Gyges’in Sadyattes’i Tahttan İndirme Hikâyesi: Yeni Bir Gözden Geçirme

Yıl 2010, Sayı: 9, 229 - 268, 01.06.2010

Muzaffer Demir

Öz

Gyges’in Sadyattes’i tahtından indirmesiyle ilgili en erken kaynak, MÖ 1. yy’da yaşayan Damaskos’lu Nikolaos’un evren tarihiyle ilgili VI. kitabında geçmektedir. Bu kaynak günümüze Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos tarafından MS 10. yy’da yazılan bir özetten ulaşmıştır. Nikolaos ise aslında Lydia’lı Ksanthos’tan alıntı yapmaktadır1. Lydia’lıların kendilerine özgü bir yazı kullandıkları bilinmektedir ve kral listelerini de içine alan kendi tarihlerini yazıya geçirdiklerini söyleyebiliriz. Lydia’nın yerli tarihçisi Ksanthos büyük olasılıkla bu ana kaynaklardan yararlanarak MÖ 5. yy’ın ortalarında Lydiaka olarak adlandırılan dört kitaptan oluşan ve bu yerel kaynakların kullanıldığı geniş bir Lydia tarihi yazmıştır. Nikolaos’un Ksanthos’tan yaptığı alıntıların olduğu gibi aktarılıp aktarmadığı, onun tarihini özetleyip özetlemediği veya onun anlatımlarında küçük değişiklikler yapıp yapmadığını kesin olarak belirlemek zor gözükmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lydia, Gyges, Sadyattes, Kandaules, Nikolaos Damaskos

The Story of Gyges’ Deposal of Sadyattes: An Overview

Öz

There are four main stories in ancient literary sources concerning the story of the deposal of Sadyattes by Gyges; a summary of Nicolaus Damascenus, quoting from the Lydian historian Xanthus, a short information related by Plutarch and the texts of Herodotus and Plato which are the best known versions of the story. Nicolaus states that Gyges was going beyond in beauty and stature, impressive with respect to the art of war, best by far at everything compared to his age-mates, and he was particularly skillful in his use of arms and horses. Because of Gyges’ exceptional valor King Sadyattes took him as a bodyguard, and when the king decided to marry Tudo of Mysia, he ordered Gyges to escort her to Lydia. Gyges became fascinated with Tudo, and he made advances towards her; she later told the king, who decided to execute his guard.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lydia, Gyges, Sadyattes, Candaules, Nicolaus Damascenus

Kaynakça

• Adiego, I. J. 2007 “Greek and Lydian”, A. F. Christidis et al. (eds.), A History of Ancient Greek from the Beginnings to the Late Antiquity, Cambridge: 769-770.
• Alexander, L. 1913 The Kings of Lydia and a Rearrangement of Some Fragments from Nicolaus of Damascus (Ph. D. diss.), Princeton.
• Benardete, S. 1969 Herodotean Inquiries, Hague.
• Bergk, T. 1878-82 Poetae lyrici Graeci I-III, Leipzig.
• Bolling, G. M. 1927 “Kandaules”, Language 3/1: 15-18.
• Borsay, L. A. 1965 Lydia, Its Land and History, Pittsburgh.
• Bryce, T. 2006 Kingdom of Hittites, Oxford University Press.
• Buckler, W. H. – W. M. Calder 1939 Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua VI, Manchester.
• Cairns, D. L. 1996 “Off with Her AIDOS: Herodotus 1.8.3-4”, Classical Quarterly 46/1: 78-83.
• Carey, C. 2008 “Hipponax narrator”, Acta Antiqua 48.1/2: 89-102.
• Chiasson, C. C. 2003 “Herodotus’s Use of Attic Tragedy in the Lydian Logos”, Classical Antiquity 22/1: 5-35.
• Chrimes, K. M. T. 1930 “Herodotus and the Reconstruction of History”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 50/1: 89-98.
• Cohen, I. M. 2004 “Herodotus and the Story of Gyges: Traditional Motifs in Historical Narrative”, Fabula 45-1/2: 55-68.
• Collins, B. J. 2002 History of the Animal World in the Ancient Near East, Leiden.
• Danzig, G. 2008 “Rhetoric and the Ring: Herodotus and Plato on Story of Gyges as a Politically Expedient Tale”, Greece and Rome 55/2: 169-192.
• Davis, M. 2000 “The Tragedy of Law: Gyges in Herodotus and Plato”, The Review of Metaphysics 53/3: 635-655.
• Davison, J. A. 1955 “PROAGGELOS and the “Gyges’ Fragment”, Classical Review 5/2: 129-132.
• de Jong, I. J. F. 2004 Narrators, Narratees, and Narratives in Ancient Greek Literature: Studies in Ancient Greek Narative, Brill.
• Demir, M. 2007 “Eski Yunan Dünyasında Paralı Askerler”, F. Emecen (ed.), Eskiçağ’dan Modernçağ’a Ordu: Oluşum, Teşkilat ve İşlev Sempozyumu, İstanbul Üniversitesi Tarih Araştırma Merkezi, 14-16 Mayıs, İstanbul: 71-93.
• Diehl, E. 1949 Anthologia Lyrica Graeca, Leipzig.
• Drews, R. 1973 The Greek Accounts of Eastern History, Washington.
• Dyck, A. 1996 Commentary on Cicero De Officiis, Ann Arbor.
• Evans, J. A. S. 1985 “Candaules whom the Greeks name Myrsilus”, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 26/1, 1985: 229-233.
• Flory, S. 1978 “Laughter, Tears and Wisdom in Herodotus”, American Journal of Philology 99/2: 145-153.
• Gammie, J. G. 1986 “Herodotus on King and Tyrants: Objective Historiography or Conventional Portraiture?”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 45/3: 171-195.
• Gould, J. 1980 “Law, Custom and the Myth: Aspects of the Special Position of Women in Classical Athens”, Journal of Hellenic Studies 100: 38-59.
• Greenewalt, C. H. 1978 Ritual Dinners in Early Historic Sardis, Berkeley.
• Hanfmann, G. M. A. 1951 “Prehistoric Sardis”, G. E. Mylonas (ed.), Studies Presented to David Moore Robinson, St. Louis: 160-183.
• Hawkins, J. D. 1982 “The Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia”, Cambridge Ancient History, 3/1: 372-441.
• Holt, P. 1992 “H.G. Wells and the Ring of Gyges”, Science-Fiction Studies 19: 236-247.
• Hunter, R. 2004 Plato’s Symposium, Oxford.
• Jacoby, F. 1941 “The Date of Archilochus”, Classical Quarterly 35.3/4: 97-109.
• 1957 Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (FGrH), Leiden.
• Kekes, J. 1993 Morality of Pluralism, Princeton.
• Laird, A. 2001 “Ringing the Changes on Gyges. Philosophy and the Formation of Fiction in Plato’s Republic”, Journal of Hellenic Studies 121: 12-29.
• Lang, M. L. 1992 “Prexaspes and Usurper Smerdis”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 51/3: 201-207.
• Lesky, A. 1953 „Das hellenistische Gyges-Drama“, Hermes 81: 1-10.
• LiDonnici, L. R. 1992 “The Images of Artemis Ephesia and Graeco-Roman Worship: A Reconsideration”, Harvard Theological Review 85/4: 389-415.
• Ludwig, P. 2002 Eros and Polis: Desire and Community in Grek Political Thought, Cambridge.
• Mellink, M. 1991 “The Native Kingdoms of Anatolia”, Cambridge Ancient History 3/1, Cambridge: 619-665.
• Mentz, A. 1942 “Kandaules”, Glotta 29: 152.
• Page, D. L. 1951 A New Chapter in the History of Greek Tragedy, Cambridge.
• Palmer, L. R. 1996 The Greek Language, Norman.
• Pedley, J. G. 1972 Ancient Literary Sources on Sardis, Cambridge.
• 1974 “Carians in Sardis”, Journal of Hellenic Studies 94: 96-99.
• Ratté, C. 2009 “The Carians and the Lydians”, F. Rumscheid (ed.), Die Karer und die Anderen, Internationales Kolloquium an der Freien Universität Berlin 13. bis 15. Oktober, Bonn: 135-147.
• Rose, V. 1886 Aristotelis qui ferebantur librorum fragmenta, Leipzig.
• Rosenmeyer, P. A. 2001 Ancient Epistolary Fictions: The Letter in Grek Literature, Cambridge.
• Seel, O. 1956 „Herakliden und Mermnaden“, F. Jacoby (ed.), Navicula Chiloniensis; Festschrift für Felix Jacoby, Leiden: 37-65.
• Shapiro, S. O. 2000 “Proverbial Wisdom in Herodotus”, Transactions of the American Philological Association 130: 89-118.
• Sturtevant, E. H. – G. Bechtel 1935 A Hittite Chrestomathy, Philadelphia.
• Smith, K. F. 1902 “The Tale of Gyges and the King of Lydia”, American Journal of Philology 23/4: 361-387.
• 1920 “The Literary Tradition of Gyges and Candaules”, American Journal of Philology 41/1: 1-37.
• Thompson, N. 2001 Ship of State: Statecraft and Politics from Ancient Greece to Democratic America, Yale.
• Yakubovich, I. S. 2008 Sociolinguistics of Luvian Language (yayımlanmamış doktora tezi), University of Chicago.