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Morphometric Characterization of the Foramen Lacerum and Its Relationships with Adjacent Skull Base Structures

Year 2025, Issue: Early Access
https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1740091

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to characterize the morphological types of the foramen lacerum (FL), perform detailed morphometric measurements, and analyze its anatomical relationships with adjacent structures to provide reliable reference data for surgical planning.
Material and Methods: Nineteen dry human skulls obtained from Bilecik Seyh Edebali and Harran University Faculties of Medicine were evaluated. Morphometric measurements were conducted using ImageJ software based on standardized inferior-view photographs. The FL was classified into three types based on patency: normal, partially obliterated, and partially ossified. Measurements included intrinsic dimensions of the FL and linear distances from the posteromedial corner of the FL to adjacent anatomical landmarks.
Results: No completely closed FL was observed. Bilateral partial-type FL was identified in 3 skulls. Partial type was observed in 6 (31.6%) skulls on the right and 3 (15.8%) on the left; while open type was observed in 13 (68.4%) and 16 (84.2%) skulls, respectively. Significant differences in transverse diameter and surface area were found between FL types (both p<0.001). High positive correlations were observed between key linear measurements, particularly between the FL to the anterior (FL-FOA) and posterior (FL-FOP) margins of the foramen ovale, and between the FL to the anterior (FL-FSA) and posterior (FL-FSP) margins of the foramen spinosum.
Conclusion: This study provides a distinctive contribution by combining detailed morphometric analysis with a classification-based evaluation of the FL and its relationships with neighboring foramina. The resulting anatomical data offer valuable insights that may support safer and more precise surgical interventions at the skull base.

References

  • Singh R, Kumar R. Variations in the morphology of foramen lacerum. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(6):1848-50.
  • Bazroon AA, Singh P. Anatomy, head and neck: foramen lacerum. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
  • Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW. Gray’s atlas of anatomy. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone; 2015. p.863-940.
  • Fernandez-Miranda JC. Intracranial region. In: Standring S, ed. Gray’s Anatomy: The anatomical basis of clinical practice. 41st ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Limited; 2016. p.429-42.
  • Tuncel Çini N, Babacan S, Ari I. Morphometric features of external opening of the carotid canal and relationship with some neighboring formations on the skull base. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(4):1146-8.
  • Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy: The anatomical basis of clinical practice. 40th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2008. p.415.
  • Lang J. Skull Base and related structures: Atlas of clinical anatomy. 2nd ed. Stuttgart: Schattauer GmbH; 2001.
  • Khonsary SA, Ma Q, Villablanca P, Emerson J, Malkasian D. Clinical functional anatomy of the pterygopalatine ganglion, cephalgia and related dysautonomias: a review. Surg Neurol Int. 2013;4(Suppl 6):S422-8.
  • Chen J, Xiao J. Morphological study of the pterygoid canal with high-resolution CT. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(6):9484-90.
  • Tuğtağ Demir B. Morphological analysis of foramen ovale and foramen lacerum in terms of percutaneous and endoscopic endonasal approaches. Chron Precis Med Res. 2023;4(1):39-44.
  • Alvernia JE, Sindou MP, Dang ND, Maley JH, Mertens P. Percutaneous approach to the foramen ovale: an anatomical study of the extracranial trajectory with the incorrect trajectories to be avoided. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2010;152(6):1043-53.
  • Bhattarai R, Panthi S, Yadav GK, Bhandari S, Acharya R, Sharma A, et al. Morphometric analysis of foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, and foramen rotundum of human skull using computed tomography scan: a cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2023;85(5):1731-6.
  • Ficke J, Varacallo MA. Anatomy, head and neck: foramen magnum. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
  • Ozer AF. Complications in occipitocervical surgery. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2025;133:117-36.
  • Wang WH, Lieber S, Mathias RN, Sun X, Gardner PA, Snyderman CH, et al. The foramen lacerum: surgical anatomy and relevance for endoscopic endonasal approaches. J Neurosurg. 2018;131(5):1571-82.
  • Borghei-Razavi H, Truong HQ, Fernandes Cabral DT, Sun X, Celtikci E, Wang E, et al. Endoscopic endonasal petrosectomy: anatomical investigation, limitations, and surgical relevance. Oper Neurosurg. 2019;16(5):557-70.
  • Muslu M, Karaca Ö, Kökçe A, Acer N. A computed tomography-based morphometric assessment of the foramen lacerum in a Turkish population using the 3D Slicer method. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025;61(5):943.
  • Kırteke A, Gören H, Tuncel Çini N. CT-based morphometric analysis of zygomaticomaxillary suture symmetry: implications for diagnostic imaging. Diagnostics (Basel). 2025;15(18):2330.
  • Corvino S, Sacco M, Somma T, Berardinelli J, Ugga L, Colamaria A, et al. Functional and clinical outcomes after superior eyelid transorbital endoscopic approach for spheno-orbital meningiomas: illustrative case and literature review. Neurosurg Rev. 2023;46(1):17.
  • Corvino S, Armocida D, Offi M, Pennisi G, Burattini B, Mondragon AV, et al. The anterolateral triangle as window on the foramen lacerum from transorbital corridor: anatomical study and technical nuances. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2023;165(9):2407-19.
  • Zhu HY, Zhao JM, Yang M, Xia CL, Li YQ, Sun H, et al. Relative location of foramen ovale, foramen lacerum, and foramen spinosum in Hartel pathway. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25(3):1038-40.

Foramen Lacerum’un Morfometrik Özellikleri ve Komşu Kafa Tabanı Yapılarıyla İlişkileri

Year 2025, Issue: Early Access
https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1740091

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada foramen lacerumun (FL) morfolojik tiplerinin belirlenmesi, detaylı morfometrik ölçümlerinin yapılması ve komşu yapılarla anatomik ilişkilerinin analiz edilerek cerrahi planlama için güvenilir referans verisi sağlanması amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bilecik Şeyh Edebali ve Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültelerinden temin edilen on dokuz kuru insan kafatası değerlendirilmiştir. Morfometrik ölçümler, standardize edilmiş alt görünüm fotoğrafları üzerinden ImageJ yazılımı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. FL, açıklık durumuna göre normal, kısmen obliterasyon ve kısmen ossifikasyon olmak üzere üç tipe ayrılmıştır. Ölçümler, FL'nin içsel boyutlarını ve FL'nin posteromedial köşesinden komşu anatomik yapılara olan doğrusal mesafeleri kapsamıştır.
Bulgular: Tamamen kapalı bir FL gözlenmemiştir. Üç kafatasında bilateral kısmi tip FL saptanmıştır. Sağda 6 (%31,6) ve solda 3 (%15,8) kafatasında kısmi tip gözlenirken, sırasıyla 13 (%68,4) ve 16 (%84,2) kafatasında açık tip gözlenmiştir. FL tipleri arasında transvers çap ve yüzey alanı açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar bulundu (her ikisi de p<0,001). Anahtar doğrusal ölçümler arasında, özellikle FL ile foramen ovale'nin anterior (FL-FOA) ve posterior (FL-FOP) kenarları arasında ve FL ile foramen spinosum'un anterior (FL-FSA) ve posterior (FL-FSP) kenarları arasında yüksek pozitif korelasyonlar gözlenmiştir.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, FL’un ayrıntılı morfometrik analizini ve komşu foraminalarla ilişkilerini sınıflandırmaya dayalı bir değerlendirme ile birleştirerek özgün bir katkı sunmaktadır. Elde edilen anatomik veriler, kafa tabanında daha güvenli ve daha hassas cerrahi girişimlerin gerçekleştirilmesine katkı sağlayabilecek değerli bilgiler sunmaktadır.

References

  • Singh R, Kumar R. Variations in the morphology of foramen lacerum. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(6):1848-50.
  • Bazroon AA, Singh P. Anatomy, head and neck: foramen lacerum. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
  • Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW. Gray’s atlas of anatomy. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone; 2015. p.863-940.
  • Fernandez-Miranda JC. Intracranial region. In: Standring S, ed. Gray’s Anatomy: The anatomical basis of clinical practice. 41st ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Limited; 2016. p.429-42.
  • Tuncel Çini N, Babacan S, Ari I. Morphometric features of external opening of the carotid canal and relationship with some neighboring formations on the skull base. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(4):1146-8.
  • Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy: The anatomical basis of clinical practice. 40th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2008. p.415.
  • Lang J. Skull Base and related structures: Atlas of clinical anatomy. 2nd ed. Stuttgart: Schattauer GmbH; 2001.
  • Khonsary SA, Ma Q, Villablanca P, Emerson J, Malkasian D. Clinical functional anatomy of the pterygopalatine ganglion, cephalgia and related dysautonomias: a review. Surg Neurol Int. 2013;4(Suppl 6):S422-8.
  • Chen J, Xiao J. Morphological study of the pterygoid canal with high-resolution CT. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(6):9484-90.
  • Tuğtağ Demir B. Morphological analysis of foramen ovale and foramen lacerum in terms of percutaneous and endoscopic endonasal approaches. Chron Precis Med Res. 2023;4(1):39-44.
  • Alvernia JE, Sindou MP, Dang ND, Maley JH, Mertens P. Percutaneous approach to the foramen ovale: an anatomical study of the extracranial trajectory with the incorrect trajectories to be avoided. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2010;152(6):1043-53.
  • Bhattarai R, Panthi S, Yadav GK, Bhandari S, Acharya R, Sharma A, et al. Morphometric analysis of foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, and foramen rotundum of human skull using computed tomography scan: a cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2023;85(5):1731-6.
  • Ficke J, Varacallo MA. Anatomy, head and neck: foramen magnum. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
  • Ozer AF. Complications in occipitocervical surgery. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2025;133:117-36.
  • Wang WH, Lieber S, Mathias RN, Sun X, Gardner PA, Snyderman CH, et al. The foramen lacerum: surgical anatomy and relevance for endoscopic endonasal approaches. J Neurosurg. 2018;131(5):1571-82.
  • Borghei-Razavi H, Truong HQ, Fernandes Cabral DT, Sun X, Celtikci E, Wang E, et al. Endoscopic endonasal petrosectomy: anatomical investigation, limitations, and surgical relevance. Oper Neurosurg. 2019;16(5):557-70.
  • Muslu M, Karaca Ö, Kökçe A, Acer N. A computed tomography-based morphometric assessment of the foramen lacerum in a Turkish population using the 3D Slicer method. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025;61(5):943.
  • Kırteke A, Gören H, Tuncel Çini N. CT-based morphometric analysis of zygomaticomaxillary suture symmetry: implications for diagnostic imaging. Diagnostics (Basel). 2025;15(18):2330.
  • Corvino S, Sacco M, Somma T, Berardinelli J, Ugga L, Colamaria A, et al. Functional and clinical outcomes after superior eyelid transorbital endoscopic approach for spheno-orbital meningiomas: illustrative case and literature review. Neurosurg Rev. 2023;46(1):17.
  • Corvino S, Armocida D, Offi M, Pennisi G, Burattini B, Mondragon AV, et al. The anterolateral triangle as window on the foramen lacerum from transorbital corridor: anatomical study and technical nuances. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2023;165(9):2407-19.
  • Zhu HY, Zhao JM, Yang M, Xia CL, Li YQ, Sun H, et al. Relative location of foramen ovale, foramen lacerum, and foramen spinosum in Hartel pathway. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25(3):1038-40.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Anatomy
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hilal Gören 0000-0002-3408-0155

Nilgün Tuncel Çini 0000-0003-1412-2634

Serdar Babacan 0000-0002-7410-7738

Semahat Doğru Yuvarlakbaş 0000-0003-4069-1806

Early Pub Date November 19, 2025
Publication Date November 24, 2025
Submission Date July 11, 2025
Acceptance Date November 4, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: Early Access

Cite

APA Gören, H., Tuncel Çini, N., Babacan, S., Doğru Yuvarlakbaş, S. (2025). Morphometric Characterization of the Foramen Lacerum and Its Relationships with Adjacent Skull Base Structures. Duzce Medical Journal(Early Access). https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1740091
AMA Gören H, Tuncel Çini N, Babacan S, Doğru Yuvarlakbaş S. Morphometric Characterization of the Foramen Lacerum and Its Relationships with Adjacent Skull Base Structures. Duzce Med J. November 2025;(Early Access). doi:10.18678/dtfd.1740091
Chicago Gören, Hilal, Nilgün Tuncel Çini, Serdar Babacan, and Semahat Doğru Yuvarlakbaş. “Morphometric Characterization of the Foramen Lacerum and Its Relationships With Adjacent Skull Base Structures”. Duzce Medical Journal, no. Early Access (November 2025). https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1740091.
EndNote Gören H, Tuncel Çini N, Babacan S, Doğru Yuvarlakbaş S (November 1, 2025) Morphometric Characterization of the Foramen Lacerum and Its Relationships with Adjacent Skull Base Structures. Duzce Medical Journal Early Access
IEEE H. Gören, N. Tuncel Çini, S. Babacan, and S. Doğru Yuvarlakbaş, “Morphometric Characterization of the Foramen Lacerum and Its Relationships with Adjacent Skull Base Structures”, Duzce Med J, no. Early Access, November2025, doi: 10.18678/dtfd.1740091.
ISNAD Gören, Hilal et al. “Morphometric Characterization of the Foramen Lacerum and Its Relationships With Adjacent Skull Base Structures”. Duzce Medical Journal Early Access (November2025). https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1740091.
JAMA Gören H, Tuncel Çini N, Babacan S, Doğru Yuvarlakbaş S. Morphometric Characterization of the Foramen Lacerum and Its Relationships with Adjacent Skull Base Structures. Duzce Med J. 2025. doi:10.18678/dtfd.1740091.
MLA Gören, Hilal et al. “Morphometric Characterization of the Foramen Lacerum and Its Relationships With Adjacent Skull Base Structures”. Duzce Medical Journal, no. Early Access, 2025, doi:10.18678/dtfd.1740091.
Vancouver Gören H, Tuncel Çini N, Babacan S, Doğru Yuvarlakbaş S. Morphometric Characterization of the Foramen Lacerum and Its Relationships with Adjacent Skull Base Structures. Duzce Med J. 2025(Early Access).