Biosynthesis and Characterization of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles (MnO-NPs) from Non-Edible Onion Peels for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Applications

Christiana Ogwuche; Nımı Karekonde; Bamidele Akpeji; Poro David Clark; Israel Ekoro

doi:10.17776/csj.1982641

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles (MnO-NPs) from Non-Edible Onion Peels for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Applications

Abstract

In this study, aqueous extract of non-edible onion (Allium cepa L.) peel was employed as a chelating, capping and stabilizing agent in the green synthesis of MnO-NPs by alkaline precipitation of Mn(II) followed by low-temperature calcination. The particles were characterized and evaluated for their antimicrobial, antioxidant and in vitro biocompatibility activities. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, anthraquinones, glycosides, saponins, and reducing sugars, which coordinate and cap Mn(II) during precipitation and remain associated with the particle surface. The MnO-NPs were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR, TEM, SEM-EDX, and PXRD. A characteristic UV–visible absorption peak at 240 nm confirmed nanoparticle formation, while FTIR revealed phytochemical capping groups and a distinct Mn–O stretching vibration at 530 cm⁻¹. TEM showed predominantly spherical to quasi-spherical particles with a mean size of 14.69 nm, and SEM-EDX showed aggregated nanoscale features in which manganese and oxygen were the only detectable elements. PXRD gave a pattern indexable to cubic MnO with no secondary crystalline phase resolved. The nanoparticles exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against MRSA, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida krusei (inhibition zones 24–27 mm at a single screening concentration of 100 µg/mL) and concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS assays, to which the residual phytochemical capping layer is expected to contribute. Importantly, the MnO-NPs were highly biocompatible with L929 mouse fibroblasts, retaining >85% viability at antimicrobially effective concentrations (≤50 µg/mL), with a calculated IC₅₀ exceeding 150 µg/mL. Overall, onion-peel-derived MnO-NPs combine favorable physicochemical properties, selective antimicrobial activity, modest antioxidant capacity and good in vitro biocompatibility, identifying them as candidates for localized antimicrobial use and for the mechanistic, quantitative and in vivo studies that would support it.

Keywords

Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Biocompatibility, Manganese oxide nanoparticles, Onion peel waste

Supporting Institution

nil

Project Number

nil

Ethical Statement

This study did not involve human participants or animals. The microbial isolates used were obtained from the Department of Medical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria, Nigeria, and handled in accordance with standard biosafety procedures.

Thanks

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Analytical Spectrometry

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Christiana Ogwuche
0000-0002-7030-550X
Nigeria

Nımı Karekonde
Nigeria

Bamidele Akpeji
Nigeria

Poro David Clark ^*
0000-0001-7794-9642
Nigeria

Israel Ekoro
Nigeria

Publication Date

October 27, 2026

Submission Date

June 30, 2026

Acceptance Date

September 7, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 47 Number: 5

DOI

https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1982641

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA28NM67CA

APA

Ogwuche, C., Karekonde, N., Akpeji, B., Clark, P. D., & Ekoro, I. (2026). Biosynthesis and Characterization of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles (MnO-NPs) from Non-Edible Onion Peels for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Applications. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 47(5), 839-852. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1982641

AMA

1.Ogwuche C, Karekonde N, Akpeji B, Clark PD, Ekoro I. Biosynthesis and Characterization of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles (MnO-NPs) from Non-Edible Onion Peels for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Applications. CSJ. 2026;47(5):839-852. doi:10.17776/csj.1982641

Chicago

Ogwuche, Christiana, Nımı Karekonde, Bamidele Akpeji, Poro David Clark, and Israel Ekoro. 2026. “Biosynthesis and Characterization of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles (MnO-NPs) from Non-Edible Onion Peels for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Applications”. Cumhuriyet Science Journal 47 (5): 839-52. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1982641.

EndNote

Ogwuche C, Karekonde N, Akpeji B, Clark PD, Ekoro I (October 1, 2026) Biosynthesis and Characterization of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles (MnO-NPs) from Non-Edible Onion Peels for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Applications. Cumhuriyet Science Journal 47 5 839–852.

IEEE

[1]C. Ogwuche, N. Karekonde, B. Akpeji, P. D. Clark, and I. Ekoro, “Biosynthesis and Characterization of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles (MnO-NPs) from Non-Edible Onion Peels for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Applications”, CSJ, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 839–852, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.17776/csj.1982641.

ISNAD

Ogwuche, Christiana - Karekonde, Nımı - Akpeji, Bamidele - Clark, Poro David - Ekoro, Israel. “Biosynthesis and Characterization of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles (MnO-NPs) from Non-Edible Onion Peels for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Applications”. Cumhuriyet Science Journal 47/5 (October 1, 2026): 839-852. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1982641.

JAMA

1.Ogwuche C, Karekonde N, Akpeji B, Clark PD, Ekoro I. Biosynthesis and Characterization of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles (MnO-NPs) from Non-Edible Onion Peels for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Applications. CSJ. 2026;47:839–852.

MLA

Ogwuche, Christiana, et al. “Biosynthesis and Characterization of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles (MnO-NPs) from Non-Edible Onion Peels for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Applications”. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, vol. 47, no. 5, Oct. 2026, pp. 839-52, doi:10.17776/csj.1982641.

Vancouver

1.Christiana Ogwuche, Nımı Karekonde, Bamidele Akpeji, Poro David Clark, Israel Ekoro. Biosynthesis and Characterization of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles (MnO-NPs) from Non-Edible Onion Peels for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Applications. CSJ. 2026 Oct. 1;47(5):839-52. doi:10.17776/csj.1982641

As of 2026, Cumhuriyet Science Journal will be published in six issues per year, released in February, April, June, August, October, and December

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles (MnO-NPs) from Non-Edible Onion Peels for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Applications

Abstract

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Supporting Institution

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Ethical Statement

Thanks

References

Details

Primary Language

Subjects

Journal Section

Authors

Publication Date

Submission Date

Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

DOI

IZ

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