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Evaluating the Wintering Distribution of the Lesser White-fronted Goose (Anser erythropus) in Türkiye Using Citizen Science Data

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 34 - 41, 31.12.2025

Abstract

Lesser White-fronted Goose (Anser erythropus) is globally classified as Vulnerable and one of the rarest goose species recorded in Türkiye. Despite its status as a regular but scarce winter visitor, systematic monitoring is absent, and knowledge relies mainly on citizen science observations and limited telemetry data. To assess the species’ wintering distribution and threats in Türkiye, records from citizen science portals were compiled and filtered for duplicates. Confirmed observations were obtained for 26 wetlands. Lake Erçek in Eastern Anatolia was identified as the only regular wintering site, while Lake Haçlı was identified as a potential regular wintering site; other wetlands hosted only irregular records. The largest flock—1,234 individuals—was reported from Lake Haçlı in 2021; however, insufficient monitoring prevents classification of the site as a regular wintering area. Poaching may represent the most severe threat. As both major Western Palearctic flyways intersect Türkiye, the conservation of key eastern wetlands, particularly Erçek and Haçlı are essential. The study underscores the need for systematic monitoring and targeted conservation measures for wintering goose species.

Ethical Statement

No live animals were handled in this study.

Supporting Institution

Nature Research Society

Thanks

I am deeply grateful to all birdwatchers and bird photographers who contributed to citizen science databases for their dedication to data sharing in support of scientific research and nature conservation.

References

  • Aarvak, T. (2008). International single species action plan for the conservation of the Lesser White-fronted Goose (western Palearctic population), Anser erythropus (AEWA Technical Series No. 36). UNEP/AEWA Secretariat.
  • Aarvak, T., & Øien, I. J., & Shimmings, P. (2016). A critical review of Lesser White-fronted Goose release projects (NOF-report 2016–6). Norsk Ornitologisk Forening. 218 pp.
  • Aarvak, T., & Timonen, S. (Eds.). (2004). Fennoscandian Lesser White-fronted Goose conservation project: Report 2001–2003. WWF Finland.
  • Ahmed, R., & Aarvak, T. (2024). Lesser White-fronted Goose (Anser erythropus), version 2.0. In N. D. Sly & B. K. Keeney (Eds.), Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.lwfgoo.02
  • Ataol, M., & Onmuş, O. (2021). Wetland loss in Turkey over a hundred years: Implications for conservation and management. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 7(1), 1930587. https://doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2021.1930587
  • BirdLife International. (2018). Anser erythropus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22679886A132300164. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679886A132300164.en (Accessed 19 October 2025).
  • Boyla, K. A., Kirwan, G. M., Demirci, B., Welch, H., Özen, M., Castell, P., & Marlow, T. (2025). Türkiye kuşlarının doğa tarihi. https://keremaliboyla.github.io/turkiye-kuslari/ (Accessed 23 September 2025).
  • eBird. (2025). eBird: An online database of bird observations. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. https://ebird.org (Accessed 12 November 2025).
  • Fox, A. D., & Leafloor, J. O. (2018). A global audit of the status and trends of Arctic and Northern Hemisphere goose populations. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) International Secretariat, Akureyri, Iceland.
  • Furtun, Ö. L., Erciyas Yavuz, K., & Karataş, A. (Eds.). (2021). Trakuş: Türkiye’nin kuşları. İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Gill, F., Donsker, D., & Rasmussen, P. (Eds.). (2025). IOC World Bird List (v15.1). https://www.worldbirdnames.org/ (Accessed 11 November 2025).
  • Grishanov, D. (2006). Conservation problems of migratory waterfowl and shorebirds and their habitats in the Kaliningrad region of Russia. In G. Boere, C. Galbraith, & D. Stroud (Eds.), Waterbirds around the world (p. 356). The Stationery Office.
  • IUCN. (2025). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Version 2025-2). https://www.iucnredlist.org (Accessed 19 October 2025).
  • Jones, I. L., Timoshenko, A., Zuban, I., Zhadan, K., Cusack, J. J., Duthie, A. B., Hodgson, I. D., Minderman, J., Pozo, R. A., Whytock, R. C., & Bunnefeld, N. (2022). Achieving international biodiversity targets: Learning from local norms, values and actions regarding migratory waterfowl management in Kazakhstan. Journal of Applied Ecology, 59(7), 1911–1924.
  • Jones, T., Martin, K., Barov, B., & Nagy, S. (2008). International single species action plan for the conservation of the Western Palearctic population of the Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus (AEWA Technical Series No. 36). AEWA.
  • Karadeniz, N., Tırıl, A., & Baylan, E. (2009). Wetland management in Turkey: Problems, achievements and perspectives. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4(11), 1106–1119.
  • Kazantzidis, S., Astaras, C., Vasiliadis, I., Makrygianni, E., Ilias, V., & Spyroglou, G. (2020). Factors affecting waterfowl hunting and harvest at the Evros Delta, Greece. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 150. https://doi.org/10.26496/bjz.2020.77
  • Kruckenberg, H., & Krüger, T. (2023). Current status of the Lesser White-fronted Goose (Anser erythropus) in northwest Germany. Vogelwelt, 141, 101–110.
  • Madsen, J. (1996). International action plan for the Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus. In B. Heredia, L. Rose, & M. Painter (Eds.), Globally threatened birds in Europe: Action plans (pp. 67–78). Council of Europe & BirdLife International.
  • Markkola, J. (2022). Ecology and conservation of the Lesser White-fronted Goose (Anser erythropus) (Doctoral dissertation). University of Oulu.
  • Merkez Av Komisyonu. (2025). 2025–2026 av dönemi Merkez Av Komisyonu kararı (Karar No. 24). Resmî Gazete, 32948.
  • Mooij, J. H. (2010). Review of the historical distribution of the Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus in Europe. Ornis Svecica, 20, 190–201.
  • Morozov, V. V., & Aarvak, T. (2004). Wintering of Lesser White-fronted Geese breeding in the Polar Urals. Casarca, 10, 156–162.
  • Mülayim, M. O. (2015). Lesser White-fronted Goose survey notes at Saros Bay and Meriç Delta in Turkey. In M. Vougioukalou, S. Kazantzidis, & T. Aarvak (Eds.), Safeguarding the Lesser White-fronted Goose Fennoscandian population at key staging and wintering sites. LIFE+10 NAT/GR/000638 Project Report.
  • Owen, M., & Black, J. M. (1990). Waterfowl ecology. Blackie and Son Ltd.
  • Piskulka. (2025). Portal to the Lesser White-fronted Goose. https://www.piskulka.net/ (Accessed 19 October 2025).
  • Solovyeva, D., Rozenfeld, S., Barykina, D., Kirtaev, G., Danilova, V., Meng, F., Cao, L., Lei, G., & Zeng, Q. (2024). Estimated size of the Eastern population of the Lesser White-fronted Goose revealed from aerial surveys. Wildfowl, 74, 53–68.
  • TRAKUŞ. (2025). TRAKUŞ: Türkiye’nin Anonim Kuşları. https://trakus.org (Accessed 19 October 2025).
  • Vougioukalou, M., Kazantzidis, S., & Aarvak, T. (Eds.). (2017). Safeguarding the Lesser White-fronted Goose Fennoscandian population at key staging and wintering sites within the European flyway. LIFE Project Special Publication.
  • Yu, S. M. (2019). Results of an aerial survey of the western population of Anser erythropus in autumn migration in Russia, 2017. Nature Conservation Research, 4(1), 29–36.
  • Zöckler, C., & Lysenko, I. (2000). Water birds on the edge: First circumpolar assessment of climate change impact on Arctic breeding water birds. WCMC.

Küçük Sakarcanın (Anser erythropus) Türkiye’deki Kışlama Dağılımının Vatandaş Bilimi Verileriyle Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 34 - 41, 31.12.2025

Abstract

Küçük sakarca (Anser erythropus), küresel ölçekte “Hassas” olarak sınıflandırılmıştır ve Türkiye’de kaydedilen en nadir kaz türlerindedir. Düzenli ancak sayıca az bir kış ziyaretçisi olmasına rağmen, türle ilgili sistematik izleme çalışması bulunmamaktadır ve mevcut bilgi ağırlıklı olarak vatandaş bilimi gözlemleri ve sınırlı telemetri verisine dayanmaktadır. Türün Türkiye’deki kışlama dağılımı ve tehditlerini değerlendirmek için vatandaş bilimi portallarındaki kayıtlar derlenmiş ve mükerrer veriler elenmiştir. Doğrulanmış gözlemler 26 sulak alan için tespit edilmiştir. Doğu Anadolu’da yer alan Erçek Gölü, Türkiye’deki tek düzenli kışlama alanı; Haçlı Gölü ise potansiyel düzenli kışlama alanı olarak belirlenirken, diğer sulak alanlarda düzensiz kayıtlar belirlenmiştir. En büyük sürü, 2021 yılında Haçlı Gölü’nden 1.234 birey olarak bildirilmiş olmasına rağmen yetersiz izleme, bu alanın düzenli bir kışlama alanı olarak sınıflandırılmasını engellemektedir. Kaçak avcılık türü etkileyen en ciddi tehdit olarak değerlendirilmiştir. İki ana Batı Palearktik göç yolu Türkiye ile ilişkili olduğu için, özellikle Erçek ve potansiyel olarak Haçlı gölleri gibi önemli doğu sulak alanlarının korunması gereklidir. Çalışma, kışlayan kaz türleri için sistematik izleme ve hedefe yönelik koruma önlemlerine duyulan ihtiyacı vurgulamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmada canlı hayvan kullanılmamıştır.

Supporting Institution

Doğa Araştırmaları Derneği

Thanks

Bilimsel araştırmaları ve doğa koruma çalışmalarını desteklemek amacıyla veri paylaşımına olan özverili katkılarından dolayı tüm kuş gözlemcilerine ve kuş fotoğrafçılarına, vatandaş bilimi veri tabanlarına katkıda bulundukları için minnettarım.

References

  • Aarvak, T. (2008). International single species action plan for the conservation of the Lesser White-fronted Goose (western Palearctic population), Anser erythropus (AEWA Technical Series No. 36). UNEP/AEWA Secretariat.
  • Aarvak, T., & Øien, I. J., & Shimmings, P. (2016). A critical review of Lesser White-fronted Goose release projects (NOF-report 2016–6). Norsk Ornitologisk Forening. 218 pp.
  • Aarvak, T., & Timonen, S. (Eds.). (2004). Fennoscandian Lesser White-fronted Goose conservation project: Report 2001–2003. WWF Finland.
  • Ahmed, R., & Aarvak, T. (2024). Lesser White-fronted Goose (Anser erythropus), version 2.0. In N. D. Sly & B. K. Keeney (Eds.), Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.lwfgoo.02
  • Ataol, M., & Onmuş, O. (2021). Wetland loss in Turkey over a hundred years: Implications for conservation and management. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 7(1), 1930587. https://doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2021.1930587
  • BirdLife International. (2018). Anser erythropus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22679886A132300164. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679886A132300164.en (Accessed 19 October 2025).
  • Boyla, K. A., Kirwan, G. M., Demirci, B., Welch, H., Özen, M., Castell, P., & Marlow, T. (2025). Türkiye kuşlarının doğa tarihi. https://keremaliboyla.github.io/turkiye-kuslari/ (Accessed 23 September 2025).
  • eBird. (2025). eBird: An online database of bird observations. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. https://ebird.org (Accessed 12 November 2025).
  • Fox, A. D., & Leafloor, J. O. (2018). A global audit of the status and trends of Arctic and Northern Hemisphere goose populations. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) International Secretariat, Akureyri, Iceland.
  • Furtun, Ö. L., Erciyas Yavuz, K., & Karataş, A. (Eds.). (2021). Trakuş: Türkiye’nin kuşları. İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Gill, F., Donsker, D., & Rasmussen, P. (Eds.). (2025). IOC World Bird List (v15.1). https://www.worldbirdnames.org/ (Accessed 11 November 2025).
  • Grishanov, D. (2006). Conservation problems of migratory waterfowl and shorebirds and their habitats in the Kaliningrad region of Russia. In G. Boere, C. Galbraith, & D. Stroud (Eds.), Waterbirds around the world (p. 356). The Stationery Office.
  • IUCN. (2025). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Version 2025-2). https://www.iucnredlist.org (Accessed 19 October 2025).
  • Jones, I. L., Timoshenko, A., Zuban, I., Zhadan, K., Cusack, J. J., Duthie, A. B., Hodgson, I. D., Minderman, J., Pozo, R. A., Whytock, R. C., & Bunnefeld, N. (2022). Achieving international biodiversity targets: Learning from local norms, values and actions regarding migratory waterfowl management in Kazakhstan. Journal of Applied Ecology, 59(7), 1911–1924.
  • Jones, T., Martin, K., Barov, B., & Nagy, S. (2008). International single species action plan for the conservation of the Western Palearctic population of the Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus (AEWA Technical Series No. 36). AEWA.
  • Karadeniz, N., Tırıl, A., & Baylan, E. (2009). Wetland management in Turkey: Problems, achievements and perspectives. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4(11), 1106–1119.
  • Kazantzidis, S., Astaras, C., Vasiliadis, I., Makrygianni, E., Ilias, V., & Spyroglou, G. (2020). Factors affecting waterfowl hunting and harvest at the Evros Delta, Greece. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 150. https://doi.org/10.26496/bjz.2020.77
  • Kruckenberg, H., & Krüger, T. (2023). Current status of the Lesser White-fronted Goose (Anser erythropus) in northwest Germany. Vogelwelt, 141, 101–110.
  • Madsen, J. (1996). International action plan for the Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus. In B. Heredia, L. Rose, & M. Painter (Eds.), Globally threatened birds in Europe: Action plans (pp. 67–78). Council of Europe & BirdLife International.
  • Markkola, J. (2022). Ecology and conservation of the Lesser White-fronted Goose (Anser erythropus) (Doctoral dissertation). University of Oulu.
  • Merkez Av Komisyonu. (2025). 2025–2026 av dönemi Merkez Av Komisyonu kararı (Karar No. 24). Resmî Gazete, 32948.
  • Mooij, J. H. (2010). Review of the historical distribution of the Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus in Europe. Ornis Svecica, 20, 190–201.
  • Morozov, V. V., & Aarvak, T. (2004). Wintering of Lesser White-fronted Geese breeding in the Polar Urals. Casarca, 10, 156–162.
  • Mülayim, M. O. (2015). Lesser White-fronted Goose survey notes at Saros Bay and Meriç Delta in Turkey. In M. Vougioukalou, S. Kazantzidis, & T. Aarvak (Eds.), Safeguarding the Lesser White-fronted Goose Fennoscandian population at key staging and wintering sites. LIFE+10 NAT/GR/000638 Project Report.
  • Owen, M., & Black, J. M. (1990). Waterfowl ecology. Blackie and Son Ltd.
  • Piskulka. (2025). Portal to the Lesser White-fronted Goose. https://www.piskulka.net/ (Accessed 19 October 2025).
  • Solovyeva, D., Rozenfeld, S., Barykina, D., Kirtaev, G., Danilova, V., Meng, F., Cao, L., Lei, G., & Zeng, Q. (2024). Estimated size of the Eastern population of the Lesser White-fronted Goose revealed from aerial surveys. Wildfowl, 74, 53–68.
  • TRAKUŞ. (2025). TRAKUŞ: Türkiye’nin Anonim Kuşları. https://trakus.org (Accessed 19 October 2025).
  • Vougioukalou, M., Kazantzidis, S., & Aarvak, T. (Eds.). (2017). Safeguarding the Lesser White-fronted Goose Fennoscandian population at key staging and wintering sites within the European flyway. LIFE Project Special Publication.
  • Yu, S. M. (2019). Results of an aerial survey of the western population of Anser erythropus in autumn migration in Russia, 2017. Nature Conservation Research, 4(1), 29–36.
  • Zöckler, C., & Lysenko, I. (2000). Water birds on the edge: First circumpolar assessment of climate change impact on Arctic breeding water birds. WCMC.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Ecology (Other), Ornithology, Vertebrate Biology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ömral Ünsal Özkoç 0000-0002-5918-8664

Submission Date November 22, 2025
Acceptance Date December 30, 2025
Publication Date December 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özkoç, Ö. Ü. (2025). Evaluating the Wintering Distribution of the Lesser White-fronted Goose (Anser erythropus) in Türkiye Using Citizen Science Data. Karatekin University Journal of Science, 4(1), 34-41.


ASCI  34664

ISSN Portal   34669


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