Evaluation of some antinutritional and goitrogenic components of cannabis consumed in Sokoto, Nigeria

Abstract

There is rising prevalence of abuse of cannabis in Sokoto. However, a number of studies had revealed the health effects of this drug which are supposed to be due to the contents of the cannabis drug. Therefore, the concern of this evaluation was an assessment of the concentrations of goitrogens (calcium, magnesium, chloride, fluoride, cyanide, and nitrate); antinutritional factors (phytate, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and relations) and iodine present in cannabis drug being abused in Sokoto, Nigeria. Standard methods and procedures were utilized for the determination of goitrogens, antinutritional factors, and iodine in cannabis. The result shows the concentration of calcium (203.1±0.01 to 250.3±0.01 ppm), magnesium (10.1±1.5 to102±5.1 ppm), and iodine (0.064±0.01 to1.70±0.05 ppm) determined in cannabis. The antinutrients found are: Cyanide (47.0±0.01-60.0±2.10 ppm), chloride (1.2±10.05-1.4±10.05ppm), fluoride (0.9±0.01-1.9±0.01 ppm), and nitrate (1.3±0.1-2.02±0.01 ppm). The observed antinutrients are: Phytate (7.1±0.001-8.0±0.1ppm), flavonoids (200.0±1.2-250.0±1.3ppm), saponins (30.0±0.05-35.1±0.04 ppm), tannins (200.2±1.0-233.1±1.0ppm) and oxalate (14.2±0.05-20.1±0.5ppm). Therefore, this drug has significant levels (at p<0.005 significant level) of chemicals that can elicit toxicity effects in acute or chronic consumption, care need to be taken to shun drug abuse at all cost.

Keywords

• Cannabis,
• antinutrients
• gotre
• goitrogens
• cyanide
• calcium

References

1. [1] Jatau AI, Shaaban A, Gulma, KA., Shitu, Z., Khalid, G.M., Isa, A., Wada, A.S., & Mustapha, M. The burden of drug abuse in Nigeria: A scoping review of epidemiological studies and drug laws. Public Health Review 2021; 42 (1603960), 1-11.
2. [2] El-Sohaimy SA., Androsova, NV, Toshev AD, El-Enshasy HA. Nutritional quality, chemical, and functional charac-teristics of hemp (cannabis sativa ssp. sativa) protein isolate. Plants 202; 11(2825), 1-13.https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212825.
3. [3] Volkow ND, Baler RD, Compton WM, Weiss, SRB. Adverse health effects of marijuana use. The new England Journal of Medicine 2014; 370(23), 2219-2226.
4. [4] Alonso-Esteban JI, Torija-Isasa ME, Sanchez-Mata, M. Mineral elements and related anitinutrients , in whole and hulled hemp (Cannabis sativa L) seeds. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2022; 10991045160.
5. [5] Bonga M, Cousins F, Lean ME, Combet E. Influence of goitrogenic foods intake on thyroid functions in healthy females of childbearing age with low habitual iodine intake. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2015; 74, 39-39.doi.10.1017/s00296651150000.
6. [6] Kumar R, Sinha, R, Sharma, PK, Ivy N, Kumar P, Kant N, Jha A, Jha PK, Gupta PK, Sharma P etal Bioaccumula-tion of fluoride in plants and its microbially assisted remediation: a review of biological processes and technological per-formances. Processes, 2021; 9(2154), 1-24.
7. [7] Guven H, Arici A, Simsek O. Flavonoids in our foods: A short review. Journal of Basic Clinical Health Science 2019; 3(96), 96-106.
8. [8] Hassan LG, Sokoto AM, Ngaski, MA, Anka, SA, Chanchangi, B.M., Umar, K.J., and Ogbiko, C. Nutritional and ant-nutritional analyses of Hura Crepitans seeds cultivated in Sokoto North L.G.A. North Western Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2018; 11(1), 126-130. Htttp://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v11i1.22. [9] Abu Bashar MD, Begam . Role of dietary factors in thyroid disorders: A primary care perspective. Medical Research and Innovations 2020; 4,1-4.

9. [10] Sarkingobir Y, Hamza A, Dikko M, Abubakar M, Yabo AG, Muhammad BI. Antibacterial study of guava leaves on some enteric bacteria (E. coli and Shigella dysentriae) from Sokoto, Nigeria. International Research Journal of Sci-ence, Technology, Education, and Management 2022; 2(4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7136432.