Dijital Manipülasyonun Yapay Zekâ Boyutu Deepfake Videolar: Ukrayna -Rusya Halkı Örneği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 76 - 85, 28.09.2023

Başak Akmeşe

Öz

Hızla gelişen teknolojiler, internette özelliklede sosyal medya mecralarında, gerçek ile gerçek olmayan arasındaki sınırın belirsizleştirilmesini mümkün hale getirmektedir. Bu durum aldatmaca olarak nitelendirilen manipülatif eylemlere yapay zekâ teknolojisinin eklemlenmesiyle “derin sahte” olarak tanımlanan deepfake kavramının inşa edilmesini sağlamıştır. Deepfake videolarında görüntüde ve seste küçük bir değişiklik olsa bile gerçekliğe müdahaledir ve onu başkalaştırmaktadır. Özellikle de görsel ve işitsel manipülasyonlarla deepfake videoların herkes tarafından kullanılması bilgi kirliliğine neden olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu araştırmada yapay zekâ yönelimli deepfake videoların savaş ortamında manipüle edilen videolarla Ukrayna ve Rusya halkını ne oranda etkileyebileceği tespit etmek amaçlanmıştır. Her iki ülke vatandaşlarının deepfake videolarına ilişkin bilgilerinin var olup olmadığı ve bu videolardan ne kadar etkilendikleri ölçülmek istenmiştir. Bu bağlamda bu araştırmada içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak söz konusu vatandaşların videolara olan tutumları betimsel bir yaklaşımla anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda her iki ülkenin deepfake videolarına ilişkin bilgilerinin olduğu ve savaş süreci boyunca savaşın seyrini değiştirebilecek dezenformasyonlar karşısında vatandaşların sağduyulu davrandıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu araştırmada yayınlanan sahte görüntü ve içerikler, teknolojinin yakından takip edilmesi ve bu konuda okuryazarlığa sahip olunması nedeniyle her iki ülke vatandaşlarında infial yaratmadığı gözlemlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dijital Manipülasyon, Yapay Zekâ, Deepfake Videolar, Ukrayna-Rusya Halkı, Dezenformasyon

The Artificial Intelligence Dimension of Digital Manipulation Deepfake Videos: The Case of the Ukrainian-Russian People

Öz

Rapidly developing technologies make it possible to blur the boundary between real and unreal on the internet, especially in social media channels. This situation has led to the construction of the concept of deepfake, which is defined as "deep fake" by the addition of artificial intelligence technology to manipulative actions that are described as deception. In Deepfake videos, even if there is a small change in the image and sound, it interferes with reality and alters it. In particular, the use of deepfake videos by everyone through visual and auditory manipulations can cause information pollution. Therefore, in this research, it is aimed to determine the extent to which artificial intelligence-oriented deepfake videos can affect the Ukrainian and Russian people with videos manipulated in the war environment. It was aimed to measure whether the citizens of both countries had information about deepfake videos and how much they were affected by these videos. In this context, in this research, the content analysis method was used to explain the attitudes of the citizens in question to the videos with a descriptive approach. As a result of the research, it was determined that both countries had information about deepfake videos and that citizens acted prudently in the face of disinformation that could change the course of the war during the war process. In this research, it was observed that the fake images and contents published did not cause indignation in the citizens of both countries due to the close follow-up of the technology and having literacy in this regard.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Digital Manipulation, Artificial Intelligence, Deepfake Videos, Ukrainian-Russian People, Disinformation

Kaynakça

• Aydin, K. (2022). The use of digital manipulation in virtual images as an alternative tool to stimulate consciousness [Unpublished master thesis] Ondokuz Mayıs University, Institute of Graduate Studies.
• Berk, M. E. (2020). “The New Danger of The Digital Age Is "Deepfake"”. OPUS International Journal of Society Research, 16 (28), 1508-1523.
• Çolak, B. (2021). Legal Issues of Deepfakes. Institute for Internet and the Just Society. https://www.internetjustsociety.org/legal-issues-of-deepfakes [Access Date: 17.09 .20 23].
• De Ruiter, A. (2021). “The Distinct Wrong of Deepfakes”. Philosophy & Technology. 34(4). 1311-1332.
• Elitas, T. (2022). “Digital Manipulation Is The 'Deepfake' Technology And The Credibility Of The Non-Existent”. Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute. 19(49). 113-128.
• Fox61 Web. (2022). Fact-checking if the video of Ukrainian President Zelenskyy urging surrender is real. https://www.fox61.com/video/news/verify/fact-checking-if-the-video-of-ukrainian-president-zelenskyy- urging-surrender-is-real/536-c44aa30c-0da2-4d93-8430-5494218e2d37 [Access Date: 17.09 .20 23].
• Gov.Uk. (2019). Independent report snapshot paper - deepfakes and audiovisual disinformation. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cdei-publishes-its-first-series-of-three-snapshot-papers- ethical-issues-in-ai/snapshot-paper-deepfakes-and-audiovisual-disin formation [Access Date: 17.09.2023].
• Göngen, M.A., Kesgin, Y., (2023). Yeni Medya Araştırmaları Dil, İmaj, Fenomenler, Teknoloji, Dezenformasyon. Özgür Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58830/ozgur.pub63. License: CC-BY-NC 4.0
• Google Trends. (2022). Historical process of searches for deepfake videos. https://trends.google.com/trends/ [Access Date: 10.02.2023].
• Heo, Y. J., Yeo, W. H., and Kim, B. G. (2023). “Deepfake Detection Algorithm Based On Improved Vision Transformer”. Applied Intelligence. 53(7). 7512-7527.
• Hybrid Media. (2021). What is manipulation and how is it done? https://hibritmedya.com.tr /what-is- manipulation-how-to-do [Access Date: 17.09.2023].
• Khashoggi, F. (2017). "A Study in Ethnomethodology". Journal of Social Science.June 11(21).161-168.
• Kitzinger, J. (1995). “Qualitative Research: Introducing Focus Groups”. Bmj. 311(7000), 299-302. Kvale, S. (1994). Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Sage Publications, Inc.
• Taşcıoğlu, R. (2010). “Reading Hilmi Ziya Ülken in The Context of Her Contribution To Communication Science in Turkey”. Journal of communication theory & research, (1), 1-12.
• Van der Sloot, B., and Wagensveld, Y. (2022). “Deepfakes: Regulatory Challenges For The Synthetic Society.” Computer Law & Security Review. 46. 105716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2022. 105716.
• Whittaker, L., Mulcahy, R., Letheren, K., Kietzmann, J., and Russell-Bennett, R. (2023). “Mapping the Deepfake Landscape For Innovation: A Multidisciplinary Systematic Review And Future Research Agenda”. Technovation. 125. 102784.
• Wikipedia. (2022). Where is Yakutia? https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutistan#:~:text =Saha %20uzak%20north%20Henrietta%20Adas%C4%B1na,Saha%20Republic%20toprak%C4%B1n%C4%B1n%20bir%20 par%C3%A7as %C4%B1d%C4%B1r [Access Date: 17.09.2023].
• Yildirim, B. (2015). Historical development of the content analysis method, areas of application and stages. B. Yildirim (Der.). Methods in communication research: with applications and examples (pp. 105-155), Konya: Literaturk Akademia.