Research Article
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Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 340 - 346, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1553613

Abstract

Project Number

-

References

  • Rodríguez Tapia JC, Dzierzewski JM, Alessi CA. Sleep problems in the elderly. Med Clin North Am. 2015;99(2): 431–439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2014.11.013
  • Li J, Vitiello M, Gooneratne NS. Sleep in normal aging. Sleep Medicine Clinics 2022;17(2):161-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.02.007
  • Ong AD, Kim S, Young S, Steptoe A. Positive affect and sleep: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews 2017;35:21-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.07.006
  • Otsuka Y, Kaneita Y, Itani O, Jike M, Osaki Y, Higuchi S, Kanda H, Kinjo A, Kuwabara Y, Yoshimoto H. The relationship between subjective happiness and sleep problems in Japanese adolescents. Sleep Medicine 2020;69:120-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.01.008
  • Shin JE, Kim JK. How a good sleep predicts life satisfaction: The role of zero-sum beliefs about happiness. Frontiers in Psychology 2018;9:1589. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01589
  • Zhao SZ, Wang MP, Viswanath K, Lai A, Fonk DYT, Lin CC, Chan SSC, Lam TH. Short sleep duration and insomnia symptoms were associated with lower happiness levels in Chinese adults in Hong Kong. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019;16(12):2079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122079
  • Tatiney P, Shafi F, Gohar A, Bhat A. Sleep in the elderly. Missouri Medicine, 2020;117(5):490-495.
  • Thichumpa W, Howteerakul N, Suwannapong N, Tantrakul V. Sleep quality and associated factors among the elderly living in rural Chiang Rai, northern Thailand. Epidemiology and Health 2018; 40: e2018018. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018018
  • Qin Q, Jiang G, Mei Y, Zhao D, Huang F, Sun Y, Li J. Changes and predictors of sleep quality with a 2-year follow-up in older adults according to living arrangements. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2022;102:104753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2022.104753
  • Zhang C, Chang Y, Yun Q, Lu J, Zheng X, Xue Y, Zhao X, Yuan W, Zou J, Zheng J. The impact of chronic diseases on depressive symptoms among the older adults: The role of sleep quality and empty nest status. Journal of Affective Disorders 2022;302: 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.090
  • Parpucu Tİ, Keskin T, Başkurt F, Başkurt Z. The effect of sleep quality and sleepiness on fatigue, activities of daily living and fhysical activity in the elderly. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine 2023;10(2):104-109. https://doi.org/10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2022.92408
  • Pekçetin İ, İnal Ö. The relationship between sleep quality in the elderly with fatigue and quality of life. ACU Journal of Health Sciences 2019;10(4):604-608. https://doi.org/10.31067/0.2019.211
  • Li N, Xu G, Chen G, Zheng X. Sleep quality among Chinese elderly people: A population-based study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2020;87:103968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.103968
  • Soykök G, Yilmaz R, Şentürk Aİ, Çevik Ş, Figül Gökçe Ş, Kayım Yıldız Ö, Topaktaş S. Association of sleep quality and daytime sleepness with cognitıon in the elderly. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 2015;18(2):123-129.
  • Tufan A, Ilhan B, Bahat G, Karan MA. An under-diagnosed geriatric syndrome: sleep disorders among older adults. African Health Sciences 2017;17(2):436-444. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v17i2.18
  • Estebsari F, Dastoorpoor M, Khalifehkandi ZR, Nouri A, Davoud M, Hosseini M, Esmaeili R, Aghababaeian. The concept of successful aging: A review article. Current Aging Science 2020;13(1):4-10. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874609812666191023130117
  • Çelebi GY, Çelebi B. Examination of happiness levels of people in terms of various variables. Academic Review of Humanities and Social Sciences 2020;3(1):179-189.
  • Kaya M, Yılmaz C. The province of the old, happy and peaceful people: Sinop and its population characteristics. Eastern Geographical Review 2017;22(38):137-160.
  • Steptoe A. Happiness and health. Annu Rev Public Health, 2019;40:339-359. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-044150
  • Akyıl RÇ, Adıbelli D, Erdem N, Kırağ N, Aktaş B, Karadakovan A. Relationship of the level of loneliness and perceived social support and happiness in elders staying at home and nursing home. Journal of Nursology 2018;21(1):33-41.
  • Luchesi BM, de Oliveira NA, de Morais D, de Paula Pessoa RM, Pavarini SCI, Chagas MHN. Factors associated with happiness in the elderly persons living in the community. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2018;74:83-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2017.10.006
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. Turkey elderly profile survey, 2023. 2024. Accessed https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Turkiye-Yasli-Profili-Arastirmasi-2023-53809 Accessed date: 10.09.2024
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. Elderly in statistics, 2020. 2021. Accessed https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2020-37227 Accessed date:10.09.2024
  • Buysse DJ, Reynolds III CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research 1989;28(2):193-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
  • Ağargün MY, Kara H, Anlar O. Validity and reliability of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry 1996;7(2):107-115.
  • Argyle M, Martin M, Crossland J. Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters. In Forgas JP, Innes JM eds. Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective. Elsevier Science Publishers BV.1989; 89-247.
  • Hills P, Argyle M. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences 2002;33(7):1073-1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
  • Demir V, Eryürek S, Savaş E. The effect of mindfulness-based art therapy on psychological symptoms and happiness levels in patients with migraine: A pilot study. Current Psychology 2024; 43(19): 17664-17672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05634
  • Doğan T, Çötok NA. Adaptation of the short form of the Oxford happiness questionnaire into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal 2011;4(36):165-172.
  • Gümüş Şekerci Y, Kır Biçer E. The effect of walking exercise on quality of life and sleep in elderly people: randomized controlled study. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 2020;22(4): 443-453 https://doi.org/10.31086/tjgeri.2020.123
  • Zhang B, Wang X, Liu S, Zhang M, He X, Zhu W, Ding H. The relationship between self-assessment living standard and mental health among the elderly in rural China: The mediating role of sleep quality. BMC Public Health 2023;23:449. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15157-1
  • Alparslan GB, Orsal Ö, Unsal A. Assessment of sleep quality and effects of relaxation exercise on sleep quality in patients hospitalized in internal medicine services in a university hospital. Holistic Nursing Practice 2016;30(3):155-165. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000147
  • Kersu Ö, Balcı Alparslan G. The relationship between physical activities and sleep quality among older people. Journal of Continuing Medical Education 2020;29(1):24-30. https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.637022
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. Turkey life satisfaction survey, 2023. Accessed https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Yasam-Memnuniyeti-Arastirmasi-2023-49692 Accessed date:10.09.2024
  • Akduman G. Does happiness (subjective well being) decrease from the generation to the generation? A research on the investıgation of happiness (subjectıve well being based on the generations. Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences 2020;6(23):274-284. https://doi.org/10.31589/JOSHAS.253
  • Şenol V, Soyuer F, Şenol P.N. Assessment of sleep quality wıth Pittsburgh, Epworth and Morninngness-Eveningness Questionnaire Scales in the elderly at nursing home. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 2013;16(1):60-68.
  • Mahmoodi Z, Yazdkhasti M, Rostami M, Ghavidel N. Factors affecting mental health and happiness in the elderly: a structural equation model by gender differences. Brain and Behavior 2022;12(5): e2549. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2549
  • İpek Ö. The determinants of subjective well-being of older adults in Turkey. Cankırı Karatekin University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences 2022;12(1):84-103. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.929441
  • Moirangthem S, Ojha G.J. Gender differences in quality of life and subjective happiness in Indian Elderly: A cross-sectional survey. The Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2022;54(2):51. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_32_21.
  • Banerjee S, Boro B. Analysing the role of sleep quality, functional limitation and depressive symptoms in determining life satisfaction among the older population in India: A moderated mediation approach. BMC Public Health 2022;22(1):1933. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14329-9
  • Şansal KE, Balcı LA, Cinar F, Çoşkunsu DK, Tanrıöver SH, Uluengin MB. Relationship of daily time spent outdoors with sleep quality and emotional well-being among community-dwelling older adults during COVID-19 restrictions. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 2021;24(3): 424-432. https://doi.org/10.31086/tjgeri.2021.240
  • Gündüz E, Eskin F, Gündüz M, Bentli R, Selçuk EB, Zengin Y, İçer M, Dursun R, Durgun HM, Güllü MN, Gürbüz H, Yeşil Y, Güloğlu C. Effects of sleep quality, income level and comorbid conditıons on quality of life in a Turkish elderly population: A multicentre study. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 2015;18(2):136-142.

The Effect of Sleep Quality on Happiness in Elderly Individuals

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 340 - 346, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1553613

Abstract

Objective: Sleep problems are commonly seen in elderly people. This study was planned to determine the effect of sleep quality on happiness in elderly people.
Method: The study was conducted with 306 elderly people. Data were collected with Personal information form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form.
Results: The mean sleep quality score of the elderly people was 7.91±3.65. The mean happiness score of the elderly people was 24.00±4.88. There was a relationship between sleep quality scores and happiness scores of elderly people (r=-0.44; p< .001). Sleep quality was a predictor of approximately 20% of the happiness level of elderly people (β=-.442; p< .001).
Conclusion: This study reveals that sleep quality is poor in elderly people and it is one of the predictor of happiness. Nurses caring for elderly people should implement initiatives to ensure the sleep hygiene of elderly people.

Ethical Statement

The study was conducted in line with the principles of Helsinki Declaration. Prior to research, we obtained permission from the Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Medical Faculty Ethics Committee (No. 28/09/2021(2021.236.09.22).

Supporting Institution

The study was conducted in line with the principles of Helsinki Declaration. Prior to research, we obtained permission from the Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Medical Faculty Ethics Committee (No. 28/09/2021(2021.236.09.22).

Project Number

-

References

  • Rodríguez Tapia JC, Dzierzewski JM, Alessi CA. Sleep problems in the elderly. Med Clin North Am. 2015;99(2): 431–439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2014.11.013
  • Li J, Vitiello M, Gooneratne NS. Sleep in normal aging. Sleep Medicine Clinics 2022;17(2):161-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.02.007
  • Ong AD, Kim S, Young S, Steptoe A. Positive affect and sleep: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews 2017;35:21-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.07.006
  • Otsuka Y, Kaneita Y, Itani O, Jike M, Osaki Y, Higuchi S, Kanda H, Kinjo A, Kuwabara Y, Yoshimoto H. The relationship between subjective happiness and sleep problems in Japanese adolescents. Sleep Medicine 2020;69:120-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.01.008
  • Shin JE, Kim JK. How a good sleep predicts life satisfaction: The role of zero-sum beliefs about happiness. Frontiers in Psychology 2018;9:1589. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01589
  • Zhao SZ, Wang MP, Viswanath K, Lai A, Fonk DYT, Lin CC, Chan SSC, Lam TH. Short sleep duration and insomnia symptoms were associated with lower happiness levels in Chinese adults in Hong Kong. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019;16(12):2079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122079
  • Tatiney P, Shafi F, Gohar A, Bhat A. Sleep in the elderly. Missouri Medicine, 2020;117(5):490-495.
  • Thichumpa W, Howteerakul N, Suwannapong N, Tantrakul V. Sleep quality and associated factors among the elderly living in rural Chiang Rai, northern Thailand. Epidemiology and Health 2018; 40: e2018018. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018018
  • Qin Q, Jiang G, Mei Y, Zhao D, Huang F, Sun Y, Li J. Changes and predictors of sleep quality with a 2-year follow-up in older adults according to living arrangements. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2022;102:104753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2022.104753
  • Zhang C, Chang Y, Yun Q, Lu J, Zheng X, Xue Y, Zhao X, Yuan W, Zou J, Zheng J. The impact of chronic diseases on depressive symptoms among the older adults: The role of sleep quality and empty nest status. Journal of Affective Disorders 2022;302: 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.090
  • Parpucu Tİ, Keskin T, Başkurt F, Başkurt Z. The effect of sleep quality and sleepiness on fatigue, activities of daily living and fhysical activity in the elderly. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine 2023;10(2):104-109. https://doi.org/10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2022.92408
  • Pekçetin İ, İnal Ö. The relationship between sleep quality in the elderly with fatigue and quality of life. ACU Journal of Health Sciences 2019;10(4):604-608. https://doi.org/10.31067/0.2019.211
  • Li N, Xu G, Chen G, Zheng X. Sleep quality among Chinese elderly people: A population-based study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2020;87:103968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.103968
  • Soykök G, Yilmaz R, Şentürk Aİ, Çevik Ş, Figül Gökçe Ş, Kayım Yıldız Ö, Topaktaş S. Association of sleep quality and daytime sleepness with cognitıon in the elderly. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 2015;18(2):123-129.
  • Tufan A, Ilhan B, Bahat G, Karan MA. An under-diagnosed geriatric syndrome: sleep disorders among older adults. African Health Sciences 2017;17(2):436-444. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v17i2.18
  • Estebsari F, Dastoorpoor M, Khalifehkandi ZR, Nouri A, Davoud M, Hosseini M, Esmaeili R, Aghababaeian. The concept of successful aging: A review article. Current Aging Science 2020;13(1):4-10. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874609812666191023130117
  • Çelebi GY, Çelebi B. Examination of happiness levels of people in terms of various variables. Academic Review of Humanities and Social Sciences 2020;3(1):179-189.
  • Kaya M, Yılmaz C. The province of the old, happy and peaceful people: Sinop and its population characteristics. Eastern Geographical Review 2017;22(38):137-160.
  • Steptoe A. Happiness and health. Annu Rev Public Health, 2019;40:339-359. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-044150
  • Akyıl RÇ, Adıbelli D, Erdem N, Kırağ N, Aktaş B, Karadakovan A. Relationship of the level of loneliness and perceived social support and happiness in elders staying at home and nursing home. Journal of Nursology 2018;21(1):33-41.
  • Luchesi BM, de Oliveira NA, de Morais D, de Paula Pessoa RM, Pavarini SCI, Chagas MHN. Factors associated with happiness in the elderly persons living in the community. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2018;74:83-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2017.10.006
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. Turkey elderly profile survey, 2023. 2024. Accessed https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Turkiye-Yasli-Profili-Arastirmasi-2023-53809 Accessed date: 10.09.2024
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. Elderly in statistics, 2020. 2021. Accessed https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2020-37227 Accessed date:10.09.2024
  • Buysse DJ, Reynolds III CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research 1989;28(2):193-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
  • Ağargün MY, Kara H, Anlar O. Validity and reliability of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry 1996;7(2):107-115.
  • Argyle M, Martin M, Crossland J. Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters. In Forgas JP, Innes JM eds. Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective. Elsevier Science Publishers BV.1989; 89-247.
  • Hills P, Argyle M. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences 2002;33(7):1073-1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
  • Demir V, Eryürek S, Savaş E. The effect of mindfulness-based art therapy on psychological symptoms and happiness levels in patients with migraine: A pilot study. Current Psychology 2024; 43(19): 17664-17672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05634
  • Doğan T, Çötok NA. Adaptation of the short form of the Oxford happiness questionnaire into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal 2011;4(36):165-172.
  • Gümüş Şekerci Y, Kır Biçer E. The effect of walking exercise on quality of life and sleep in elderly people: randomized controlled study. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 2020;22(4): 443-453 https://doi.org/10.31086/tjgeri.2020.123
  • Zhang B, Wang X, Liu S, Zhang M, He X, Zhu W, Ding H. The relationship between self-assessment living standard and mental health among the elderly in rural China: The mediating role of sleep quality. BMC Public Health 2023;23:449. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15157-1
  • Alparslan GB, Orsal Ö, Unsal A. Assessment of sleep quality and effects of relaxation exercise on sleep quality in patients hospitalized in internal medicine services in a university hospital. Holistic Nursing Practice 2016;30(3):155-165. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000147
  • Kersu Ö, Balcı Alparslan G. The relationship between physical activities and sleep quality among older people. Journal of Continuing Medical Education 2020;29(1):24-30. https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.637022
  • Turkish Statistical Institute. Turkey life satisfaction survey, 2023. Accessed https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Yasam-Memnuniyeti-Arastirmasi-2023-49692 Accessed date:10.09.2024
  • Akduman G. Does happiness (subjective well being) decrease from the generation to the generation? A research on the investıgation of happiness (subjectıve well being based on the generations. Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences 2020;6(23):274-284. https://doi.org/10.31589/JOSHAS.253
  • Şenol V, Soyuer F, Şenol P.N. Assessment of sleep quality wıth Pittsburgh, Epworth and Morninngness-Eveningness Questionnaire Scales in the elderly at nursing home. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 2013;16(1):60-68.
  • Mahmoodi Z, Yazdkhasti M, Rostami M, Ghavidel N. Factors affecting mental health and happiness in the elderly: a structural equation model by gender differences. Brain and Behavior 2022;12(5): e2549. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2549
  • İpek Ö. The determinants of subjective well-being of older adults in Turkey. Cankırı Karatekin University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences 2022;12(1):84-103. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.929441
  • Moirangthem S, Ojha G.J. Gender differences in quality of life and subjective happiness in Indian Elderly: A cross-sectional survey. The Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2022;54(2):51. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_32_21.
  • Banerjee S, Boro B. Analysing the role of sleep quality, functional limitation and depressive symptoms in determining life satisfaction among the older population in India: A moderated mediation approach. BMC Public Health 2022;22(1):1933. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14329-9
  • Şansal KE, Balcı LA, Cinar F, Çoşkunsu DK, Tanrıöver SH, Uluengin MB. Relationship of daily time spent outdoors with sleep quality and emotional well-being among community-dwelling older adults during COVID-19 restrictions. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 2021;24(3): 424-432. https://doi.org/10.31086/tjgeri.2021.240
  • Gündüz E, Eskin F, Gündüz M, Bentli R, Selçuk EB, Zengin Y, İçer M, Dursun R, Durgun HM, Güllü MN, Gürbüz H, Yeşil Y, Güloğlu C. Effects of sleep quality, income level and comorbid conditıons on quality of life in a Turkish elderly population: A multicentre study. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 2015;18(2):136-142.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects ​Internal Diseases Nursing​, Mental Health Nursing, Aged Health Care
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Münire Temel 0000-0002-8099-6287

Filiz Dilek 0000-0002-0245-0713

Project Number -
Early Pub Date June 27, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date September 20, 2024
Acceptance Date June 18, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Temel, M., & Dilek, F. (2025). The Effect of Sleep Quality on Happiness in Elderly Individuals. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 15(2), 340-346. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1553613
AMA Temel M, Dilek F. The Effect of Sleep Quality on Happiness in Elderly Individuals. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. June 2025;15(2):340-346. doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1553613
Chicago Temel, Münire, and Filiz Dilek. “The Effect of Sleep Quality on Happiness in Elderly Individuals”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 15, no. 2 (June 2025): 340-46. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1553613.
EndNote Temel M, Dilek F (June 1, 2025) The Effect of Sleep Quality on Happiness in Elderly Individuals. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 15 2 340–346.
IEEE M. Temel and F. Dilek, “The Effect of Sleep Quality on Happiness in Elderly Individuals”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 340–346, 2025, doi: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1553613.
ISNAD Temel, Münire - Dilek, Filiz. “The Effect of Sleep Quality on Happiness in Elderly Individuals”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 15/2 (June2025), 340-346. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1553613.
JAMA Temel M, Dilek F. The Effect of Sleep Quality on Happiness in Elderly Individuals. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2025;15:340–346.
MLA Temel, Münire and Filiz Dilek. “The Effect of Sleep Quality on Happiness in Elderly Individuals”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 15, no. 2, 2025, pp. 340-6, doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1553613.
Vancouver Temel M, Dilek F. The Effect of Sleep Quality on Happiness in Elderly Individuals. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2025;15(2):340-6.

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