Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Effects of Rivalry among Great Powers on Middle Powers: US-China Trade War and South Korea

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 1, 68 - 95, 29.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.58685/dsd.1228009

Öz

Middle powers (MPs) are defined as states that try to expand their spheres of power without clashing with regional and global powers. In this context, competition among global powers may create opportunities and risks for MPs. For example, it can be said that during the Cold War period, the financial aid and defense aid provided by the leading states of the Eastern and Western blocs to keep MPs in their own blocs, created an opportunity for them to realize their own economic development. However, competition between the two great powers can also create risks for MPs. The trade war launched by the USA against China has brought various risks and opportunities for MPs. South Korea is one of the most negatively affected MP from the trade war. For South Korea, whose economy is based on the free trade paradigm, the United States is both its most important security ally and one of its most important trade partner. China, which has become the world's largest exporting country, has also become South Korea's largest trading partner. In this study, South Korea’s relations with the USA and China and the effects of the trade war on South Korea were examined. In this framework, first of all, the development of South Korea’s relations with both countries was evaluated. Then, the effects of the trade war on South Korea as a MP were evaluated. Increasing competition between the two countries has squeezed South Korea. Its relations with the United States have declined to the lowest level since the end of the Korean War and have been subjected to unofficial economic sanctions by China.

Kaynakça

  • Akman, M. Sait. 2015. “Trans Pasifik Ortaklığı (TPP) Anlaşması’na Bir Bakış.” TEPAV Raporu. https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/14479447290.Trans_Pasifik_Ortakligi__TPP__Anlasmasi___na_Bir_Bakis.pdf
  • BBC. 2014. “China ‘overtakes’ US as world’s largest goods trader.” BBC, 10 Ocak 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-25678415.
  • Brattberg, Erik. 2021. “Middle Power Diplomacy in an Age of US-China Tensions.” The Washington Quarterly 44 (1): 219-238.
  • Bryne, Tom. 2022. “South Korea-US Economic Ties Are Changing.” The Diplomat, 8 Şubat 2022, https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/south-korea-us-economic-ties-are-changing/
  • Clinton, Hillary. 2011. “America’s Pacific Century.” Foreign Policy, 11 Ekim 2011. https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/americas-pacific-century/.
  • Corasaniti, Nick, Alexander Burns, Binyamin Appelbaum. 2016. “Donald Trump Vows to Rip Up Trade Deals and Confront China.” New York Times, 28 Haziran 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/29/us/politics/donald-trump-trade-speech.html.
  • Cutler, Wendy ve Seok Young Choi. 2020. “The Strategic Benefits of KORUS.” Center for Strategic and International Studies, 5 Mayıs 2020. https://www.csis.org/analysis/strategic-benefits-korus.
  • Denyer, Simon. 2016. “Trump says China is ‘the best ever’ at devaluing its currency. That’s no longer true.” Washington Post, 27 Eylül 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/09/27/trump-says-china-is-the-best-ever-atdevaluing-its-currency-thats-no-longer-true/
  • Dollar, David. 1989. “South Korea-China Trade Relations: Problems and Prospects.” Asian Survey 29 (12): 1167-1175.
  • Dumbaugh, Kerry. 2009. “China-U.S. Relations: Current Issues and Implications for U.S. Policy.” Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R40457.pdf.
  • Dünya Bankası web sitesi. 2022. “Overview.” 29 Eylül 2022. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview
  • Gilley, Bruce, Andrew O’Neil. 2004. Middle Powers and the Rise of China. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
  • Holbraad, Carsten. 1984. Middle Powers in International Politics. Londra: The MacMillan Press.
  • Hook, Steven W. ve John Spanier. 2016. Amerikan Dış Politikası. Çeviri, Özge Zihnioğlu. İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınevi.
  • Ikenberry, John. 2016. “Between the Eagle and Dragon: America, China, and Middle State Strategies in East Asia.” Political Science Quarterly 131 (1): 9-43.
  • Jae-heun, Kim. 2022. “Lotte to Pull out of China, Focus on Southeast Asia.” Korea Times, 24 Mayıs 2022. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2022/05/419_329617.html.
  • Jozuka, Emiko, Sol Han. 2017. “Why South Korean companies, entertainers are getting cold shoulder in China.” CNN, 23 Şubat 2017. http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/23/asia/south-korea-china-thaad-retaliation/?iid=EL.
  • Jung, Kyu-Chul. 2017. “Impact of China-US Trade Disputes on the Korean Economy.” KDI Economic Outlook 2017-1st Half, 18 Nisan 2017. https://www.kdi.re.kr/kdi_eng/art/15185/2849/Impact_of_China-US_Trade_Disputes_on_the_Korean_Economy?mcd=002005001 Kim, Heung-Kyu. “South Korea’s Strategic Dilemma Amid US-China Competition.” STIMSON, 28 Şubat 2022. https://www.stimson.org/2022/south-koreas-strategic-dilemma-amid-us-china-competition/.
  • Kim, Hyongrae. 2021. “Interpreting the Korean Conflict.” İçinde Interpreting Conflict: A Comparative Framework, derleyen Marija Todorova, Lucia Ruiz Rosendo, 61-84. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kim, Kyong Ju. 2006. The Development of Modern South Korea: State Formation, Capitalist Development and National Identity. Routledge: Oxon.
  • Kwak, Tae-Hwan. 1982. “U.S.-Korea Security Relations.” The Journal of East Asian Affairs 2 (2) (Fall/Winter): 260-278.
  • Lee, Hangyong, Changyong Rhee. 2012. “Lessons from the 1997 and the 2008 Crises in the Republic of Korea.” Asian Development Bank Working Paper Series (298), Ocak 2012. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29659/economics-wp-298.pdf.
  • Leng, Alyssa, Roland Rajah. 2019. “Chart of Week: Global Trade through a US-China Lens.” Lowy Institute, 18 Aralık 2019. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/chart-week-global-trade-through-us-china-lens.
  • Min-hee, Jung. 2019. “US-China Trade War Seriously Affecting South Korean Industries”, Business Korea, 4 Haziran 2019. http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=32500
  • Mo, Jongryn. 2017. “South Korea’s Middle Power Diplomacy: A Case of Growing Compatibility Between Regional and Global Roles.” International Journal 71 (4): 587-607.
  • Mullen, Jethro, Paula Hancocks. 2017. “South Korean company to China: Don’t blame us for THAAD missiles.” CNN, 4 Nisan 2017. https://money.cnn.com/2017/04/03/news/economy/lotte-south-korea-china-thaad-shin-dong-bin/index.html.
  • Mullen, Jethro. 2017. “China’s ‘unofficial’ sanctions rattle South Korea.” CNN, 3 Mart 2017. https://money.cnn.com/2017/03/03/news/economy/china-south-korea-thaad-tourism-trade-sanctions/?iid=EL.
  • Odgaard, Liselotte. 2017. The Balance of Power in Asia Pacific Security. New York: Routledge.
  • Office of the US Trade Representative web sitesi. 2017. “USTR Announces Initiation of Section 301 Investigation of China.” 18 Ağustos 2017. https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2017/august/ustr-announces-initiation-section.
  • Öztürk, Tolga ve Eren İrfanoğlu. 2021. “Amerikan Dış Politikasında Jeopolitiğin Önemi.” Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 21(1): 17-27.
  • Pearson, James, Ju-min Park. 2017. “Trump’s demand Seoul pay for THAAD will test ties as Moon presidency looms.” Reuters, 28 Nisan 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-southkorea-analysis-idUSKBN17U13O
  • Reuters. 2020. “Key Dates in the US-China Trade War.” Reuters, 15 Ocak 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-timeline-idUSKBN1ZE1AA.
  • Reuters. 2022. “Biden administration to maintain China tariffs while review continues.” Reuters, 3 Eylül 2022. https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/biden-administration-maintain-china-tariffs-while-review-continues-2022-09-02/.
  • Robertson, Jeffrey. 2017. “Middle-Power Definitions: Confusion Reigns Supreme.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 71 (4): 355-370.
  • Shuquan, He, Sora Ju. 2020. “The Impact of China-US Trade Conflict on Korean Economy.” SocioEconomic Challenges 4 (4): 18-28.
  • Sohn, Yul. 2019. “South Korea Under the United States-China Rivalry: Dynamics of the Economic Security Nexus in Trade Policymaking.” The Pacific Review 32 (6): 1019-1040.
  • USCC. 2017. “USCC 2017 Annual Report.” US-China Economic and Security Review Comission, 2017. https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/2017_Annual_Report_to_Congress.pdf.
  • VOA News. 2017. “South Korea Rejects Trump’s $1B THAAD Demand.” VOA, 28 Nisan 2017. https://www.voanews.com/a/south-korea-rejects-trumps-1-billion-thaad-demand/3829391.html
  • Weforum web sitesi. 2017. “China's Xi Jinping Defends Globalization from the Davos Stage.” 17 Ocak 2017. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/chinas-xi-jinping-defends-globalization-from-the-davos-stage/.
  • Widakuswara, Patsy. 2018. “Trump and Moon Sign Revised Trade Agreement.” VOA News, 24 Eylül 2018. https://www.voanews.com/a/trump-and-moon-sign- revised-trade-agreement/4585862.html.
  • Zhang, Jian. 2010. “Vigorous Waves of East Asian Economic Integration and the Sino-South Korea Trade Relationship.” Brookings Institute, 8 Ocak 2010. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/20100108_china_korea_trade_zhang.pdf.

Büyük Güçler Arasındaki Rekabetin Orta Büyüklükte Devletlere Etkileri: ABD-Çin Ticaret Savaşı ve Güney Kore

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 1, 68 - 95, 29.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.58685/dsd.1228009

Öz

Orta büyüklükte devletler (OBD), bölgesel ve küresel güçlerle çatışmaya girmeden kendi güç alanlarını genişletmeye çalışan devletler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda küresel güçlerin kendi aralarındaki rekabeti, orta büyüklükteki güçler için fırsatlar ve riskler yaratabilir. Örneğin Soğuk Savaş döneminde, Doğu ve Batı bloklarının lider devletlerinin OBD’leri kendi bloklarında tutabilmek için sağladıkları finansal yardım, savunma yardımı gibi destekler OBD’lere kendi ekonomik kalkınmalarını gerçekleştirebilmeleri için fırsat yaratmıştır. Bununla birlikte, iki büyük güç arasındaki rekabet, OBD’ler için riskler de getirebilir. ABD’nin Çin’e karşı başlattığı ticaret savaşı da OBD’ler için benzer riskleri ve fırsatları beraberinde getirmiştir. Ticaret savaşından en olumsuz etkilenen OBD’lerin başında Güney Kore gelmektedir. Ekonomisi serbest ticaret paradigması üzerine kurulu olan Güney Kore için ABD hem güvenlik alanında en önemli müttefiki hem de en büyük ticaret ortaklarından biridir. Dünyanın en çok ihracat yapan ülkesi haline gelen Çin de Güney Kore’nin en büyük ticaret ortağı haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada Güney Kore’nin ABD ve Çin ile ilişkileri ve ticaret savaşının Güney Kore’ye etkileri OBD’lerin kapasiteleri ve sınırlılıkları çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Bu çerçevede öncelikle Güney Kore’nin her iki ülkeyle de olan ilişkilerinin gelişimi değerlendirilmiş; ardından da ticaret savaşının bir OBD olarak Güney Kore’ye olan etkileri ortaya konmuştur. İki ülke arasında yaşanan rekabetin artması Güney Kore’yi sıkıştırmış; ABD ile olan ilişkileri Kore Savaşının bitmesinden bu yana en düşük seviyeye gerilemiş ve Çin tarafından da gayrı resmi ekonomik yaptırımlara maruz bırakılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Akman, M. Sait. 2015. “Trans Pasifik Ortaklığı (TPP) Anlaşması’na Bir Bakış.” TEPAV Raporu. https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/14479447290.Trans_Pasifik_Ortakligi__TPP__Anlasmasi___na_Bir_Bakis.pdf
  • BBC. 2014. “China ‘overtakes’ US as world’s largest goods trader.” BBC, 10 Ocak 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-25678415.
  • Brattberg, Erik. 2021. “Middle Power Diplomacy in an Age of US-China Tensions.” The Washington Quarterly 44 (1): 219-238.
  • Bryne, Tom. 2022. “South Korea-US Economic Ties Are Changing.” The Diplomat, 8 Şubat 2022, https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/south-korea-us-economic-ties-are-changing/
  • Clinton, Hillary. 2011. “America’s Pacific Century.” Foreign Policy, 11 Ekim 2011. https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/americas-pacific-century/.
  • Corasaniti, Nick, Alexander Burns, Binyamin Appelbaum. 2016. “Donald Trump Vows to Rip Up Trade Deals and Confront China.” New York Times, 28 Haziran 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/29/us/politics/donald-trump-trade-speech.html.
  • Cutler, Wendy ve Seok Young Choi. 2020. “The Strategic Benefits of KORUS.” Center for Strategic and International Studies, 5 Mayıs 2020. https://www.csis.org/analysis/strategic-benefits-korus.
  • Denyer, Simon. 2016. “Trump says China is ‘the best ever’ at devaluing its currency. That’s no longer true.” Washington Post, 27 Eylül 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/09/27/trump-says-china-is-the-best-ever-atdevaluing-its-currency-thats-no-longer-true/
  • Dollar, David. 1989. “South Korea-China Trade Relations: Problems and Prospects.” Asian Survey 29 (12): 1167-1175.
  • Dumbaugh, Kerry. 2009. “China-U.S. Relations: Current Issues and Implications for U.S. Policy.” Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R40457.pdf.
  • Dünya Bankası web sitesi. 2022. “Overview.” 29 Eylül 2022. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview
  • Gilley, Bruce, Andrew O’Neil. 2004. Middle Powers and the Rise of China. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
  • Holbraad, Carsten. 1984. Middle Powers in International Politics. Londra: The MacMillan Press.
  • Hook, Steven W. ve John Spanier. 2016. Amerikan Dış Politikası. Çeviri, Özge Zihnioğlu. İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınevi.
  • Ikenberry, John. 2016. “Between the Eagle and Dragon: America, China, and Middle State Strategies in East Asia.” Political Science Quarterly 131 (1): 9-43.
  • Jae-heun, Kim. 2022. “Lotte to Pull out of China, Focus on Southeast Asia.” Korea Times, 24 Mayıs 2022. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2022/05/419_329617.html.
  • Jozuka, Emiko, Sol Han. 2017. “Why South Korean companies, entertainers are getting cold shoulder in China.” CNN, 23 Şubat 2017. http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/23/asia/south-korea-china-thaad-retaliation/?iid=EL.
  • Jung, Kyu-Chul. 2017. “Impact of China-US Trade Disputes on the Korean Economy.” KDI Economic Outlook 2017-1st Half, 18 Nisan 2017. https://www.kdi.re.kr/kdi_eng/art/15185/2849/Impact_of_China-US_Trade_Disputes_on_the_Korean_Economy?mcd=002005001 Kim, Heung-Kyu. “South Korea’s Strategic Dilemma Amid US-China Competition.” STIMSON, 28 Şubat 2022. https://www.stimson.org/2022/south-koreas-strategic-dilemma-amid-us-china-competition/.
  • Kim, Hyongrae. 2021. “Interpreting the Korean Conflict.” İçinde Interpreting Conflict: A Comparative Framework, derleyen Marija Todorova, Lucia Ruiz Rosendo, 61-84. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kim, Kyong Ju. 2006. The Development of Modern South Korea: State Formation, Capitalist Development and National Identity. Routledge: Oxon.
  • Kwak, Tae-Hwan. 1982. “U.S.-Korea Security Relations.” The Journal of East Asian Affairs 2 (2) (Fall/Winter): 260-278.
  • Lee, Hangyong, Changyong Rhee. 2012. “Lessons from the 1997 and the 2008 Crises in the Republic of Korea.” Asian Development Bank Working Paper Series (298), Ocak 2012. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29659/economics-wp-298.pdf.
  • Leng, Alyssa, Roland Rajah. 2019. “Chart of Week: Global Trade through a US-China Lens.” Lowy Institute, 18 Aralık 2019. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/chart-week-global-trade-through-us-china-lens.
  • Min-hee, Jung. 2019. “US-China Trade War Seriously Affecting South Korean Industries”, Business Korea, 4 Haziran 2019. http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=32500
  • Mo, Jongryn. 2017. “South Korea’s Middle Power Diplomacy: A Case of Growing Compatibility Between Regional and Global Roles.” International Journal 71 (4): 587-607.
  • Mullen, Jethro, Paula Hancocks. 2017. “South Korean company to China: Don’t blame us for THAAD missiles.” CNN, 4 Nisan 2017. https://money.cnn.com/2017/04/03/news/economy/lotte-south-korea-china-thaad-shin-dong-bin/index.html.
  • Mullen, Jethro. 2017. “China’s ‘unofficial’ sanctions rattle South Korea.” CNN, 3 Mart 2017. https://money.cnn.com/2017/03/03/news/economy/china-south-korea-thaad-tourism-trade-sanctions/?iid=EL.
  • Odgaard, Liselotte. 2017. The Balance of Power in Asia Pacific Security. New York: Routledge.
  • Office of the US Trade Representative web sitesi. 2017. “USTR Announces Initiation of Section 301 Investigation of China.” 18 Ağustos 2017. https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2017/august/ustr-announces-initiation-section.
  • Öztürk, Tolga ve Eren İrfanoğlu. 2021. “Amerikan Dış Politikasında Jeopolitiğin Önemi.” Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 21(1): 17-27.
  • Pearson, James, Ju-min Park. 2017. “Trump’s demand Seoul pay for THAAD will test ties as Moon presidency looms.” Reuters, 28 Nisan 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-southkorea-analysis-idUSKBN17U13O
  • Reuters. 2020. “Key Dates in the US-China Trade War.” Reuters, 15 Ocak 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-timeline-idUSKBN1ZE1AA.
  • Reuters. 2022. “Biden administration to maintain China tariffs while review continues.” Reuters, 3 Eylül 2022. https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/biden-administration-maintain-china-tariffs-while-review-continues-2022-09-02/.
  • Robertson, Jeffrey. 2017. “Middle-Power Definitions: Confusion Reigns Supreme.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 71 (4): 355-370.
  • Shuquan, He, Sora Ju. 2020. “The Impact of China-US Trade Conflict on Korean Economy.” SocioEconomic Challenges 4 (4): 18-28.
  • Sohn, Yul. 2019. “South Korea Under the United States-China Rivalry: Dynamics of the Economic Security Nexus in Trade Policymaking.” The Pacific Review 32 (6): 1019-1040.
  • USCC. 2017. “USCC 2017 Annual Report.” US-China Economic and Security Review Comission, 2017. https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/2017_Annual_Report_to_Congress.pdf.
  • VOA News. 2017. “South Korea Rejects Trump’s $1B THAAD Demand.” VOA, 28 Nisan 2017. https://www.voanews.com/a/south-korea-rejects-trumps-1-billion-thaad-demand/3829391.html
  • Weforum web sitesi. 2017. “China's Xi Jinping Defends Globalization from the Davos Stage.” 17 Ocak 2017. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/chinas-xi-jinping-defends-globalization-from-the-davos-stage/.
  • Widakuswara, Patsy. 2018. “Trump and Moon Sign Revised Trade Agreement.” VOA News, 24 Eylül 2018. https://www.voanews.com/a/trump-and-moon-sign- revised-trade-agreement/4585862.html.
  • Zhang, Jian. 2010. “Vigorous Waves of East Asian Economic Integration and the Sino-South Korea Trade Relationship.” Brookings Institute, 8 Ocak 2010. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/20100108_china_korea_trade_zhang.pdf.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi, Uluslararası Siyaset, Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Aslı Topsoy 0000-0002-2657-9095

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 16 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Topsoy, Aslı. “Büyük Güçler Arasındaki Rekabetin Orta Büyüklükte Devletlere Etkileri: ABD-Çin Ticaret Savaşı Ve Güney Kore”. Diplomasi Ve Strateji Dergisi, sy. 1 (Haziran 2023): 68-95. https://doi.org/10.58685/dsd.1228009.

Diplomasi ve Strateji Çalışmaları Derneği kurumsal yayınıdır.