Sıçan Subaraknoid Kanama Modelinde Bilateral Superior Servikal Ganglionektomi ve Melatonin Seviyeleri: Basit Önlemler Melatonin Düzeylerini Koruyabilir

Year 2021, , 313 - 317, 30.12.2021

Güven Kılıç , Murat Kayabaş Seçkin Emre Cancan

https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1012828

Abstract

Amaç: Subaraknoid kanama (subarachnoid hemorrhage, SAH) ciddi bir hastalıktır ve SAH sonrası melatoninin olumlu etkileri olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Superior servikal ganglionların bilateral rezeksiyonu veya blokajı melatonin seviyeleri üzerinde sabit etkilere sahiptir. Bilateral superior servikal ganglionektomili (superior cervical ganglionectomy, SCG) hayvan modelleri, superior servikal ganglionun melatonin üzerindeki rolünü göstermekte ve SAH hastalarında olumsuz sonuçların önlenmesine yardımcı olabilecek basit önlemler hakkında ipuçları vermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı SAH ve SCG modellerinde melatonin düzeylerinin nasıl değiştiğinin incelenmesidir.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmada 200-250 g ağırlığında kırk iki adet Sprague Dawley erkek sıçan kullanıldı ve rastgele şekilde altı gruba ayrıldı. Tüm gruplarda işlemden 24 saat sonra arteriyel kan örnekleri alındı. Grupların serum melatonin düzeyleri çalışıldı.
Bulgular: SAH ve SCG grupları arasında ve kontrol grubuna karşı kan melatonin düzeylerinde anlamlı farklılık gözlendi. SCG grubu ve SAH+SCG grubu melatonin değerleri arasında anlamlı bir fark yoktu (p=0,983). SAH grubunun ortalama kan melatonin düzeyi, SCG (p<0,001), SAH+SCG (p<0.001) ve kontrol (p=0.001) gruplarından daha yüksekti. SAH+SCG ve SCG gruplarının ortalama kan melatonin düzeyleri, diğer grupların ve ayrıca SAH grubunun da (p<0,001) ortalama kan melatonin düzeylerinden daha düşüktü.
Sonuç: Bilateral SCG, sıçanlarda SAH modelinden sonra serum melatonin düzeylerinin ani artışını önemli ölçüde inhibe etti. Melatoninin karmaşık sonuçlarını ele almayı amaçlayan gelecekteki çalışmalar, minör eksojen faktörlerin serum melatonin düzeylerini etkileyebileceğini hesaba katmalı ve göz önünde bulundurmalıdır.

Keywords

superior servikal ganglion, subaraknoid kanama, melatonin

Bilateral Superior Cervical Ganglionectomy and Melatonin Levels in Rat Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Model: Simple Precautions May Preserve Melatonin Levels

Abstract

Aim: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious disease, and it is thought that melatonin may have positive effects after SAH. Bilateral resection or blockage of superior cervical ganglions has constant effects on melatonin levels. Animal models with bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCG) show the role of superior cervical ganglion on melatonin and give clues about simple precautions which may help to prevent unfavorable outcomes in SAH patients. The aim of this study is to examine how melatonin levels change in SAH and SCG models.
Material and Methods: Forty-two Sprague Dawley male rats weighing 200-250 g were used in the study and randomly divided into six groups. Arterial blood samples were collected 24 hours after the procedure in all groups. Serum melatonin levels of the groups were studied.
Results: A significant difference in blood melatonin levels was observed between SAH and SCG groups, and against the control group. There was no significant difference between the melatonin levels in SCG group and SAH+SCG group (p=0.983). The mean blood melatonin level of the SAH group was higher than the SCG (p<0.001), SAH+SCG (p<0.001) and control groups (p=0.001). The mean blood melatonin levels of SAH+SCG and SCG groups were lower than the mean blood melatonin levels of the other groups and also the SAH group (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Bilateral SCG significantly inhibited the abrupt increase of serum melatonin levels after SAH model in rats. Future studies aiming to address melatonin’s complex outcomes should take into account that minor exogenous factors may affect serum melatonin levels.

Keywords

superior cervical ganglion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, melatonin

References

• Natuva SSK, Gandra S. Subarachnoid hemorrhage. In: Ranganathan LN, editor. Reviews in Neurology. New Delhi: Wolters Kluwer India; 2019. p.266-72.
• Li S, Yang S, Sun B, Hang C. Melatonin attenuates early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage by the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 201912(3):909-15.
• Gunata M, Parlakpinar H, Acet HA. Melatonin: A review of its potential functions and effects on neurological diseases. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2020;176(3):148-65.
• Hardeland R, Pandi-Perumal S, Cardinali DP. Melatonin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006;38(3):313-6.
• Samanta S. Physiological and pharmacological perspectives of melatonin. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2020;[Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1770799.
• Aulinas A. Physiology of the pineal gland and melatonin. [Updated 2019 Dec 10]. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dhatariya K, et al, editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000.
• Abraham MK, Chang WW. Subarachnoid hemorrhage. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2016;34(4):901-16.
• Djelilovic-Vranic J, Basic-Kes V, Tiric-Campara M, Djozic E, Kulenovic J. Follow-up of vasospasm by Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD) in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Acta Inform Med. 2017;25(1):14-8.
• Long B, Koyfman A, Runyon MS. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: updates in diagnosis and management. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2017;35(4):803-24.
• Etminan N, Chang HS, Hackenberg K, de Rooij NK, Vergouwen MDI, Rinkel GJE, et al. Worldwide incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage according to region, time period, blood pressure, and smoking prevalence in the population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(5):588-97.
• Dagistan Y, Kilinc E, Balci CN. Cervical sympathectomy modulates the neurogenic inflammatory neuropeptides following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Brain Res. 2019;1722:146366.
• Chun-jing H, Shan O, Guo-dong L, Hao-xiong N, Yi-ran L, Ya-ping F. Effect of cervical sympathetic block on cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits. Acta Cir Bras. 2013;28(2):89-93.
• Cao S, Shrestha S, Li J, Yu X, Chen J, Yan F, et al. Melatonin-mediated mitophagy protects against early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):2417.
• Aydin MV, Caner H, Sen O, Ozen O, Atalay B, Cekinmez M, et al. Effect of melatonin on cerebral vasospasm following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Res. 2005;27(1):77-82.
• Aladag MA, Turkoz Y, Parlakpinar H, Ozen H, Egri M, Unal SC. Melatonin ameliorates cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoidal haemorrhage correcting imbalance of nitric oxide levels in rats. Neurochem Res. 2009;34(11):1935-44.
• Ersahin M, Toklu HZ, Cetinel S, Yüksel M, Yeğen BC, Sener G. Melatonin reduces experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage‐induced oxidative brain damage and neurological symptoms. J Pineal Res. 2009;46(3):324-32.
• Osier N, McGreevy E, Pham L, Puccio A, Ren D, Conley YP, et al. Melatonin as a therapy for traumatic brain injury: a review of published evidence. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(5):1539.
• Nie Y, Song R, Chen W, Qin Z, Zhang J, Tang J. Effects of stellate ganglion block on cerebrovascular vasodilation in elderly patients and patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. Br J Anaesth. 2016;117(1):131-2.
• Hu N, Wu Y, Chen BZ, Han JF, Zhou MT. Protective effect of stellate ganglion block on delayed cerebral vasospasm in an experimental rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Brain Res. 2014;1585:63-71.
• López-Muñoz F, Srinivasan V, de Berardis D, Álamo C, Kato TA. Melatonin, neuroprotective agents and antidepressant therapy: New Delhi: Springer, 2016.
• Cardinali DP, Faigón MR, Scacchi P, Moguilevsky J. Failure of melatonin to increase serum prolactin levels in ovariectomized rats subjected to superior cervical ganglionectomy or pinealectomy. J Endocrinol. 1979;82(2):315-9.
• Cardinali DP. Changes in hypothalamic neurotransmitter uptake following pinealectomy, superior cervical ganglionectomy or melatonin administration to rats. Neuroendocrinology. 1975;19(1):91-5.
• Cardinali DP, Cutrera RA, Bonacho MG, Esquifino AI. Effect of pinealectomy, superior cervical ganglionectomy, or melatonin treatment on 24‐hour rhythms in ornithine decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase activities of rat spleen. J Pineal Res. 1997;22(4):210-20.
• Saboureau M, Vivien‐Roels B, Pevet P. Pineal melatonin concentrations during day and night in the adult hedgehog: effect of a light pulse at night and superior cervical ganglionectomy. J Pineal Res. 1991;11(2):92-8.
• Atkinson D, McCluskey A, Richardson AM. Horner's syndrome after general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2005;60(1):99-100.
• Tan HY, Ng KY, Koh RY, Chye SM. Pharmacological effects of melatonin as neuroprotectant in rodent model: a review on the current biological evidence. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2020;40(1):25-51.
• Guo ZN, Jin H, Sun H, Zhao Y, Liu J, Ma H, et al. Antioxidant melatonin: potential functions in improving cerebral autoregulation after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1146.
• Fang Q, Chen G, Zhu W, Dong W, Wang Z. Influence of melatonin on cerebrovascular proinflammatory mediators expression and oxidative stress following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits. Mediators Inflamm. 2009;2009:426346.
• Zhan CP, Zhuge CJ, Yan XJ, Dai WM, Yu GF. Measuring serum melatonin concentrations to predict clinical outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clin Chim Acta. 2021;513:1-5.
• Butty Z, Gopwani J, Mehta S, Margolin E. Horner’s syndrome in patients admitted to the intensive care unit that have undergone central venous catheterization: a prospective study. Eye (Lond). 2016;30(1):31-3.
• Gezici AR, Karakaş A, Ergün R, Gündüz B. Rhythms of serum melatonin in rats with acute spinal cord injury at the cervical and thoracic regions. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(1):10-4.
• Kaptanoglu E, Tuncel M, Palaoglu S, Konan A, Demirpençe E, Kilinç K. Comparison of the effects of melatonin and methylprednisolone in experimental spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(Suppl 1):77-84.
• Klein D, Smoot R, Weller JL, Higa S, Markey SP, Creed GJ, et al. Lesions of the paraventricular nucleus area of the hypothalamus disrupt the suprachiasmatic leads to spinal cord circuit in the melatonin rhythm generating system. Brain Res Bull. 1983;10(5):647-52.
• Scheer FA, Zeitzer JM, Ayas NT, Brown R, Czeisler CA, Shea SA. Reduced sleep efficiency in cervical spinal cord injury; association with abolished night time melatonin secretion. Spinal Cord. 2006;44(2):78-81.
• Zeitzer JM, Ayas NT, Shea SA, Brown R, Czeisler CA. Absence of detectable melatonin and preservation of cortisol and thyrotropin rhythms in tetraplegia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(6):2189-96.
• Fatima G, Sharma VP, Verma NS. Circadian variations in melatonin and cortisol in patients with cervical spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2016;54(5):364-7.