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The Role of Omega-3 and Antioxidant Nutrients in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review Article

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 548 - 555, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.810526

Öz

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. The cause of the disease is not well explained; studies previse a multifactorial etiology. Various results of studies suggest that omega-3 fatty acids may have beneficial effects in AMD. Besides the omega-3, clinical evidence showed that specific micronutrients (antioxidant vitamins and minerals) protect against AMD. The definition of risk factors for the development and progression of AMD is important for understanding the causes of the disorder and for the determination of its prevention strategies. In this study, the relationship between omega 3 and antioxidant nutrients and the incidence and progression of AMD were evaluated.

Destekleyen Kurum

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Proje Numarası

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Kaynakça

  • [1] Friedman DS, O’Colmain BJ, Munoz B, Tomany SC, McCarty C, De Jong P, Nemesure B, Mitchell P, Kempen J. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States. Arch ophthalmol 2004;122(4):564-572.
  • [2] Ratnapriya R, Chew EY. Age-related macular degeneration— clinical review and genetics update. Clin Genet 2013;84(2):160- 166.
  • [3] Pennington KL, DeAngelis MM. Epidemiology of age related macular degeneration (AMD): associations with cardiovascular disease phenotypes and lipid factors. Eye Vis (Lond) 2016;3(1):34.
  • [4] Wong WL, Su X, Li X, Cheung CMG, Klein R., Cheng CY, Wong TY. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2014;2(2):e106-e116.
  • [5] Pascolini D, Mariotti SP. Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. Br J Ophthalmol 2012;96(5):614-618.
  • [6] Al Gwairi O, Thach L, Zheng W, Osman N, Little PJ. Cellular and molecular pathology of age-related macular degeneration: potential role for proteoglycans. J Ophthalmol 2016;2016:2913612.
  • [7] Fritsche LG, Fariss RN, Stambolian D, Abecasis GR, Curcio CA, Swaroop A. Age-related macular degeneration: genetics and biology coming together. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2014;15:151-171.
  • [8] Gehrs KM, Anderson DH, Johnson LV, Hageman GS. Age related macular degeneration—emerging pathogenetic and therapeutic concepts. Ann Med 2006;38(7):450-471.
  • [9] Jager RD, Mieler WF, Miller JW. Age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2008;358(24):2606-2617.
  • [10] Klein R, Klein BE, Knudtson MD, Meuer SM, Swift M, Gangnon RE. Fifteen-year cumulative incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2007;114(2):253-262.
  • [11] Arroyo JG. Age-related macular degeneration: Treatment and prevention. UpToDate, Waltham, MA 2020;1(1):1-12.
  • [12] Aslam T, Delcourt C, Silva R, Holz FG, Leys A, Layana AG, Souied E. Micronutrients in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmologica 2013;229(2):75-79.
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  • [21] Anderson DH, Mullins RF, Hageman GS, Johnson LV. A role for local inflammation in the formation of drusen in the aging eye. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;134(3):411-431.
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  • [23] Nowak JZ. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): Pathogenesis and therapy. Pharmacol Rep 2006;58(3):353- 363.
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  • [27] Merle B, Delyfer MN, Korobelnik JF, Rougier MB, Colin J, Malet F, Féart C, Le Goff M, Dartigues JF, Barberger-Gateau P. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids and the risk for age-related maculopathy: the Alienor Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52(8):6004- 6011.
  • [28] Reynolds R, Rosner B, Seddon JM. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids, other fat intake, genetic susceptibility, and progression to incident geographic atrophy. Ophthalmology 2013;120(5):1020-1028.
  • [29] Connor WE. Importance of n− 3 fatty acids in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(1):171S-175S.
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  • [31] Merle BM, Benlian P, Puche N, Bassols A, Delcourt C, Souied EH. Circulating omega-3 fatty acids and neovascular age related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014;55(3):2010-2019.
  • [32] SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY. The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2005;24(1):87-138.
  • [33] MacDonald A. Omega-3 fatty acids as adjunctive therapy in Crohns disease. Gastroenterol Nurs 2006;29(4):295-301; quiz 302-293.
  • [34] Seddon JM, Gensler G, Milton RC, Klein ML, Rifai N. Association between C-reactive protein and age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 2004;291(6):704-710.
  • [35] Shaikh SR, Jolly CA, Chapkin RS. n− 3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids exert immunomodulatory effects on lymphocytes by targeting plasma membrane molecular organization. Mol Aspects Med 2012;33(1):46-54.
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  • [38] Swenor BK, Bressler S, Caulfield L, West SK. The impact of fish and shellfish consumption on age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2010;117(12):2395-2401.
  • [39] Augood C, Chakravarthy U, Young I, Vioque J, de Jong PT, Bentham G, Rahu M, Seland J, Soubrane G, Tomazzoli L. Oily fish consumption, dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid intakes, and associations with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(2):398-406.
  • [40] Aoki A, Inoue M, Nguyen E, Obata R, Kadonosono K, Shinkai S, Hashimoto H, Sasaki S, Yanagi Y. Dietary n-3 fatty acid, α-tocopherol, zinc, vitamin D, vitamin C, and β-carotene are associated with age-related macular degeneration in Japan. Sci Rep 2016;6:20723.
  • [41] SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY, Agron E, Clemons TE, Ferris FL, Gensler G, Lindblad AS, Milton RC, Seddon JM, Klein R. The relationship of dietary ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake with incident age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 23. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126(9):1274- 1279.
  • [42] SanGiovanni S, Emiły Y, Chew M, Clemons TE, Gensler GR, Kurinij N, Lindhlad AS, Seddon JM, Sperduto RD. The relationship of dietary lipid intake and age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125671:679.
  • [43] Tan JS, Wang JJ, Flood V, Mitchell P. Dietary fatty acids and the 10-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127(5):656- 665.
  • [44] Zhu W, Wu Y, Meng Y-F, Xing Q, Tao J-J, Lu J. Fish consumption and age-related macular degeneration incidence: A meta analysis and systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Nutrients 2016;8(11):743.
  • [45] Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) Group. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;309(2013):2005-2015.
  • [46] Souied E, Delcourt C, Querques G, Merle B, Smith T, Benlian P. NAT2 study: OMEGA-3 levels in red blood cells membranes CORRELATES the PREVENTIVE effect. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013;54(15):3277-3277
  • [47] Georgiou T, Neokleous A, Nicolaou D, Sears B. Pilot study for treating dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with high-dose omega-3 fatty acids. PharmaNutrition 2014;2(1):8- 11.
  • [48] Dawczynski J, Jentsch S, Schweitzer D, Hammer M, Lang GE, Strobel J. Long term effects of lutein, zeaxanthin and omega 3-LCPUFAs supplementation on optical density of macular pigment in AMD patients: the LUTEGA study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013;251(12):2711-2723.
  • [49] Čaljkušić Mance T, Kovačević D, Alpeza-Dunato Z, Novak Stroligo M, Brumini G. The role of omega6 to omega3 ratio in development and progression of age-related macular degeneration. Coll Antropol 2011;35(2):307-310.
  • [50] Atabilen B, Tek NA. Age-related Macular Degeneration and Risk Factors Associated with Nutrition. J Med Sci 2018;38(3):275- 288.
  • [51] Mayne ST. Antioxidant nutrients and chronic disease: use of biomarkers of exposure and oxidative stress status in epidemiologic research. J Nutr 2003;133(3):933S-940S.
  • [52] Handelman GJ, Dratz EA. The role of antioxidants in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium and the nature of prooxidant induced damage. Free Radic Biol Med 1986;2(1):1-89.
  • [53] Hogg R, Chakravarthy U. AMD and micronutrient antioxidants. Curr Eye Res 2004;29(6):387-401.
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Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 548 - 555, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.810526

Öz

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

  • [1] Friedman DS, O’Colmain BJ, Munoz B, Tomany SC, McCarty C, De Jong P, Nemesure B, Mitchell P, Kempen J. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States. Arch ophthalmol 2004;122(4):564-572.
  • [2] Ratnapriya R, Chew EY. Age-related macular degeneration— clinical review and genetics update. Clin Genet 2013;84(2):160- 166.
  • [3] Pennington KL, DeAngelis MM. Epidemiology of age related macular degeneration (AMD): associations with cardiovascular disease phenotypes and lipid factors. Eye Vis (Lond) 2016;3(1):34.
  • [4] Wong WL, Su X, Li X, Cheung CMG, Klein R., Cheng CY, Wong TY. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2014;2(2):e106-e116.
  • [5] Pascolini D, Mariotti SP. Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. Br J Ophthalmol 2012;96(5):614-618.
  • [6] Al Gwairi O, Thach L, Zheng W, Osman N, Little PJ. Cellular and molecular pathology of age-related macular degeneration: potential role for proteoglycans. J Ophthalmol 2016;2016:2913612.
  • [7] Fritsche LG, Fariss RN, Stambolian D, Abecasis GR, Curcio CA, Swaroop A. Age-related macular degeneration: genetics and biology coming together. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2014;15:151-171.
  • [8] Gehrs KM, Anderson DH, Johnson LV, Hageman GS. Age related macular degeneration—emerging pathogenetic and therapeutic concepts. Ann Med 2006;38(7):450-471.
  • [9] Jager RD, Mieler WF, Miller JW. Age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2008;358(24):2606-2617.
  • [10] Klein R, Klein BE, Knudtson MD, Meuer SM, Swift M, Gangnon RE. Fifteen-year cumulative incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2007;114(2):253-262.
  • [11] Arroyo JG. Age-related macular degeneration: Treatment and prevention. UpToDate, Waltham, MA 2020;1(1):1-12.
  • [12] Aslam T, Delcourt C, Silva R, Holz FG, Leys A, Layana AG, Souied E. Micronutrients in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmologica 2013;229(2):75-79.
  • [13] Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119(10):1417.
  • [14] Cho E, Seddon JM, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoidsand risk of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122(6):883-892.
  • [15] Ma L, Yan SF, Huang YM, Lu XR, Qian F, Pang HL, Xu XR, Zou ZY, Dong PC, Xiao X. Effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and visual function in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2012;119(11):2290- 2297.
  • [16] SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY, Clemons TE, Ferris 3rd F, Gensler G, Lindblad A, Milton R, Seddon J, Sperduto R. The relationship of dietary carotenoid and vitamin A, E, and C intake with age related macular degeneration in a case-control study. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125(9):1225-1232.
  • [17] Weikel KA, Chiu CJ, Taylor A. Nutritional modulation of age-related macular degeneration. Mol Aspects Med 2012;33(4):318-375.
  • [18] Bird AC, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Chisholm I, Coscas G, Davis M, De Jong P, Klaver C, Klein B, Klein R. An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 1995;39(5):367-374.
  • [19] Bressler NM, Bressler SB, West SK, Fine SL, Taylor HR. The grading and prevalence of macular degeneration in Chesapeake Bay watermen. Arch ophthalmol 1989;107(6):847-852.
  • [20] Clemons T, Milton R, Klein R, Seddon J, Ferris 3rd F. Age-related eye disease study research. Risk factors for the incidence of advanced age-related macular degeneration in the Age Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) AREDS report no. 19. Ophthalmology 2005;112(4):533-539.
  • [21] Anderson DH, Mullins RF, Hageman GS, Johnson LV. A role for local inflammation in the formation of drusen in the aging eye. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;134(3):411-431.
  • [22] Roth F, Bindewald A, Holz FG. Keypathophysiologic pathways in age-related macular disease. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004;242(8):710-716.
  • [23] Nowak JZ. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): Pathogenesis and therapy. Pharmacol Rep 2006;58(3):353- 363.
  • [24] Carneiro A. Nutrition and the ageing eye. Neves D, editor. Anti ageing nutrients: Evidence-based prevention of age-associated diseases. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2015.p.277-291.
  • [25] Klein R, Peto T, Bird A, Vannewkirk MR. The epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137(3):486-495.
  • [26] Porte C. Pathogenesis and management of age-related macular degeneration. Scott Med J 2012;1(2).
  • [27] Merle B, Delyfer MN, Korobelnik JF, Rougier MB, Colin J, Malet F, Féart C, Le Goff M, Dartigues JF, Barberger-Gateau P. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids and the risk for age-related maculopathy: the Alienor Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52(8):6004- 6011.
  • [28] Reynolds R, Rosner B, Seddon JM. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids, other fat intake, genetic susceptibility, and progression to incident geographic atrophy. Ophthalmology 2013;120(5):1020-1028.
  • [29] Connor WE. Importance of n− 3 fatty acids in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(1):171S-175S.
  • [30] Lawrenson JG, Evans JR. Omega 3 fatty acids for preventing or slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(4):CD010015.
  • [31] Merle BM, Benlian P, Puche N, Bassols A, Delcourt C, Souied EH. Circulating omega-3 fatty acids and neovascular age related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014;55(3):2010-2019.
  • [32] SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY. The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2005;24(1):87-138.
  • [33] MacDonald A. Omega-3 fatty acids as adjunctive therapy in Crohns disease. Gastroenterol Nurs 2006;29(4):295-301; quiz 302-293.
  • [34] Seddon JM, Gensler G, Milton RC, Klein ML, Rifai N. Association between C-reactive protein and age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 2004;291(6):704-710.
  • [35] Shaikh SR, Jolly CA, Chapkin RS. n− 3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids exert immunomodulatory effects on lymphocytes by targeting plasma membrane molecular organization. Mol Aspects Med 2012;33(1):46-54.
  • [36] Bebis (Beslenme Bilgi Sistemi) Nutrition Data Base Software. Data base: The German Food Code and Nutrient Data Base (BLS II.3, 1999) with additions from USDA-sr and other sources. Istanbul: 2004. Stuttgart, Germany:Hohenhim University.
  • [37] Christen WG, Schaumberg DA, Glynn RJ, Buring JE. Dietary ω-3 fatty acid and fish intake and incident age-related macular degeneration in women. Arch Ophthalmol 2011;129(7):921- 929.
  • [38] Swenor BK, Bressler S, Caulfield L, West SK. The impact of fish and shellfish consumption on age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2010;117(12):2395-2401.
  • [39] Augood C, Chakravarthy U, Young I, Vioque J, de Jong PT, Bentham G, Rahu M, Seland J, Soubrane G, Tomazzoli L. Oily fish consumption, dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid intakes, and associations with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(2):398-406.
  • [40] Aoki A, Inoue M, Nguyen E, Obata R, Kadonosono K, Shinkai S, Hashimoto H, Sasaki S, Yanagi Y. Dietary n-3 fatty acid, α-tocopherol, zinc, vitamin D, vitamin C, and β-carotene are associated with age-related macular degeneration in Japan. Sci Rep 2016;6:20723.
  • [41] SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY, Agron E, Clemons TE, Ferris FL, Gensler G, Lindblad AS, Milton RC, Seddon JM, Klein R. The relationship of dietary ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake with incident age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 23. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126(9):1274- 1279.
  • [42] SanGiovanni S, Emiły Y, Chew M, Clemons TE, Gensler GR, Kurinij N, Lindhlad AS, Seddon JM, Sperduto RD. The relationship of dietary lipid intake and age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125671:679.
  • [43] Tan JS, Wang JJ, Flood V, Mitchell P. Dietary fatty acids and the 10-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127(5):656- 665.
  • [44] Zhu W, Wu Y, Meng Y-F, Xing Q, Tao J-J, Lu J. Fish consumption and age-related macular degeneration incidence: A meta analysis and systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Nutrients 2016;8(11):743.
  • [45] Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) Group. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;309(2013):2005-2015.
  • [46] Souied E, Delcourt C, Querques G, Merle B, Smith T, Benlian P. NAT2 study: OMEGA-3 levels in red blood cells membranes CORRELATES the PREVENTIVE effect. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013;54(15):3277-3277
  • [47] Georgiou T, Neokleous A, Nicolaou D, Sears B. Pilot study for treating dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with high-dose omega-3 fatty acids. PharmaNutrition 2014;2(1):8- 11.
  • [48] Dawczynski J, Jentsch S, Schweitzer D, Hammer M, Lang GE, Strobel J. Long term effects of lutein, zeaxanthin and omega 3-LCPUFAs supplementation on optical density of macular pigment in AMD patients: the LUTEGA study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013;251(12):2711-2723.
  • [49] Čaljkušić Mance T, Kovačević D, Alpeza-Dunato Z, Novak Stroligo M, Brumini G. The role of omega6 to omega3 ratio in development and progression of age-related macular degeneration. Coll Antropol 2011;35(2):307-310.
  • [50] Atabilen B, Tek NA. Age-related Macular Degeneration and Risk Factors Associated with Nutrition. J Med Sci 2018;38(3):275- 288.
  • [51] Mayne ST. Antioxidant nutrients and chronic disease: use of biomarkers of exposure and oxidative stress status in epidemiologic research. J Nutr 2003;133(3):933S-940S.
  • [52] Handelman GJ, Dratz EA. The role of antioxidants in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium and the nature of prooxidant induced damage. Free Radic Biol Med 1986;2(1):1-89.
  • [53] Hogg R, Chakravarthy U. AMD and micronutrient antioxidants. Curr Eye Res 2004;29(6):387-401.
  • [54] Crabb JW, Miyagi M, Gu X, Shadrach K, West KA, Sakaguchi H, Kamei M, Hasan A, Yan L, Rayborn ME. Drusen proteome analysis: an approach to the etiology of age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99(23):14682- 14687.
  • [55] Wu J, Cho E, Willett WC, Sastry SM, Schaumberg DA. Intakes of lutein, zeaxanthin, and other carotenoids and age-related macular degeneration during 2 decades of prospective follow-up. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015;133(12):1415-1424.
  • [56] Abdel-Aal E-S, Akhtar H, Zaheer K, Ali R. Dietary sources of lutein and zeaxanthin carotenoids and their role in eye health. Nutrients 2013;5(4):1169-1185.
  • [57] Chalam K, Khetpal V, Rusovici R, Balaiya S. A review: role of ultraviolet radiation in age-related macular degeneration. Eye Contact Lens 2011;37(4):225-232.
  • [58] Sin HP, Liu DT, Lam DS. Lifestyle modification, nutritional and vitamins supplements for age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2013;91(1):6-11.
  • [59] Nidhi B, Mamatha BS, Padmaprabhu CA, Pallavi P, Vallikannan B. Dietary and lifestyle risk factors associated with age related macular degeneration: a hospital based study. Indian J Ophthalmol 2013;61(12):722.
  • [60] Linster CL, Van Schaftingen E. Vitamin C. The FEBS journal 2007;274(1):1-22.
  • [61] Tan JS, Wang JJ, Flood V, Rochtchina E, Smith W, Mitchell P. Dietary antioxidants and the long-term incidence of age related macular degeneration: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2008;115(2):334-341.
  • [62] Govind N. Antioxidant Supplements to Prevent Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Am J Nurs 2018;118(10):21.
  • [63] Azzi A. Many tocopherols, one vitamin E. Mol Aspects Med 2018;61:92-103.
  • [64] Arslan S, Kadayifçilar S, Samur G. The potential role of dietary antioxidant capacity in preventing age-related macular degeneration. J Am Coll Nutr 2019;38(5):424-432.
  • [65] Taylor HR, Tikellis G, Robman LD, McCarty CA, McNeil JJ. Vitamin E supplementation and macular degeneration: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2002;325(7354):11.
  • [66] Booth SL, Golly I, Sacheck JM, Roubenoff R, Dallal GE, Hamada K, Blumberg JB. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on vitamin K status in adults with normal coagulation status. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(1):143-148.
  • [67] Klein EA, Thompson I, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Goodman P, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Gaziano JM, Karp DD, Lieber MM, Walther PJ, Klotz L, Parsons JK, Chin JL, Darke AK, Lippman SM, Goodman GE, Meyskens FL, Baker LH. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: Updated results of the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA 2012;306(14):1549–1556
  • [68] Clarke R, Halsey J, Bennett D, Lewington S. Homocysteine and vascular disease: review of published results of the homocysteine-lowering trials. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011;34(1):83-91.
  • [69] van Dijk SC, Enneman AW, Swart KM, van Wijngaarden JP, Ham AC, de Jonge R, Blom HJ, Feskens EJ, Geleijnse JM, van Schoor NM. Effect of vitamin B12 and folic acid supplementation on biomarkers of endothelial function and inflammation among elderly individuals with hyperhomocysteinemia. Vasc Med 2016;21(2):91-98.
  • [70] Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Chew EY, Albert CM, Manson JE. Folic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin combination treatment and age-related macular degeneration in women: the Women’s Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study. Arch Intern Med 2009;169(4):335-341.
  • [71] Johnson EJ. Age-related macular degeneration and antioxidant vitamins: recent findings. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010;13(1):28-33.
  • [72] Ugarte M, Osborne NN. Zinc in the retina. Prog Neurobiol 2001;64(3):219-249.
  • [73] de Jong PT. Age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1474-1485
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Review
Yazarlar

Emine Koçyiğit 0000-0002-9459-9557

Nilüfer Acar Tek 0000-0002-8772-9608

Proje Numarası -
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Koçyiğit, E., & Acar Tek, N. (2022). The Role of Omega-3 and Antioxidant Nutrients in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review Article. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 12(2), 548-555. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.810526
AMA Koçyiğit E, Acar Tek N. The Role of Omega-3 and Antioxidant Nutrients in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review Article. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. Haziran 2022;12(2):548-555. doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.810526
Chicago Koçyiğit, Emine, ve Nilüfer Acar Tek. “The Role of Omega-3 and Antioxidant Nutrients in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review Article”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 12, sy. 2 (Haziran 2022): 548-55. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.810526.
EndNote Koçyiğit E, Acar Tek N (01 Haziran 2022) The Role of Omega-3 and Antioxidant Nutrients in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review Article. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 12 2 548–555.
IEEE E. Koçyiğit ve N. Acar Tek, “The Role of Omega-3 and Antioxidant Nutrients in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review Article”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, c. 12, sy. 2, ss. 548–555, 2022, doi: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.810526.
ISNAD Koçyiğit, Emine - Acar Tek, Nilüfer. “The Role of Omega-3 and Antioxidant Nutrients in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review Article”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 12/2 (Haziran 2022), 548-555. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.810526.
JAMA Koçyiğit E, Acar Tek N. The Role of Omega-3 and Antioxidant Nutrients in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review Article. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2022;12:548–555.
MLA Koçyiğit, Emine ve Nilüfer Acar Tek. “The Role of Omega-3 and Antioxidant Nutrients in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review Article”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, c. 12, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 548-55, doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.810526.
Vancouver Koçyiğit E, Acar Tek N. The Role of Omega-3 and Antioxidant Nutrients in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review Article. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2022;12(2):548-55.

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