Abstract

Arı zehri (BV), dişi bal arıları tarafından savunma amacıyla üretilen; peptitler, enzimler, biyojenik aminler, amino asitler, karbonhidratlar, feromonlar ve çeşitli mineraller içeren kompleks bir doğal sekresyondur. Bileşenleri arasında melittin, fosfolipaz A₂ (PLA₂) ve apamin, farmakolojik açıdan özellikle dikkat çekmektedir. Bu derleme, 2020–2025 yılları arasında yayımlanan çalışmaları özetlemekte ve BV’nin antiinflamatuar, antinosiseptif, nöroprotektif ve antikanser özelliklerini vurgulamaktadır. BV ve biyoaktif bileşenleri; apoptoz, otofaji, oksidatif stres yolakları ve iyon kanalı aktivitesinin modülasyonu aracılığıyla çeşitli biyolojik etkiler göstermektedir. Melittin ve PLA₂, hücre membranı bütünlüğünü bozmak ve PI3K/Akt, MAPK ve NF-κB gibi temel sinyal yolaklarını inhibe etmek üzere sinerjik olarak etki ederek kanser hücrelerinde seçici sitotoksisite oluşturmaktadır. BV’nin nöroprotektif etkileri; Nrf2/HO-1 ve TrkB/CREB/BDNF yolaklarının düzenlenmesi ile Ca²⁺ homeostazının korunmasıyla ilişkilidir ve sonuçta nöronal viabilite ile bilişsel fonksiyonları desteklemektedir. İnflamasyon ve artrit modellerinde BV, proinflamatuar sitokin üretimini baskılayarak oksidatif stresi azaltmakta ve doku hasarını hafifletmektedir. Genel olarak bu bulgular, BV’nin çok yönlü farmakolojik potansiyelini ortaya koymakla birlikte, etkinlik ve güvenliliğinin kapsamlı biçimde ortaya konulabilmesi için daha ileri mekanistik araştırmalara ve iyi tasarlanmış klinik çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

• arı zehri
• apitoksin
• farmakolojik etkiler
• biyolojik aktivite

Pharmacological Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of Bee Venom: Recent Evidence from Experimental and Preclinical Studies

Abstract

Bee venom (BV) is a complex natural secretion produced by female honeybees for defensive purposes, comprising peptides, enzymes, biogenic amines, amino acids, carbohydrates, pheromones, and various minerals. Among its constituents, melittin, phospholipase A2 (PLA₂), and apamin are particularly notable for their pharmacological relevance. This review summarizes studies published between 2020 and 2025, highlighting the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties of BV. BV and its bioactive components exert diverse biological effects through the modulation of apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress pathways, and ion channel activity. Melittin and PLA₂ act synergistically to disrupt cellular membrane integrity and inhibit key signaling cascades, including PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB, thereby inducing selective cytotoxicity in cancer cells. The neuroprotective effects of BV are associated with the regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and TrkB/CREB/BDNF pathways, as well as the maintenance of Ca²⁺ homeostasis, ultimately supporting neuronal survival and cognitive function. In models of inflammation and arthritis, BV reduces oxidative stress and alleviates tissue damage by suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Overall, these findings underscore the multifaceted pharmacological potential of BV; however, further mechanistic investigations and well-designed clinical studies are required to comprehensively establish its efficacy and safety.

Keywords

• Bee venom
• Apitoxin
• Pharmacological effects
• Biological activity

Ethical Statement

This research did not involve human participants or animals. Therefore, no ethical approval was required.

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