The Quality of Yıldız River Water and Determining Trace Elements by Liquid-Liquid Micro-Extraction Analytical Method
Abstract
The present study was carried out between September 2019 and March 2020 in Yıldız River, which is located within the borders of the Yıldızeli district of Sivas province and used for agricultural irrigation purposes, to determine the chemical characteristics of river water and the trace elements. Water’s alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca2+), total hardness, total phosphate (PO4-P), dissolved reactive phosphate (SRP), ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N), soluble reactive silica (SiO2-Si) concentrations, as well as trace elements (ferrous, lead, cadmium). Moreover, during the sampling process, also the water temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, and total dissolved solids measurements were performed. Before using the flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS) in determining the Fe, Pb, and Cd in water samples, a simple, environment-friendly, and new ultrasonic liquid-liquid micro-extraction method was suggested. Several parameters (pH, ionic fluid amount, dispersive solvent volume, and temperature) influencing the performance of micro-extraction were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the detection thresholds for Fe (II), Pb (II), and Cd (II) were found to be 0.6, 0.15, and 1.5 μg L-1, respectively.
Keywords
Yıldız River, Water chemistry, Ultrasonic supported sampling, Flame AAS.
Project Number
RGD-018
References
- [1] Sayın B.T.C., Ministry of agriculture, forestry and rural affairs, 2nd Bandırma Bird Sanctuary and Bird Lake Symposium, (1987) 86-88.
- [2] Tekinalp O., Investigation of pollution and polluting factors of Yenişehir lake (Reyhanlı / HATAY), Dissertation, Mustafa Kemal University, (2005).
- [3] Moss B., Eutrophication and restoration of shallow and deep lakes, shallow lake wetlands, ecology, eutrophication and restoration. International Workshop, ODTÜ, (2001), 3-31-32.
- [4] Gündoğdu V., Özkan E.Y., Design of monitoring network and determination of water quality variables in Küçük Menderes River, Ege J. Fisheries Aquatic Sci., 23 (3-4) (2006) 361-369.
- [5] Kumbur H., Özsoy H.D., Özer Z., Determination of the effects of chemicals used in agricultural area on water quality in Mersin Province, Ecology, 17(68) (2008) 54-58
- [6] Temamoğulları F., Dinçoğlu A.H., Selenium and zinc levels in well water in Sanliurfa and vicinity. Kafkas Uni. J .Faculty Vet. Med-Us, 16 (2) (2010) 199-203.
- [7] Türkmen A., Türkmen M., Tepe Y., Naz M., Heavy metal concentrations in sea water of Iskenderun Bayand correlations between temperature, pH, oxygen and salinity values, Turkish J. Aquatic Life, 2 (3) (2004) 400-407.
- [8] Kahraman T., Alemdar S., Alişarlı M., Ağaoğlu S., Heavy metal levels in drinking water of Bitlis province, Eurasian J. Vet. Sci., 28 (2012) 164-171.
- [9] Chirita L., Covaci E., Mot A., Ponta M., Gandeac A., Frentiu T., Determination of selenium in food and environmental samples by hydride generation high-resolution continuum source quartz furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, J. Anal. Atom Spectrom, 36 (2021) 267-272.
- [10] Fernández Z.H., Álvarez J.R.E., Montero A., Ugarte Á.O.M., González I.P., González M.R., Júnior J.A.D.S., Freire M.B.C., Junior B. & O. P. D. S., Metal contaminants in rice from Cuba analyzed by ICP-MS, ICP-AES and CVAAS, Food Addıt Contam. B., 14 (2021) 59–65.