Can We Prevent or Reduce the Severity of Depression with Nutrients?

Abstract

In the review, the relationship between depression and the consumption of macronutrients and some micronutrients was examined. Nutrition can be a way of life that can affect not only the physiological, but also the physiological and social aspects of individuals’ lifestyles and moods. In order to maintain a healthy life for a lifetime, it is extremely important to have a state of well-being in terms of mental health. There is a two-way relationship between depression and food. While the diet of the individual affects the mental integrity in terms of neurotransmitter synthesis; at the same time, mental integrity also affects the diet. Lack of nutrients can disrupt neural functioning and lead to mental health problems such as depression. The field of study that appears as nutritional psychiatry sheds light on the present day by investigating the relationship between mental health and nutrients and diet. It was concluded that the sustainability of the diet pattern, various macro and micronutrients, especially the Mediterranean diet type nutrition model and nutritional supplements may be associated with the risk of depression, but randomized controlled clinical studies are needed to fully reveal the relationship between depression and nutrient.

Keywords

• Nutrition
• Nutrient
• Depression

Depresyonu Besin Öğeleri ile Önleyebilir veya Şiddetini Azaltabilir Miyiz?

Abstract

Bu derlemede depresyon ve makro besin öğeleri ile bazı mikro besin öğelerinin tüketimi arasındaki ilişkisine bakılmıştır. Beslenme sadece fizyolojik değil, psikolojik ve sosyal yönden de bireylerin yaşam tarzı ve duygu durumlarını etkileyebilen bir yaşam tarzı şekli olabilmektedir. Ömür boyu sağlıklı bir hayatın sürdürülmesi için, mental sağlık yönünden de iyilik hali olması son derece önemlidir. Depresyon ile besinler arasında çift yönlü ilişki mevcuttur. Bireyin beslenme düzeni nörotransmitter sentezi yönünden ruhsal bütünlüğünü etkilerken; aynı zamanda ruhsal bütünlüğü de beslenme düzenini etkilemektedir. Besin öğelerinin eksikliği nöral işleyişi bozarak depresyon gibi mental sağlık problemlerine yol açabilmektedir. Beslenme psikiyatrisi olarak karşımıza çıkan çalışma alanı, mental sağlık ile besin öğeleri ve beslenme şekli ilişkisini araştırarak günümüze ışık tutmaktadır. Diyet örüntüsünün sürdürülebilir olmasının, çeşitli makro ve mikro besin öğelerinin, özellikle Akdeniz tipi beslenme modeli ve besin desteklerinin depresyon riski ile ilişkili olabileceği, ancak depresyon ile besin öğesi arasındaki ilişkiyi tam olarak ortaya koyabilmek için randomize kontrollü klinik çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

• Beslenme
• Besin öğesi
• Depresyon

References

1. Al-Alawi, A.M., Majoni, S.W., & Falhammar, H. (2018). Magnesium and human health: Perspectives and research directions. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9041694.
2. Al-Bander, Z., Nitert, M. D., Mousa, A., & Naderpoor, N. (2020). The gut microbiota and inflammation: an overview. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7618. 10.3390/ijerph17207618.
3. Aucoin, M., LaChance, L., Naidoo, U., Remy, D., Shekdar, T., Sayar, N., Cardozo, V., Rawana, T., Chan, I., & Cooley, K. (2021). Diet and anxiety: A scoping review. Nutrients 2021, 13, 4418. DOİ: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124418.
4. Bae, J.H., & Kim, G. (2018). Systematic review and meta-analysis of omega-3-fatty acids in elderly patients with depression. Nutrition Research, 2018. DOİ: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.10.013.
5. Başar, S., & Sarı, İ. (2018). Düzenli egzersizin depresyon, mutluluk ve psikolojik iyi oluş üzerine etkisi. İÜBESBD, 5(3), 25-34. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/630791.
6. Berktaş, F., Ekemen, E., Kıroğlu, O., & Aksu, F. (2019). Migren tedavisinde antidepresan ilaçların rolü. Cukurova Medical Journal, 44 (2019), 555-566. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cumj/issue/36346/570837.
7. Beyhan, Y., & Taş, V. (2019). Mental sağlık ve beslenme. Zeugma Health Res. 2019, 1(1), 30-35. URL: https://sbf.hku.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Mental-Sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k-ve-Beslenme.pdf.
8. Bıyıklı, T.E., & Yıldıran, H. (2017). Postpartum beslenme ve depresyon. STED Dergisi, 27(2), 136-142. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/474435.

9. Cheungpasitporn, W., Thongprayoon, C., Mao, M., Srivali, N., Ungprasert, P., Varothai, N., & Erickson, S. (2015). Hypomagnesaemia linked to depression: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Internal Medicine Journal, 45(4), 436-440. DOİ: 10.1111/imj.12682.
10. Çelik, F., & Demirel, Z.B. (2012). Omega-3 yağ asitlerinin nörolojik ve görsel gelişim üzerindeki etkileri. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi 2012:40(3):266-272. URL: https://beslenmevediyetdergisi.org/index.php/bdd/article/view/278/236.
11. Derom, M.L., Martínez-González, M.A., Sayón-Orea, M.C., Bes-Rastrollo, M., Beunza, J.J., & Sánchez-Villegas, A. (2012). Magnesium intake is not related to depression risk in Spanish University graduates. J. Nutr. 2012;142:1053–1059. DOİ: 10.3945/jn.111.155572.
12. EFSA Journal 2023; 2021(1):7704. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for selenium. URL: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/7704. Erişim 27 Nisan 2023.
13. Ekinci, T., Murat, D.B., Arslan, C., & Çil, A.M. (2018). Depresyon ve beslenme. N. Duran (Ed.), Sağlık Bilimlerinde Güncel Akademik Çalışmalar-2018 (ss.214-236). Montenegro: Ivpe Print.
14. Ersoy, N., & Ersoy, G. (2017). D vitamini yetersizliği ve depresyon: ne yapabiliriz?. H.Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(3). DOİ: 10.21020/husbfd.304137.
15. Eskici, G. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisi: Karantina için beslenme önerileri. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, Ocak 2020; Cilt 25, Özel Sayı 1. DOİ: 10.21673/anadoluklin.722546.
16. Esnafoğlu, E., & Özturan, D.D. (2020). The relationship of severity of depression with homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin D levels in children and adolescents. Association For Child And Adolescent Mental Health. DOİ:10.1111/camh.12387.
17. Ferreira de Almeida, T.L., Petarli, G.B., Cattafesta, M., Zandonade, E., Bezerra O., Tristão, K.G. & Salaroli, L.B. (2021). Association of selenium intake and development of depression in Brazilian farmers. Front Nutr. 2021 Mayıs 20;8:671377. DOİ: 10.3389/fnut.2021.671377.
18. Gopinath, B., Flood, V.M., Burlutksy, G., Luoie, J.C.Y., & Mitchell, P. (2017). Association between carbohydrate nutrition and prevalence of depressive symptoms in older adults. British Journal of Nutrition, 116, 2109–2114. DOİ: 10.1017/S0007114516004311.
19. Gougeon, L., Payette, H., Morais, J.A., Gaudreau, P., Shatenstein, B., & Donald, K.G. (2016). Intakes of folate, vitamin B6 and B12 and risk of depression in community-dwelling older adults: The Quebec longitudinal study on nutrition and aging. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, (2016), 70, 380–385. DOİ:10.1038/ejcn.2015.202.
20. Hoang, M.T., Defina, L.F., Willis, B.L., Leonard, D.S., Weimwes, M.F., & Brown, E.S., (2011). Association between low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and depression in a large sample of healthy adults: The cooper center longitudinal study. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 86(11), Kasım 2011, ss: 1050-1055. https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2011.0208.
21. Kıcır, B. (2018). İşyerinde psikolojik bozukluklar, nedenleri, yaygınlığı ve etkileri. Uluslararası Turizm, İşletme, Ekonomi Dergisi, 2(2), 234-244. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijtebs/issue/42202/508352.
22. Kopf, S.R., Buchholzer, M.L., Hillgert, M., Löffelholz, K. & Klein, J. (2001). Glucose plus choline improve passive avoidance behaviour and increase hippocampal acetylcholine release in mice. Neuroscience, 103(2), ss: 365-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00007-0.
23. Lange, K.W. (2019). Omega-3 fatty acids and mental health. Global Health Journal, Mart 30, 2020, 4(1). URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.glohj.2020.01.004.
24. Mantantzis, K., Schlaghecken, F., Sünram-Lea, S.I., & Maylor, E.A. (2019). Sugar rush or sugar crash? A meta-analysis of carbohydrate effects on mood. Neuroscience And Biobehavioral Reviews, 101 (2019), 45-67. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30951762/.
25. Markus, C.R., Panhuysen, G., Tuiten, A., Koppeschaar, H., Fekkes, D., & Peters, M.L. (1998). Does carbohydrate-rich, protein-poor food prevent a deterioration of mood and cognitive performance of stress-prone subjects when subjected to a stressful task? Appetite, 31(1), ss: 49-65. https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1997.0155.
26. Merdol, K.T. (2021). Psikolojimiz ve beyin sağlığımızda beslenmenin önemi. Bes Diy Derg, 2021;49(1):1-4. DOİ: 10.33076/2021.BDD.1474.
27. Mokhber, N., Namjoo, M., Tara, F., Boskabadi, H., Rayman, M.P., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., Sahebkar, A., Majdi, M.R., Tavallaie, S., Azimi-Nezhad, M., Shakeri, M.T., Nematy, M., Oladi, M., Mohammadi, M., & Ferns, G. (2011). Effect of supplementation with selenium on postpartum depression: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J. Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011 Ocak;24(1):104-8. DOİ 10.3109/14767058.2010.482598.
28. Moore, K., Hughes, C.F., Hoey, L., Ward, M., Cunnigham, C., Molloy, A.M., Strain, J.J., McCarroll, K., Casey, M.C., Tracey, F., Laird, E., O’Kane, M., & McNulty, H. (2019). B-vitamins in relation to depression in older adults over 60 years of age: The trinity ulster department of agriculture (tuda) cohort study. JAMDA, (20) (2019), 551-557. DOİ: 10.1016/j.jamda.2018.11.031.
29. Murphy, P.K., Mueller, M., Hulsey, T.C., Ebeling, M.D., & Wagner, C.L. (2010). An exploratory study of postpartum depression and vitamin D. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc, 2010; 16: 170–7. DOİ: 10.1177/1078390310370476.
30. Okereke, O.I., Cook, N.R., Albert, C.M., Denburgh, M.V., Buring, J.E., & Manson, J.E. (2015). Effect of long-term supplementation with folic acid and B vitamins on risk of depression in older women. The British Journal of Psychiatry, (2015) 206, 324–331. DOİ: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148361.
31. Özenoğlu, A. (2018). Duygu durumu, besin ve beslenme ilişkisi. ACU Sağlık Bil Derg. 2018; 9(4):357-365. https://doi.org/10.31067/0.2018.56.
32. Öztürkler, M., & Güngör, A.E. (2020). Adölesanlarda depresyon ile beslenme bilgisi, beslenme alışkanlığı ve yeme tutumu arasındaki ilişkilerin değerlendirilmesi. Gevher Nesıbe Journal Of Medical & Health Sciences, 5(9), 50-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46648/gnj.137.
33. Pasco, J.A., Jacka, F.N., Williams, L.J., Evans-Cleverdon, M., Brennan, S.L., Kotowicz, M.A., Nicholson, G.C., Ball, M.J., & Berk, M., (2012). Dietary selenium and major depression: a nested case-control study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 20(3), ss: 119-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2011.12.008.
34. Parletta, N., Zarnowiecki, D., Cho, J., Wilson, A., Bogomolova, S., Villani, A., Itsiopoulos, C., Niyonsenga, T., Blunden, S., Meyer, B., Segal, L., Baune, B.T., & O'Dea, K. (2019). A Mediterranean-style dietary intervention supplemented with fish oil improves diet quality and mental health in people with depression: A randomized controlled trial (HELFIMED). Nutr Neurosci. 2019 Temmuz;22(7):474-487. DOİ: 10.1080/1028415X.2017.1411320.
35. Schefft, C., Kilarski, L.L., Bschor, T., & Köhler, S. (2017). Efficacy of adding nutritional supplements in unipolar depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;27:1090–1109.
36. Schneider, B., Weber, B., Frensch, A., Stein, J., & Fritze, J. (2000). Vitamin D in schizophrenia, major depression and alcoholism. Journal of Neural Transmission, 107, ss: 839–842 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020070063.
37. Singla, S., Jhamb, S., Singh, K.D., & Kumar, A. (2020). Depression affects autonomic system of the body? Yes, it does!. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 9(217). DOİ: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_627_19.
38. Solovyev, A.N.D. (2015). Importance of selenium and selenoproteins for brain function: From antioxidant protection to neuronal signalling. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 2015. 153: ss: 1-12. 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.09.003.
39. Sparling, T.M., Henschke, N., Nesbitt, R.C., & Gabrysch, S. (2017). The role of diet and nutritional supplementation in perinatal depression: a systematic review. John Wiley & Sons Ltd Maternal & Child Nutrition (2017), 13. DOİ: 10.1111/mcn.12235.
40. Su, K.P., Huang S.Y., Chiu, C.C., & Shen, W.W. (2003). Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder: A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 13(4), ss: 267-271. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-977X(03)00032-4.
41. Swardfager, W., Hermann, N., Mazereeuw, G., Goldberger, K., Harimoto, T., & Lanctot, K.L. (2013). Zinc in depression: a meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry, 2013, Aralık 15; 74(12), ss: 872-8. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.008.
42. Tarleton, E.K., Littenberg, B., MacLean, C.D., Kennedy, A.G., & Daley, C. (2017). Role of magnesium supplementation in the treatment of depression: A randomized clinical trial. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0180067. DOİ: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180067.
43. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2011). Ulusal Ruh Sağlığı Eylem Planı 2011-2023. Yayın No: 847, Ankara, Türkiye. TÜRKİYE BESLENME REHBERİ (TÜBER), 2022. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No:1031, Ankara 2022. URL: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/saglikli-beslenme-hareketli-hayat-db/Yayinlar/rehberler/Beslenme%20Rehberi%202022.pdf.
44. Undine, E., Lang, U.E., Beglinger, C., Schweinfurt, N., Walter, M., & Borgwardt, S. (2015). Nutritional aspects of depression. Karger, 37, 1029-1043. DOİ: 10.1159/000430229.
45. Uslu, B., & Aktaç, Ş. (2020). Selenyum ve depresyon üzerine etkileri. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (20), 147-151. 10.31590/ejosat.757344.
46. Ünsal, A. (2019). Beslenmenin önemi ve temel besin öğeleri. Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(3), 1-10. URL: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ahievransaglik/issue/65353/1006870.
47. Wang, J., Um, P., Dickerman, B.A., & Liu, J. (2018). Zinc, magnesium, selenium and depression: a review of the evidence, potential mechanisms and ımplications. Nutrients 2018, 10, 584; 10.3390/nu10050584.
48. White, B.A., Horwath, C.C., & Conner, T.S. (2013). Many apples a day keep the blues away – Daily experiences of negative and positive affect and food consumption in young adults. British Journal of Health Psychology 2013;18:782–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12021.
49. Wong, P.T., & Ong, Y.P. (2001). Acute antidepressant-like and antianxiety-like effects of tryptophan in mice. Pharmacology 2001;62:151-156. https://doi.org/10.1159/000056088.
50. Xie, Y., Wu, Z., Sun, L., Zhou, L., Wang, G., Xiao, L., & Wang, H. (2021). The effects and mechanism of exercise on the treatment of depression. Frontiers İn Psychiatry, 12(705559). DOİ: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.705559.
51. Yao, S., Zhang, M., Dong, S.S., Wang, J.H., Zhang, K., Guo, J., Guo, Y., & Yang, T.L. (2022). Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis identifies causal associations between relative carbohydrate intake and depression. Nature Human Behaviour 2022; 6(11):1569-1576. DOİ: 10.1038/s41562-022-01412-9.
52. Yıldırım, H. (2021) Ruhsal sağlığı bozuk olan hastalarda beslenme. R. Aylaz (Ed.), Toplum Ruh Sağlığında Hemşirelik Yaklaşımları. (1. Baskı, (ss.77-81). https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/issue-full-file/36335. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri.