Farklı Egzersiz Yöntemlerinin Alzheimer Hastalığındaki Etkileri

Year 2017, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 27 - 31, 15.03.2017

Dilek Özbeyli Özgür Kasımay Çakır

Abstract

Alzheimer hastalığı (AH) ilerleyici nörodejeneratif bir hastalık olup demansın
en sık görülen nedenidir. Artmış oksidatif stres, anormal amiloid β (Aβ) ve
tau proteinlerinin birikimi, nöroinflamasyon, nöronal plastisite yetmezliği ve
nöronal kayıp AH’nin patofizyolojisi ile ilişkilendirilen ana faktörlerdir. Artan
kanıtlar fiziksel aktivitenin, hem kognitif fonksiyona hem de AH’de gözlenen
hücresel patolojilere iyileştirici etkileri olduğunu göstermektedir. Aerobik
egzersizin (AE) antioksidan enzim aktivitesini, nörotrofik faktörlerin sentezini
arttırdığı, nöroinflamatuar belirteçleri azalttığı, öğrenmeyi ve bellek fonksiyonlarını
iyileştirdiği gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca hücre yaşayabilirliği ve Aβ klirensi
üzerine yararlıdır. AE, beyin dokusundaki çözülebilir Aβ1-42 düzeylerini klirensten
sorumlu enzimlerin aktivitelerini arttırarak düşürür. Aynı zamanda kaspaz-9,
sitokrom c, Bax ve kaspaz-3 gibi apoptotik enzimleri baskılar. Direnç
egzersizlerinin (DE) AH’deki etkileri hakkında açık bir bilgi bulunmamakla
birlikte az sayıda çalışmada daha çok yaşlanma modellerinde etkilerine bakılmıştır.
Bu çalışmalarda DE’nin insülin benzeri büyüme faktörü-I ve beyin kaynaklı
nörotrofik faktörün (BDNF) serum konsantrasyonlarını artırdığı, oksidatif
stresi azalttığı insanlarda gösterilmiş olup, hayvanlarda hipokampal BDNF
mRNA düzeyinde artış yaptığı bildirilmiştir. Ek olarak DE ve AE, Alzheimer
hastalarında günlük aktivitelerin gelişimine ve fiziksel becerilerin arttırılmasına
yardımcı olabilir. Sonuç olarak egzersiz terapisi uygulamaları daha etkili
tedavi seçenekleri geliştirilmesine ve AH’nin ilerlemesinin yavaşlatılmasına,
herhangi bir yan etki yapmaksızın yardımcı olabilir.

Keywords

Alzheimer hastalığı, egzersiz terapisi, antioksidan enzimler, nöronal plastisite

The Effects of Different Exercise Modalities in Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and
the most common cause of dementia. Increased oxidative stress, abnormal
amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation, tau aggregation, neuroinflammation, neuronal
plasticity failure, and neuronal loss are the main factors related to the
pathophysiology of AD. Increasing evidence suggests that physical activity
has a positive effect on both cognitive function and cellular pathologies
of AD. It has been demonstrated that aerobic exercise (AE) increases the
activity of antioxidant enzymes and synthesis of neurotrophic factors, decreases
the levels of neuroinflammatory markers, and enhances the functions
of learning and memory. It is also beneficial for the improvement of
cell survival and upregulation of Aβ clearance. AE has been shown to reduce
the levels of soluble Aβ1–42 via an increase in enzyme activity, which
is responsible for the upregulation of Aβ clearance in brain tissues. It also
represses apoptotic cascades such as the caspase-9, cytochrome c, Bax,
and caspase-3 cascades. Although there are no clear data on the effects of
resistance exercise (RE) on AD, only a small number of articles have studied
the effects of RE on models of aging. In these studies, RE increased the
serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 and brain-derived
neurotrophic factor (BDNF), reduced oxidative stress in humans, and upregulated
the hippocampal expression of BDNF mRNA in animals. In addition,
RE and AE therapies may help progress in daily activities and enhance
physical ability in AD patients. Eventually, exercise therapy regimens may
lead to more effective treatment options and slow the progression of AD
without any side effects.

Keywords

Alzheimer’s disease, exercise therapy, antioxidant enzymes, neuronal plasticity

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