Research Article
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The Effects of Mental Health First Aid Training on Positive Mental Health and Mental Health Literacy on Office Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 191 - 197, 28.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1553470

Abstract

Objective: Mental health problems are among the most common health problems today.
This study was a randomized controlled trial in order to determine the effect of nurse-led mental health first aid training (MHFA) on mental health and mental health literacy (MHL) of office workers in Turkey.
Methods: The study was performed with 88 employees in the intervention group and 90 employees in the control group, who were randomly allocated. The data were collected with positive mental health (PMH) scale and MHL scale via online forms. Intervention group received 8-hour MHFA course. The primary outcomes included autonomy, personal satisfaction, problem solving and self-actualization, self-control, prosocial attitude and interpersonal relationship skills of PMH sub-dimensions. The secondary outcome was mental health literacy. Post-test was administered one week following the completion of the MHFA training. Data were analyzed using chi-square, independent sample t test and repeated-measures ANOVA.
Results: Following the MHFA training, post-test scores of the PMH scale personal satisfaction, self-control, autonomy, problem solving and self-actualization, prosocial attitude and interpersonal relationship skills were found to increase in favor of the intervention group (p<.05). It was determined that MHL scores of the intervention group increased (p<.001).
Conclusions: Mental health first aid training was determined to be an effective program and can be used in workplaces.

Ethical Statement

This study was approved by Ethics Committee of Marmara University Health Sciences Faculty, Ethics Committee (Approval Date: 19.12.2019, Number: 230)

References

  • Banh MK, Chaikind J, Robertson HA, Troxel M, Achille J, Egan C, Anthony BJ. Evaluation of mental health first aid USA using the mental health beliefs and literacy scale. Am J Health Promot. 2019;33(2):237-247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117118784234
  • World Health Organisation. Fact sheets on mental disorders 2018. Accessed 4 January 2022. Mental disorders (who.int)
  • Cadorette M, Agnew J. Mental health in the workplace. Workplace Health Saf. 2017; 65(9):448-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079917716188
  • Kinman G. Sickness presenteeism at work: prevalence, costs and management. Br Med Bull. 2019;129(1):69-78. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldy043. PMID: 30649219.
  • Kolmetz MJ. Mental health first aid training: Removing the stigma and empowering recovery. J Am Acad Physician Assist. 2019;32(2):1-2. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JAA.0000552721.83241.d9
  • Dollar KJ, Ruisinger JF, Graham EE, Prohaska ES, Melton BL. Public awareness of mental health first aid and perception of community pharmacists as mental health first aid providers. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2020;60(5):S93-S97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2020.01.017
  • Jensen KB, Morthorst BR, Vendsborg PB, Hjorthøj C, Nordentoft M. Effectiveness of mental mealth first aid training in Denmark: A randomized trial in waitlist design. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(4):597-606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1176-9
  • Hadlaczky G, Hökby S, Mkrtchian A, Carli V, Wasserman D. Mental Health First Aid is an effective public health intervention for improving knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour: A meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2014;26(4):467-475. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2014.924910
  • Kroll H. Mental health first aid: Addressing mental health as a public health priority. Perspect Public Health. 2015; 135(1):12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913914562120
  • Wong EC, Collins RL, Cerully JL. Reviewing the evidence base for mental health first aid: Is there support for its use with key target populations in California? Rand Health Q. 2015; 5(1):19. https://doi.org/10.7249/RR972
  • Morgan AJ, Ross A, Reavley NJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of mental health first aid training: effects on knowledge, stigma, and helping behaviour. Plos One 2018; 13(5):e0197102. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197102
  • Tetik S, Mutlu A, Ünlübilgin E. Cinsel saldırı olgularında psikolojik ilk yardım [psychological first aid in sexual assault cases]. Psikiyatr Güncel Yaklaşımlar2021;13(4):751-762. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.880465 (Turkish)
  • Gerdan S, Kırıkkaya EB, Özdemir A. Kocaeli mahalle halkı afetlere hazırlık eğitimi projesi [Disaster training project of Kocaeli neighborhood]. Published 4 June 2018. Accessed 6 October 2021. https://www.ishad.info/PastConferences/ISHAD2018/ISHAD2018/papers/A1.9-ISHAD2018ID97.pdf (Turkish)
  • Brymer M, Layne C, Jacobs A, Pynoos R, Ruzek J, Steinberg A, Watson P. Psychological first aid field operations guide. National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Published 2006. Accessed 6 October 2021. https://www.nctsn.org/resources/psychological-first-aid-pfa-field-operations-guide-2nd-edition
  • Lluch Canut M. Construcción de una escala para evaluar la salud mental positiva. Universitat de Barcelona. Published 25 January 2000. Accessed 6 October 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2445/42359
  • Teke C, Baysan Arabacı L. The validity and reliability of Positive Mental Health Scale. Anat J Psychiatry. 2018; 19:21-28. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.284116
  • Jung H, von Sternberg K, Davis K. Expanding a measure of mental health literacy: development and validation of a multicomponent mental health literacy measure. Psychiatr Res. 2016; 243:278-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.034
  • Göktaş S, Işıklı B, Metintaş S. Mental health literacy. Turk J Public Health. 2018;3(2),67-75. Accessed 6 October 2021. http://www.estudamdergi.org/index.php/Halk/article/view/83
  • Massey J, Brooks M, Burrow J. Evaluating the effectiveness of mental health first aid training among student affairs staff at a Canadian university. J Stud Aff Res Pract. 2014; 51(3):323-336. https://doi.org/10.1515/jsarp-2014-0032
  • Svensson B, Hansson L. Effectiveness of mental health first aid training in Sweden. A randomized controlled trial with a six-month and two-year follow-up. J Plos One 2014; 9(6):e100911. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100911
  • Kitchener BA, Jorm AF. Mental health first aid training in a workplace setting: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2004;4(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-4-23
  • McLeod S. Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Simply psychology. 2007;1(1-18). Accessed 2 January 2022. https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html
  • Morawska A, Fletcher R, Pope S, Heathwood E, Anderson E, McAuliffe C. Evaluation of mental health first aid training in a diverse community setting. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2013;22(1):85-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2012.00844.x
  • Mohatt NV, Boeckmann R, Winkel N, Mohatt DF, Shore J. Military mental health first aid: development and preliminary efficacy of a community training for improving knowledge, attitudes, and helping behaviors. Mil Med. 2017;182(1-2):e1576-e1583. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-16-00033
  • Rose T, Leitch J, Collins KS, Frey JJ, Osteen PJ. Effectiveness of youth mental health first aid USA for social work students. J Res Soc Work Pract. 2019;29(3):291-302. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1049731517729039
  • Edgar S, Connaughton J. Using mental health first aid training to improve the mental health literacy of physiotherapy students. Physiother Can. 2021;73(2):188-193. https://doi.org/10.3138/ptc-2019-0036
  • Lipson SK, Speer N, Brunwasser S, Hahn E, Eisenberg D. Gatekeeper training and access to mental health care at universities and colleges. J Adolesc Health. 2014;55(5):612-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.05.009
  • O'Reilly CL, Bell JS, Kelly PJ, Chen TF. Impact of mental health first aid training on pharmacy students' knowledge, attitudes and self-reported behaviour: A controlled trial. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2011;45(7):549-557. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197102
  • Burns S, Crawford G, Hallett J, Hunt K, Chih HJ, Tilley PJ. What’s wrong with John? A randomized controlled trial of mental health first aid (MHFA) training with nursing students. BMC psychiatry. 2017;17(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1278-2
  • Davies EB, Beever E, Glazebrook C. A pilot randomized controlled study of the mental health first aid eLearning course with UK medical students. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1154-x
  • Jorm, AF, Blewitt KA, Griffiths KM, Kitchener BA, Parslow RA. Mental health first aid responses of the public: results from an Australian national survey. BMC Psychiatry 2005;5:1-9.
  • Kutcher S, Wei Y, Coniglio C. Mental health literacy: past, present, and future. Can J Psychiatry. 2016;61(3):154-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743715616609
  • Rüsch N, Evans-Lacko SE, Henderson C, Flach C, Thornicroft G. Knowledge and attitudes as predictors of intentions to seek help for and disclose a mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2011;62(6):675-678.
  • Bonabi H, Müller M, Ajdacic-Gross V, Eisele J, Rodgers S, Seifritz E, Rüsch N. Mental health literacy, attitudes to help seeking, and perceived need as predictors of mental health service use: a longitudinal study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2016;204(4):321-324. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000488
  • Morrissey H, Moss S, Alexi N, Ball P. Do mental health first aid™ courses enhance knowledge? J Ment Health Train Educ Pract. 2017;12(2):69-76.
  • Minas H, Colucci E, Jorm AF. Evaluation of mental health first aid training with members of the Vietnamese community in Melbourne, Australia. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2009;3(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-3-19
  • Crowe A, Mullen PR, Littlewood K. Self‐stigma, mental health literacy, and health outcomes in integrated care. J Couns Dev. 2018;96(3):267-277.
  • Kim HC. Mediating effect of stigma on the relationship between mental health literacy and help-seeking attitudes among university students in South Korea. Int J Ment Health. 2021;1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2021.1965397
  • Wong DF, Lau Y, Kwok S, Wong P, Tori C. Evaluating the effectiveness of mental health first aid program for Chinese people in Hong Kong. Res Soc Work Pract. 2017;27(1):59-67. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1049731515585149
Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 191 - 197, 28.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1553470

Abstract

References

  • Banh MK, Chaikind J, Robertson HA, Troxel M, Achille J, Egan C, Anthony BJ. Evaluation of mental health first aid USA using the mental health beliefs and literacy scale. Am J Health Promot. 2019;33(2):237-247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117118784234
  • World Health Organisation. Fact sheets on mental disorders 2018. Accessed 4 January 2022. Mental disorders (who.int)
  • Cadorette M, Agnew J. Mental health in the workplace. Workplace Health Saf. 2017; 65(9):448-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079917716188
  • Kinman G. Sickness presenteeism at work: prevalence, costs and management. Br Med Bull. 2019;129(1):69-78. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldy043. PMID: 30649219.
  • Kolmetz MJ. Mental health first aid training: Removing the stigma and empowering recovery. J Am Acad Physician Assist. 2019;32(2):1-2. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JAA.0000552721.83241.d9
  • Dollar KJ, Ruisinger JF, Graham EE, Prohaska ES, Melton BL. Public awareness of mental health first aid and perception of community pharmacists as mental health first aid providers. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2020;60(5):S93-S97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2020.01.017
  • Jensen KB, Morthorst BR, Vendsborg PB, Hjorthøj C, Nordentoft M. Effectiveness of mental mealth first aid training in Denmark: A randomized trial in waitlist design. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51(4):597-606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1176-9
  • Hadlaczky G, Hökby S, Mkrtchian A, Carli V, Wasserman D. Mental Health First Aid is an effective public health intervention for improving knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour: A meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2014;26(4):467-475. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2014.924910
  • Kroll H. Mental health first aid: Addressing mental health as a public health priority. Perspect Public Health. 2015; 135(1):12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913914562120
  • Wong EC, Collins RL, Cerully JL. Reviewing the evidence base for mental health first aid: Is there support for its use with key target populations in California? Rand Health Q. 2015; 5(1):19. https://doi.org/10.7249/RR972
  • Morgan AJ, Ross A, Reavley NJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of mental health first aid training: effects on knowledge, stigma, and helping behaviour. Plos One 2018; 13(5):e0197102. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197102
  • Tetik S, Mutlu A, Ünlübilgin E. Cinsel saldırı olgularında psikolojik ilk yardım [psychological first aid in sexual assault cases]. Psikiyatr Güncel Yaklaşımlar2021;13(4):751-762. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.880465 (Turkish)
  • Gerdan S, Kırıkkaya EB, Özdemir A. Kocaeli mahalle halkı afetlere hazırlık eğitimi projesi [Disaster training project of Kocaeli neighborhood]. Published 4 June 2018. Accessed 6 October 2021. https://www.ishad.info/PastConferences/ISHAD2018/ISHAD2018/papers/A1.9-ISHAD2018ID97.pdf (Turkish)
  • Brymer M, Layne C, Jacobs A, Pynoos R, Ruzek J, Steinberg A, Watson P. Psychological first aid field operations guide. National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Published 2006. Accessed 6 October 2021. https://www.nctsn.org/resources/psychological-first-aid-pfa-field-operations-guide-2nd-edition
  • Lluch Canut M. Construcción de una escala para evaluar la salud mental positiva. Universitat de Barcelona. Published 25 January 2000. Accessed 6 October 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2445/42359
  • Teke C, Baysan Arabacı L. The validity and reliability of Positive Mental Health Scale. Anat J Psychiatry. 2018; 19:21-28. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.284116
  • Jung H, von Sternberg K, Davis K. Expanding a measure of mental health literacy: development and validation of a multicomponent mental health literacy measure. Psychiatr Res. 2016; 243:278-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.034
  • Göktaş S, Işıklı B, Metintaş S. Mental health literacy. Turk J Public Health. 2018;3(2),67-75. Accessed 6 October 2021. http://www.estudamdergi.org/index.php/Halk/article/view/83
  • Massey J, Brooks M, Burrow J. Evaluating the effectiveness of mental health first aid training among student affairs staff at a Canadian university. J Stud Aff Res Pract. 2014; 51(3):323-336. https://doi.org/10.1515/jsarp-2014-0032
  • Svensson B, Hansson L. Effectiveness of mental health first aid training in Sweden. A randomized controlled trial with a six-month and two-year follow-up. J Plos One 2014; 9(6):e100911. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100911
  • Kitchener BA, Jorm AF. Mental health first aid training in a workplace setting: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2004;4(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-4-23
  • McLeod S. Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Simply psychology. 2007;1(1-18). Accessed 2 January 2022. https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html
  • Morawska A, Fletcher R, Pope S, Heathwood E, Anderson E, McAuliffe C. Evaluation of mental health first aid training in a diverse community setting. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2013;22(1):85-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2012.00844.x
  • Mohatt NV, Boeckmann R, Winkel N, Mohatt DF, Shore J. Military mental health first aid: development and preliminary efficacy of a community training for improving knowledge, attitudes, and helping behaviors. Mil Med. 2017;182(1-2):e1576-e1583. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-16-00033
  • Rose T, Leitch J, Collins KS, Frey JJ, Osteen PJ. Effectiveness of youth mental health first aid USA for social work students. J Res Soc Work Pract. 2019;29(3):291-302. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1049731517729039
  • Edgar S, Connaughton J. Using mental health first aid training to improve the mental health literacy of physiotherapy students. Physiother Can. 2021;73(2):188-193. https://doi.org/10.3138/ptc-2019-0036
  • Lipson SK, Speer N, Brunwasser S, Hahn E, Eisenberg D. Gatekeeper training and access to mental health care at universities and colleges. J Adolesc Health. 2014;55(5):612-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.05.009
  • O'Reilly CL, Bell JS, Kelly PJ, Chen TF. Impact of mental health first aid training on pharmacy students' knowledge, attitudes and self-reported behaviour: A controlled trial. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2011;45(7):549-557. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197102
  • Burns S, Crawford G, Hallett J, Hunt K, Chih HJ, Tilley PJ. What’s wrong with John? A randomized controlled trial of mental health first aid (MHFA) training with nursing students. BMC psychiatry. 2017;17(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1278-2
  • Davies EB, Beever E, Glazebrook C. A pilot randomized controlled study of the mental health first aid eLearning course with UK medical students. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1154-x
  • Jorm, AF, Blewitt KA, Griffiths KM, Kitchener BA, Parslow RA. Mental health first aid responses of the public: results from an Australian national survey. BMC Psychiatry 2005;5:1-9.
  • Kutcher S, Wei Y, Coniglio C. Mental health literacy: past, present, and future. Can J Psychiatry. 2016;61(3):154-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743715616609
  • Rüsch N, Evans-Lacko SE, Henderson C, Flach C, Thornicroft G. Knowledge and attitudes as predictors of intentions to seek help for and disclose a mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2011;62(6):675-678.
  • Bonabi H, Müller M, Ajdacic-Gross V, Eisele J, Rodgers S, Seifritz E, Rüsch N. Mental health literacy, attitudes to help seeking, and perceived need as predictors of mental health service use: a longitudinal study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2016;204(4):321-324. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000488
  • Morrissey H, Moss S, Alexi N, Ball P. Do mental health first aid™ courses enhance knowledge? J Ment Health Train Educ Pract. 2017;12(2):69-76.
  • Minas H, Colucci E, Jorm AF. Evaluation of mental health first aid training with members of the Vietnamese community in Melbourne, Australia. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2009;3(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-3-19
  • Crowe A, Mullen PR, Littlewood K. Self‐stigma, mental health literacy, and health outcomes in integrated care. J Couns Dev. 2018;96(3):267-277.
  • Kim HC. Mediating effect of stigma on the relationship between mental health literacy and help-seeking attitudes among university students in South Korea. Int J Ment Health. 2021;1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2021.1965397
  • Wong DF, Lau Y, Kwok S, Wong P, Tori C. Evaluating the effectiveness of mental health first aid program for Chinese people in Hong Kong. Res Soc Work Pract. 2017;27(1):59-67. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1049731515585149
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Promotion, Public Health Nursing
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İlknur Yalçın 0000-0002-7338-6464

Ayşe Ergün 0000-0003-3132-2005

Early Pub Date March 23, 2025
Publication Date March 28, 2025
Submission Date September 21, 2024
Acceptance Date March 6, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yalçın, İ., & Ergün, A. (2025). The Effects of Mental Health First Aid Training on Positive Mental Health and Mental Health Literacy on Office Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 15(1), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1553470
AMA Yalçın İ, Ergün A. The Effects of Mental Health First Aid Training on Positive Mental Health and Mental Health Literacy on Office Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. March 2025;15(1):191-197. doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1553470
Chicago Yalçın, İlknur, and Ayşe Ergün. “The Effects of Mental Health First Aid Training on Positive Mental Health and Mental Health Literacy on Office Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 15, no. 1 (March 2025): 191-97. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1553470.
EndNote Yalçın İ, Ergün A (March 1, 2025) The Effects of Mental Health First Aid Training on Positive Mental Health and Mental Health Literacy on Office Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 15 1 191–197.
IEEE İ. Yalçın and A. Ergün, “The Effects of Mental Health First Aid Training on Positive Mental Health and Mental Health Literacy on Office Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 191–197, 2025, doi: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1553470.
ISNAD Yalçın, İlknur - Ergün, Ayşe. “The Effects of Mental Health First Aid Training on Positive Mental Health and Mental Health Literacy on Office Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 15/1 (March 2025), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1553470.
JAMA Yalçın İ, Ergün A. The Effects of Mental Health First Aid Training on Positive Mental Health and Mental Health Literacy on Office Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2025;15:191–197.
MLA Yalçın, İlknur and Ayşe Ergün. “The Effects of Mental Health First Aid Training on Positive Mental Health and Mental Health Literacy on Office Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 15, no. 1, 2025, pp. 191-7, doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1553470.
Vancouver Yalçın İ, Ergün A. The Effects of Mental Health First Aid Training on Positive Mental Health and Mental Health Literacy on Office Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2025;15(1):191-7.

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