Abstract
Objective: In recent years, injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have gained widespread attention due to their effectiveness in obesity management. However, these agents are frequently presented in media using simplified and misleading terminology such as “weight loss injections,” which may create unrealistic expectations and encourage inappropriate or off-label use. This study aimed to evaluate the content and characteristics of online information about weight-loss injections from a public health and ethical health communication perspective.
Methods: This descriptive study employed qualitative content analysis of publicly accessible Turkish-language web pages. Data were collected between October and November 2025 using a Google search. Web pages published by private hospitals, private clinics, blogs, and news websites that provided informational or promotional content were included. Textual content was analyzed for the presence of medical indications, contraindications, complications, and side effects, prescription warnings, scientific references, emphasis on medical supervision, and recommendations for lifestyle modification. Visual content was assessed in terms of gender representation, depicted body type, and the use of symbolic elements such as pen needles. Quantitative findings were summarized descriptively, and inductive qualitative analysis was conducted to identify prominent themes.
Results: A total of 44 web pages were analyzed. Scientific references and warnings that the product should be obtained by prescription were frequently absent. Although most pages emphasized medical supervision and lifestyle changes, information on indications and contraindications was often incomplete. Visual analysis showed a predominance of female and normal-weight body representations, potentially reinforcing narrow body ideals. Qualitative analysis identified themes including medical legitimacy, social media influence, psychological risks, and concerns regarding unauthorized access.
Conclusion: Online content related to “weight loss injections” demonstrates significant scientific, ethical, and communicative shortcomings. Improving the quality of digital health communication and reframing these agents as medical treatments rather than cosmetic solutions is
Keywords
Obesity Weight loss injections Health communication Internet content GLP-1 receptor agonists
Ethical Statement
This study analyzed only publicly accessible internet content and did not involve any personal data or human participants. Therefore, ethical committee approval was not required.
Supporting Institution
This study did not receive any financial support or funding from any source.
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Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Clinical Sciences (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | December 30, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | March 22, 2026 |
| Early Pub Date | March 28, 2026 |
| Publication Date | March 28, 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.70058/cjm.1852434 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA39RZ58PB |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Issue: Advanced Online Publication |
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Article Information Form
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Acknowledgments:
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Artificial Intelligence Statement:
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Conceptualization: F.A., S.A.;
Methodology: F.A., S.A.;
Software: T.A.;
Validation: F.A., T.A.;
Formal analysis: S.A.;
Investigation: F.A.;
Resources: T.A.;
Data curation: F.A.;
Writing – original draft: S.A.;
Writing – review & editing: F.A.;
Visualization: S.A.;
Supervision: None;
Project administration: F.A., S.A.;
Funding acquisition: None.;
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The reference styles for different types of publications are presented in the following examples:
Articles in journals
- Polyakova M, Stuke K, Schuemberg K, Mueller K, Schoenknecht P, Schroeter ML. BDNF as a biomarker for successful treatment of mood disorders: a systematic & quantitative meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2015;174:432-40. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.044.
- Ganguly S, McRae J, He J, Divine C, Abhyankar S, Aljitawi O, et al. Routine radiographic screening after completion of initial chemotherapy and relapse-free survival after transplant in patients with relapsed lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2015;56(2):518-9. Epub 2014 Jul 15. doi:10.3109/10428194.2014.921916.
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For the published article from the journal that is not placed and is not abbreviated in Medline:
- Gokdemir O, Karaman Ulutan A. Dietary supplements and side effects: persistent atrial fibrillation. DAHUDER Medical Journal. 2022;2(4):120-3. doi:10.56016/dahudermj.1184388.
Articles in press
- Wan Y, Fan K, Ye X. Efficacy and safety of neuromodulation techniques in depression treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Clin Psychopharmacol. 2025. In press. doi:10.5152/pcp.2025.241065.
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Article with published erratum
- Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, Hannema SE, Meyer WJ, Murad MH, et al. Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(11):3869–903. Erratum in: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(2):699. Erratum in: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(7):2758–9.
- Foreman M, Hare L, York K, Balakrishnan K, Sánchez FJ, Harte F, et al. Genetic link between gender dysphoria and sex hormone signaling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(2):390–6. doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-01105. Erratum in: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(1):dgz156. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz156.
Volume with supplement
- Miller S, Dell’Osso B, Ketter TA. The prevalence and burden of bipolar depression. J Affect Disord. 2014;169(Suppl 1):S3–11.
Issue with supplement
- Hagell P, Knutsson I. Single-item assessment of perceived health in neurological disorders: verbal response categories vs visual analog scale. Qual Life Res. 2013;22(1 Suppl):116–117.
Volume with part
- Kitazawa T, Eto M, Woodsome TP, Khalequzzaman M. Phosphorylation of the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit and CPI-17 during Ca2+ sensitization in rabbit smooth muscle. J Physiol. 2003;546(Pt 3):879–89.
Issue with part
- Porrello ER, Olson EN. A neonatal blueprint for cardiac regeneration. Stem Cell Res. 2014;13(3 Pt B):556–70.
Issue with no volume
- Baumeister AA. Origins and control of stereotyped movements. Monogr Am Assoc Ment Defic. 1978;(3):353–84.
No volume or issue
- Zhang Y, Patel R. Telehealth counseling for adolescent weight management: feasibility findings. Digital Health Brief. 2022 Sep:22–9.
Journal article on the Internet
- Schure MB, Lindow JC, Greist JH, Nakonezny PA, Bailey SJ, Bryan WL, et al. Use of a fully automated internet-based cognitive behavior therapy intervention in a community population of adults with depression symptoms: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2019 Nov 18 [cited 2025 Sep 27];21(11):e14754. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2196/14754
For books and other monographs
Personal author(s)
- Fletcher RH, Fletcher SW. Clinical epidemiology: the essentials. 4th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
- Celentano DD, Szklo M. Gordis epidemiology. 6th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier; 2019.
Author(s) and editor(s)
- Smith A. An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Cannan E, editor. London: Methuen; 1904.
- Kant I. Critique of pure reason. Guyer P, Wood AW, editors. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press; 1998.
Organization(s) as author
- World Health Organization. World health statistics 2023: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. 130 p.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Health at a Glance 2023: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2023. 234 p.
Editor(s), compiler(s) as author
- Cherry JD, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL, Steinbach WJ, Hotez PJ, editors. Feigin and Cherry’s textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier; 2019.
- Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon SD, et al., editors. Braunwald’s heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 12th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier; 2022.
Translated book
- Kant I. Critique of pure reason. Guyer P, Wood AW, translators. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 1998.
- Husserl E. The crisis of European sciences and transcendental phenomenology. Carr D, translator. Evanston (IL): Northwestern University Press; 1970.
Chapter in a book
- Avila-Tang E, Matsui E, Wiesch DG, Samet JM. Epidemiology of asthma and allergic diseases. In: Adkinson NF Jr, Bochner BS, Busse WW, Holgate ST, Lemanske RF Jr, Simons FER, editors. Middleton’s allergy: principles and practice. Vol. 2. 7th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Mosby Elsevier; 2008. p. 715–767.
- Guilbert TW, Moss MH, Lemanske RF Jr. Approach to infants and children with asthma. In: Adkinson NF Jr, Holgate ST, Bochner BS, Busse WW, Lemanske RF Jr, Simons FER, editors. Middleton’s allergy: principles and practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Mosby Elsevier; 2009. p. 1319–1343.
Conference proceedings
- Halliday RB, Walter DE, Proctor HC, Norton RA, Colloff MJ, editors. Acarology: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress; 1998 Jul 5–10; Canberra, Australia. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing; 2001.
- Gagos T, Hyatt A, editors. Proceedings of the 25th International Congress of Papyrology; 2007 Jul 29–Aug 4; Ann Arbor (MI), USA. Ann Arbor (MI): Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan Library; 2010.
Dissertation (Thesis)
- Lim DHK. The clinical and molecular genetic investigation of genetic conditions predisposing to kidney cancers [dissertation]. Birmingham (UK): University of Birmingham; 2018.
- Bansal Y. Building the theoretical foundations of deep learning: an empirical approach [dissertation]. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; 2022.
- Sürer S. From space to safety: flood mapping with Sentinel-1 SAR data for enhancing flood risk management in Ljungby Municipality [master’s thesis]. Lund (SE): Lund University; 2024 [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov 22]. Available from: https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9158441
Poster(s)
- Frances C, Duñabeitia JA. Ew! Disgust perception in native and foreign languages [poster]. Presented at: 20th Conference of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology (ESCoP); 2017 Sep 3–6; Potsdam, Germany.
- Penafiel D, Termote C, Espinel R, Van Damme P. Traditional food consumption by indigenous women in Guasaganda, Central Ecuador [poster]. Presented at: European OneHealth/EcoHealth Workshop; 2016 Oct 6–7; Brussels, Belgium.
Patent
- Pagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexible endoscopic grasping and cutting device and positioning tool assembly. United States patent US 20020103498. 2002 Aug 1.
Homepage/Website
- World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; c1948– [cited 2025 Sep 27]. Available from: https://www.who.int/
Proofreading
After the Cerasus Journal of Medicine has prepared the layout of the article, it is sent to all authors for proofreading. All authors must view the pre-publication version of the article and approve its publication.
Multicenter clinical trials
The Cerasus Journal of Medicine welcomes submissions of manuscripts reporting the results of multicentre clinical trials. These manuscripts may be submitted with authorship in one of the following styles:
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In each case, one individual must serve as the corresponding author. The names of all individuals involved in preparing the manuscript should be listed under the 'Writing Committee' heading, after the 'Acknowledgements' section. This should be followed by a list of investigators from each institution under the heading 'Study Group Investigators'. All authors and Writing Committee members must sign the Copyright Agreement and Author Acknowledgement Form.
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Ethical Principles and Publication Policy
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• Cerasus Journal of Medicine is a signatory to the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) and adheres to the Open Access principles set out in this initiative.
• All articles are preserved via the LOCKSS (Lots Of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) system through TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM DergiPark.
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HONORARY EDITOR
CHIEF EDITOR
ASSISTANT EDITOR
EDITORIAL BOARD
SECTION EDITOR (CARDIOLOGY)
SECTION EDITOR (GENERAL SURGERY)
SECTION EDITOR (ANESTHESIOLOGY AND REANIMATION)
SECTION EDITOR (OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY)
SECTION EDITOR (RADIOLOGY)
SECTION EDITOR (BRAIN AND NEVRE SURGERY)
SECTION EDITOR (NEUROLOGY)
SECTION EDITOR (INFECTIOUS DISEASES)
SECTION EDITOR (EMERGENCY MEDICINE)
SECTION EDITOR (PATHOLOGY)
SECTION EDITOR (MICROBIOLOGY)
SECTION EDITOR (PEDIATRY)
SECTION EDITOR (HEALTH SCIENCES)
SECTION EDITOR (PHYSICAL THERAPY AND REHABILITATION)
SECTION EDITOR (OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY)
SECTION EDITOR (PSYCHIATRY)
SECTION EDITOR (FAMILY MEDICINE)
SECTION EDITOR (INTERNAL DISEASES)
SECTION EDITOR (OPTHALMOLOGY)
SECTION EDITOR (PHYSIOLOGY)
SECTION EDITOR (BIOCHEMISTRY)
SECTION EDITOR (PUBLIC HEALTH)
SECTION EDITOR (UROLOGY)
SECTION EDITOR (CHEST DISEASES)
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE EDITOR
LANGUAGE EDITOR
TECHNICAL EDITOR
INDEXING & ABSTRACTING & ARCHIVING
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