Rumscheid, Frank. Untersuchungen zur kleinasiatischen Bauornamentik des Hellenismus. Mainz: Philip von Zabern, 1994.Schmaltz, Bernhard. “Zum Sarkophag des Mausoleums bei Belevi,”. Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archaeologischen Instituts in Wien 49 (1968-71): 63-67.Sengelin, Thomas; Drougou, Stella; Leventopoulou, Maris; Marangou, Lia; Van Der Meijden, Ella; Palaiokrassa, Lydia; Petrocheilos, Ioammis E.; Touratsoglou. “Belevi”. Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC), 8/1-2, Zürich: Artemis Verlag (1997): 671-721.Smith, R. R. R. Hellenistik Heykel. Çev.: Ayşin Yoltar Yıldırım, İstanbul: Homer Kitabevi, 2002.Strocka, Volker Michael. “Griechische Löwenkopf-Wasserspeier in Ephesos”. Synergia, Festschrift für Friedrich Krinzinger, 1, Ed.: Barbara Brandt. Wien: Phoibos Verlag (2005): 337-348.Strocka, Volker Michael. “Das Spätklassische Bankettrelief von Zeytinköy”. Patronvs: Festschrift für Coşkun Özgünel zum 65. Geburtstag, Ed.: E. Öztepe et al., İstanbul: Homer Kitabevi (2007): 339-344.Waywell, G. B. The Free-Standing Sculpture of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. London: British Museum Publications, 1978.Webb, Pamela A. Hellenistic Architectural Sculpture: Figural Motifs in Western Anatolia And The Aegean Islands. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1996.Waterfield, Robin. Dividing The Spoils: The War for Alexander the Great’s Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.