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ULUSÖTESİ MİLLİYETÇİLİK BAĞLAMINDA AVRUPA KÜRT DİASPORASI

Yıl 2014, Sayı: 11, 194 - 210, 01.06.2014

Öz

Diaspora konusu son yıllarda birçok teorik ve ampirik çalışmanın konusu olmuştur. Hızla küreselleşen dünyada, uluslararası göçler, ulaşım ve iletişim sistemlerindeki gelişmeler, diaspora topluluklarınıanavatanın ve yeni vatanın marjinine yerleştirmiştir. Türkiye‟den Avrupa‟nın çeşitli ülkelerine yaşanan göçler, Avrupa‟da bir Kürt diasporasının oluşumunu sağladı. Bu çalışma,Avrupa‟daki Kürt diasporasını literatürdeki teorik ve ampirik tartışmalar ışığında ele almaktadır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde, diaspora, ulusötesi ilişkiler ve uzak mesafe milliyetçilik gibi kavramlar konusundaki teorik tartışmalar irdelenirken, ikinci bölümünde ise Avrupa Kürt diasporasının tarihi arkaplanı, sosyal ağları ve yayın organları analiz edilmektedir. Araştırma sonuçları, Avrupa Kürt diasporasının oldukça canlı ve dinamik bir topluluk olduğunu göstermektedir. Kürt diasporası, sadece diasporadaki Kürtler arasında ağlar geliştirmek ve dayanışma sağlamakla yetinmemekte, aynı zamanda anavatandaki gelişmeler, çatışmalar ve geçmiş hakkındaki hafızayı canlı tutmaktadır. Bu nedenle, oldukça politize olan Kürt diasporası, Türkiye‟deki etnik çatışmalar ve siyasi mücadeleler konusunda keskin pozisyonlar almaktadır

Kaynakça

  • Alinia, M. (2004). Spaces of diasporas : Kurdish identities, experiences of otherness and politics of belonging. Göteborg: Department of Sociology, Göteborg University.
  • Ayata, B. (2011). The Politics of Displacement: A Transnational Analysis of the Forced Migration of Kurds in Turkey and Europe. PhD Thesis, John Hopkins University.
  • Barkey, H. J., ve Fuller, G. E. (1998). Turkey's Kurdish question: Rowman ve Littlefield.
  • Baser, B., ve Swain, A. (2008). Diasporas as peacemakers: Third party mediation in homeland conflicts.
  • Brah, A. (1996). Cartographies of diaspora: Contesting identities: Routledge.
  • Brubaker, R. (2005). The „diaspora‟diaspora. Ethnic and racial studies, 28(1), 1-19.
  • Bruinessen, M. V. (2000). Kurdish ethno-nationalism versus nation-building states : collected articles. Istanbul: Isis Press.
  • Butler, K. D. (2001). Defining diaspora, refining a discourse. Diaspora: a journal of transnational studies, 10(2), 189-219.
  • Clifford, J. (1994). Diasporas. Cultural anthropology, 9(3), 302-338.
  • Cohen, R. (2008). Global diasporas: Routledge.
  • D'Angelo, A. (2008). Kurdish community organisations in London: a social network analysis.
  • D‟Angelo, A. (2008). Kurdish Community Organisations in London: a Social Network Analysis. London: Social Policy Research Centre.
  • Danış, A. D. (2004). Yeni göç hareketleri ve Türkiye: Birikim.
  • Demirler, D., Kayhan, M., Kuban, D., Yükseker, D., Çelik, A. B., Ünalan, T., ve Eker, A. T. (2008). Zorunlu göç ile yüzleşmek: Türkiye'de yerinden edilme sonrası vatandaşlığın inşası: TESEV Yayınları.
  • Doğan, Y. (2011). Kürt diasporası ve çözüm süreci. Yenişafak Gazetesi, 11.
  • Efegil, E. (2011). Analysis of the AKP Government's Policy Toward the Kurdish Issue. Turkish Studies, 12(1), 27-40.
  • Eliassi, B. (2010). A stranger in my homeland: The politics of belonging among young people with Kurdish backgrounds in Sweden., Mid Sweden University, Universitetstryckeriet. (1652-893X)
  • Ember, M., Ember, C. R., ve Skoggard, I. (2004). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities (Vol. 1): Springer.
  • Ember, M., Ember, C. R., ve Skoggard, I. A. (2005). Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world: Springer.
  • Eren, M. (1995). Avrupa'daki Güneydoğu. Aksiyon Dergisi, 15-21.
  • Fuglerud, Ø. (1999). Life on the outside: The Tamil diaspora and long-distance nationalism: Pluto Pr.
  • Gunter, M. M. (1990). The Kurds in Turkey : a political dilemma. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
  • Gunter, M. M. (1992). The Kurds of Iraq : tragedy and hope. New York: St. Martinʾs Press.
  • Hassanpour, A. (1992). Nationalism and language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press.
  • Johnston, R. L. (2006). The Cultural Situation of the Kurds. Council of Europe. Parliamentary Assembly, Committee on Culture, Science and Education. URL: http://assembly. coe. int/Main. asp.
  • Khayati, K. (2008). From Victim Diaspora to Transborder Citizenhip? Diaspora formation and transnational relations among Kurds in France and Sweden. (PhD), Linköping University, Sweden. (978-91-7393-884-6)
  • Kozan, G., ve Çevirgen, N. (2010). Diaspora‟nın Tanımı ve İçeriği. from http://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/yazigoster.aspx?ID=571
  • Kurban, D. (2012). Reparations and Displacement in Turkey.
  • Kurban, D., ve Yeğen, M. Adaletin Kıyısında:„Zorunlu‟Göç Sonrasında Devlet ve Kürtler.
  • Mazlumder. (2007). Kürt Sorunu Forumu: Mazlumder.
  • McDowall, D. (2004). A modern history of the Kurds: IB Tauris.
  • Safran, W. (1991). Diasporas in modern societies: myths of homeland and return. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 1(1), 83-99.
  • Said, E. W. (2001). Reflections on exile: and other literary and cultural essays: Granta Books.
  • Schiller, N. G. (2005). Transborder citizenship: an outcome of legal pluralism within transnational social fields. Mobile people, mobile law: expanding legal relations in a contracting world, 27-49.
  • Schiller, N. G., Basch, L., ve Blanc, C. S. (1995). From immigrant to transmigrant: Theorizing transnational migration. Anthropological quarterly, 48-63.
  • Sheffer, G. (1996). Whither the study of ethnic diasporas? Some theoretical, definitional, analytical and comparative considerations. Les Réseaux des Diasporas, L’Harmattan, Paris.
  • Wahlbeck, O. s. (1999). Kurdish diasporas : a comparative study of Kurdish refugee communities. New York: St. Martin's Press in association with Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick.

TRANSNATIONALISM IN CONTEXT: THE KURDISH DIASPORA IN EUROPE

Yıl 2014, Sayı: 11, 194 - 210, 01.06.2014

Öz

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the Diasporas. International migrations, the developments in the transportation and communication systems put the Diasporas at the margins of the home and host countries in the highly globalized world. The out migration of Kurdish population to European countries has resulted in the creation of Kurdish diaspora in Europe. Therefore, this study examines the Kurdish diaspora in Europe in the light of theoretical and empirical debates in the literature. In the first part of the study, theoretical debates over diaspora, transnationalism, and long distance nationalism are explored. In the second part of the study, the historical background, social networks, and media outlets are analysed. The results of the study show that Kurdish diaspora is a vibrant and dynamic community. It not only provides a social network and solidarity among the immigrants in the host country, but also keeps the memories of thepast, conflicts and developments in home countries alive. As a result, Kurdish diaspora is quite political in its stand and takes strong positions about ethnic conflicts and political struggles back home

Kaynakça

  • Alinia, M. (2004). Spaces of diasporas : Kurdish identities, experiences of otherness and politics of belonging. Göteborg: Department of Sociology, Göteborg University.
  • Ayata, B. (2011). The Politics of Displacement: A Transnational Analysis of the Forced Migration of Kurds in Turkey and Europe. PhD Thesis, John Hopkins University.
  • Barkey, H. J., ve Fuller, G. E. (1998). Turkey's Kurdish question: Rowman ve Littlefield.
  • Baser, B., ve Swain, A. (2008). Diasporas as peacemakers: Third party mediation in homeland conflicts.
  • Brah, A. (1996). Cartographies of diaspora: Contesting identities: Routledge.
  • Brubaker, R. (2005). The „diaspora‟diaspora. Ethnic and racial studies, 28(1), 1-19.
  • Bruinessen, M. V. (2000). Kurdish ethno-nationalism versus nation-building states : collected articles. Istanbul: Isis Press.
  • Butler, K. D. (2001). Defining diaspora, refining a discourse. Diaspora: a journal of transnational studies, 10(2), 189-219.
  • Clifford, J. (1994). Diasporas. Cultural anthropology, 9(3), 302-338.
  • Cohen, R. (2008). Global diasporas: Routledge.
  • D'Angelo, A. (2008). Kurdish community organisations in London: a social network analysis.
  • D‟Angelo, A. (2008). Kurdish Community Organisations in London: a Social Network Analysis. London: Social Policy Research Centre.
  • Danış, A. D. (2004). Yeni göç hareketleri ve Türkiye: Birikim.
  • Demirler, D., Kayhan, M., Kuban, D., Yükseker, D., Çelik, A. B., Ünalan, T., ve Eker, A. T. (2008). Zorunlu göç ile yüzleşmek: Türkiye'de yerinden edilme sonrası vatandaşlığın inşası: TESEV Yayınları.
  • Doğan, Y. (2011). Kürt diasporası ve çözüm süreci. Yenişafak Gazetesi, 11.
  • Efegil, E. (2011). Analysis of the AKP Government's Policy Toward the Kurdish Issue. Turkish Studies, 12(1), 27-40.
  • Eliassi, B. (2010). A stranger in my homeland: The politics of belonging among young people with Kurdish backgrounds in Sweden., Mid Sweden University, Universitetstryckeriet. (1652-893X)
  • Ember, M., Ember, C. R., ve Skoggard, I. (2004). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities (Vol. 1): Springer.
  • Ember, M., Ember, C. R., ve Skoggard, I. A. (2005). Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world: Springer.
  • Eren, M. (1995). Avrupa'daki Güneydoğu. Aksiyon Dergisi, 15-21.
  • Fuglerud, Ø. (1999). Life on the outside: The Tamil diaspora and long-distance nationalism: Pluto Pr.
  • Gunter, M. M. (1990). The Kurds in Turkey : a political dilemma. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
  • Gunter, M. M. (1992). The Kurds of Iraq : tragedy and hope. New York: St. Martinʾs Press.
  • Hassanpour, A. (1992). Nationalism and language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press.
  • Johnston, R. L. (2006). The Cultural Situation of the Kurds. Council of Europe. Parliamentary Assembly, Committee on Culture, Science and Education. URL: http://assembly. coe. int/Main. asp.
  • Khayati, K. (2008). From Victim Diaspora to Transborder Citizenhip? Diaspora formation and transnational relations among Kurds in France and Sweden. (PhD), Linköping University, Sweden. (978-91-7393-884-6)
  • Kozan, G., ve Çevirgen, N. (2010). Diaspora‟nın Tanımı ve İçeriği. from http://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/yazigoster.aspx?ID=571
  • Kurban, D. (2012). Reparations and Displacement in Turkey.
  • Kurban, D., ve Yeğen, M. Adaletin Kıyısında:„Zorunlu‟Göç Sonrasında Devlet ve Kürtler.
  • Mazlumder. (2007). Kürt Sorunu Forumu: Mazlumder.
  • McDowall, D. (2004). A modern history of the Kurds: IB Tauris.
  • Safran, W. (1991). Diasporas in modern societies: myths of homeland and return. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 1(1), 83-99.
  • Said, E. W. (2001). Reflections on exile: and other literary and cultural essays: Granta Books.
  • Schiller, N. G. (2005). Transborder citizenship: an outcome of legal pluralism within transnational social fields. Mobile people, mobile law: expanding legal relations in a contracting world, 27-49.
  • Schiller, N. G., Basch, L., ve Blanc, C. S. (1995). From immigrant to transmigrant: Theorizing transnational migration. Anthropological quarterly, 48-63.
  • Sheffer, G. (1996). Whither the study of ethnic diasporas? Some theoretical, definitional, analytical and comparative considerations. Les Réseaux des Diasporas, L’Harmattan, Paris.
  • Wahlbeck, O. s. (1999). Kurdish diasporas : a comparative study of Kurdish refugee communities. New York: St. Martin's Press in association with Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

İlhan Kaya Bu kişi benim

Ömer Uğurlu Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Sayı: 11

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya, İ., & Uğurlu, Ö. (2014). ULUSÖTESİ MİLLİYETÇİLİK BAĞLAMINDA AVRUPA KÜRT DİASPORASI. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(11), 194-210.

Dicle University
Journal of Social Sciences Institute (DUSBED)