Gerçeklik Terapisi Odaklı Kariyer Danışmanlığı Psikoeğitim Programının Ortaöğretim Öğrencileri Üzerine Etkisi

Year 2025, Issue: 57, 54 - 66, 02.06.2025

Oğuzhan Çelik , Saliha Pütüm

https://doi.org/10.33418/education.1578323

https://izlik.org/JA33FS62HF

Abstract

Bireyin özellikle meslek edinme sürecindeki deneyimlerinin toplamını ifade eden kariyer, belirli bir mesleğin seçimiyle sınırlı olmayıp, bireyin yaşamı boyunca edindiği beceri ve başarılarla şekillenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kariyer gelişiminde önemli süreçlerden biri olan ortaöğretim öğrencilerine yönelik geliştirilen Gerçeklik Terapisi Temelli Kariyer Danışmanlığı Psikoeğitim Programı'nın (GTKDP) bireylerin kariyer bağlılığı, depresyon, kaygı ve stres düzeyleri üzerindeki etkililiği incelenmiştir. Araştırmada ön-test, son-test, izleme, kontrol gruplu yarı deneysel desen kullanılmıştır. Araştırma grubu 20 11. sınıf öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. 10 kişi deney grubuna, 10 kişi ise kontrol grubuna atanmıştır. Deney grubunda araştırmacı, grup olarak uygulanan GTKDP'nin haftada bir oturum olmak üzere beş oturumunu uygulamıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Kariyer Adanmışlığı Ölçeği (KAÖ) ve Depresyon, Anksiyete ve Stres Ölçeği (DASÖ-21) kullanılmıştır. Deney grubuna uygulanan GTKDP'nin etkisini belirlemek için Mann Whitney U Testi ve Wilcoxon İşaretli Sıralar Testi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, GTKDP'nin ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin kariyer bağlılıklarını artırmada ve depresyon, kaygı ve stres düzeylerini azaltmada etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular ilgili literatür çerçevesinde tartışılmış ve öneriler sunulmuştur.

Keywords

Gerçeklik Terapisi , Kariyer Adanmışlığı , Depresyon , Stres , Anksiyete

The Effect of Reality Therapy-Based Career Counselling Psychoeducation Programme on Secondary School Students

https://izlik.org/JA33FS62HF

Abstract

Career, which refers to the sum of an individual's experiences, particularly in the process of acquiring a profession, is not limited to the choice of a particular occupation, but is shaped by the skills and achievements acquired by an individual throughout his or her life. In this study, the effectiveness of the Reality Therapy-Based Career Counseling Psychoeducation Program (RTCCP) developed for high school students, which is one of the important processes in career development, on individuals' career engagement, depression, anxiety and stress levels was examined. In the study, a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, follow-up, control group was used. The research group consisted of 20 11th grade students. 10 individuals were assigned to the experimental group and 10 to the control group. In the experimental group, the researcher administered five sessions, one session per week, of the RTCCP, which was applied as a group. Career Career Engagement Scale (CAS) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) were used as data collection tools. Mann Whitney U Test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test were used to determine the effect of the RTCCP applied to the experimental group. As a result of the study, it was determined that RTCCP was effective in increasing secondary school students' career engagement and decreasing their depression, anxiety and stress levels. The findings were discussed within the framework of the related literature and recommendations were presented.

Keywords

Reality Therapy , Career Engagement , Depression , Anxiety , Stress

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval was obtained from Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University Educational Sciences Ethics Committee (Date: 26.04.2024, Number: E-88012460-050.04-353423)

References

• Ahmadi, T. A. (2013). Problem-solving model for managing stress and anxiety. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 6(12), 2257-2263.
• Ahmed, S., & Ahmed, A. (2017). Career onion: Peeling off the layers for occupational preferences and career aspirations. Behavioral & Experimental Economics eJournal,8(17),567-579. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2982945
• Ahmed, Z., & Julius, S. H. (2015). Academic performance, resilience, depression, anxiety and stress among women college students. Indian journal of positive psychology, 6(4), 367-391.
• Akkoç, F. F. (2009). The Investigation of the Factors that Influence the Career Thoughts of the High School Students. (Publication No. 239323) [Doctoral Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University-Izmir]. Council of Higher Education National Thesis Centre.
• Albert, D., & Steinberg, L. (2011). Judgment and decision making in adolescence. Journal of research on Adolescence, 21(1), 211-224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15327795.2010.00724.x
• Anderson, T., Bidwell, M., & Briscoe, F. (2019). External factors shaping careers. In The Routledge companion to career studies. (2nd ed., pp. 180-200). Routledge.
• Araújo, A., Silva, A. D., Faria, L., & Taveira, M. C. (2007). Assessment of career exploration in childhood, adolescence and adulthood. In Xth European Congress of Psychology, (pp. 178-189).
• Aşık, G., & Akgül, H. (2022). Examination of the correlation between university students' career stress, family influence on career decision, and perceptions of self-efficacy in career decision making. Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Faculty of Education, 19(1), 192-212. https://doi.org/10.33711/yyuefd.1083796
• Atasever, A. N., & Yeşilyaprak, B. (2022). Hope-Centered Career Development Psychoeducation Effectiveness of the Program. Journal of Management and Labour, 6(1), 28-41.
• Baitar, R., Buysse, A., Brondeel, R., De Mol, J., & Rober, P. (2012). Post-divorce wellbeing in Flanders: Facilitative professionals and quality of arrangements matter. Journal of Family Studies, 18(1), 62-75.
• Batool, S. S., & Ghayas, S. (2020). Process of career identity formation among adolescents: Components and factors. Heliyon, 6(9), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04905
• Bayrakçeken, S., Oktay, Ö., Samancı, O., & Canpolat, N. (2021). Increasing students’ academic motivations within the framework of motivation theories: A review study. Journal of Atatürk University Institute of Social Sciences, 25(2), 677-698.
• Bea, M. D., & Yi, Y. (2019). Leaving the financial nest: Connecting young adults' financial independence to financial security. Journal of Marriage and Family, 81(2), 397-414. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12553
• Bedford, T., Abu Rasheed, H.M., Schneider, J., & Househ, M.S. (2022). Art therapy and beyond: Emerging practice innovations and implications for practice and research in the Arabian gulf. QScience Connect, 2(7). 16-38.
• Bishop, S. J., & Gagne, C. (2018). Anxiety, depression, and decision making: a computational perspective. Annual review of neuroscience, 41(1), 371-388. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-062007
• Bland, A. M., & Roberts-Pittman, B. J. (2014). Existential and chaos theory: “Calling” for adaptability and responsibility in career decision making. Journal of Career Development, 41(5),382-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453134983
• Bloom, B. L., Hodges, W. F., & Caldwell, R. A. (1982). A preventive program for the newly separated: Initial evaluation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 10(3), 251-264. doi:10.1007/BF00896493
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2009). Experimental Designs. Pretest-posttest control group design and data analysis. (11th ed.). Pegem.
• Chambless , D. L. , & Hollon , S. D. ( 1998 ). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 7 – 18.
• Cho, M. H. (2023). The effects of self-awareness on mental health among adolescents: focusing on life satisfaction, depression, and anxiety. Science of Emotion and Sensibility,26(3),129-148. https://doi.org/10.14695/KJSOS.2023.26.3.129
• Coolican, H. (2014). Research methods and statistics in psychology (6th ed.). Psychology Press.
• Corey, G. (2012). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (11th ed.). Cengage Learning Press.
• Creed, P., & Hood, M. (2009). Career development, planning, and management from the organisational perspective. In Vocational psychological and organisational perspectives on career. (pp.39-62). Brill.
• Çelenk, O. (2022). New career models. Adnan Menderes University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, 9(1), 118-127. https://doi.org/10.30803/adusobed.1096400
• Douglas, E. J., & Shepherd, D. A. (2002). Self-employment as a career choice: Attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions, and utility maximization. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 26(3), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225870202600305
• Dowrick, P. W., Getzel, E. E. & Briel, L. W. (2004). Case studies that illustrate achieving career success in postsecondary education through self-determination and problem-solving skills. Review of Disability Studies: An International Journal, 2(2). 87-99.
• Dönmezoğulları, C. (2020). Effect of psychoeducational program based on career construction theory on university students’ career decision and strengths self efficacy levels. (Publication No. 608768) [Doctoral Thesis, Ankara University- Ankara]. Council of Higher Education National Thesis Centre.
• Eriksson, H., Högdin, S., & Isaksson, A. (2018). Education and career choices: How the school can support young people to develop knowledge and decision-making skills. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(9), 1900-1908. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.060907
• Eryilmaz, A., & Kara, A. (2020). Investigation of the effectiveness of a career adaptability program for prospective counsellors. Current Psychology, 39(4), 1260-1268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9827-5
• Farrugia, D. (2021). Youth, work and ‘career’as a way of talking about the self. Work, Employment and Society, 35(5), 856-871. https://doi.org/10.1177/095001702094757
• Gao, Y., & Eccles, J.S. (2020). Who lower their aspirations? The development and protective factors of college-associated career aspirations in adolescence. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 116, 103-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103367
• Germeijs, V., & Verschueren, K. (2009). Adolescents' career decision‐making process: Related to quality of attachment to parents?. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19(3), 459-483. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00603.x
• Ginzberg, E. (1972). Toward a theory of occupational choice: A restatement. Vocational Guidance Quarterly, 20(3), 2-9.
• Glasser, W. (2014). Reality therapy. In The evolution of psychotherapy: The second conference. (pp. 270-278). Routledge.
• Hartung, P. J. (2013). The life-span, life-space theory of careers. Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work. 83-113.
• Hashemi, N., Rahimi Pordanjani, T., & Barabadi, H. A. (2019). The effectiveness of group reality therapy based on Glaser's choice theory on career self-efficacy. Industrial and Organizational Psychology Studies, 5(2), 103-120. https://doi.org/10.22055/jiops.2019.28411.1114
• Hegenauer, J. S. (2018). Stress, depression, and anxiety in undergraduate engineering and architecture students. In American Society for Engineering Education Northeast Section Conference, University of Hartford, Hartford, CT. 27-38.
• Hirschi, A., Freund, P. A. & Herrmann, A. (2014). The Career Engagement Scale: Development and validation of a measure of proactive career behaviors. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(4), 575-594. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713514813
• Hong, Y., & Park, S. (2018). Development of re-employment preparation program for career counseling using movies. Asia-Pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology, 8, 431-439.
• Jamalabadi, M., Maktabi, G. H., Yakhchali, A. H., & Omidian, M. (2022). The effect of reality therapy training on responsibility, self-efficacy, worry, and school-related mental well-being in students. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(9), 5387-5397.
• Jiang, Z. (2017). Social support and career psychological states: An integrative model of person–environment fit. Journal of career assessment, 25(2), 219-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072715621019
• Jonassen, D. H. (2012). Designing for decision making. Educational Technology Research and Development, 60, 341-359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-011-9230-5
• Kalafat, T. (2014). The study of a model testing about factors effect on perception of career future. (Publication No. 370327) [Doctoral Thesis, Ankara University]. Council of Higher Education National Thesis Centre.
• Kamoche, K., Pang, M., & Wong, A. L. (2011). Career development and knowledge appropriation: A genealogical critique. Organization Studies, 32(12), 1665-1679. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840611421249
• Kantamneni, N., McCain, M. R., Shada, N., Hellwege, M. A., & Tate, J. (2018). Contextual factors in the career development of prospective first-generation college students: An application of social cognitive career theory. Journal of Career Assessment, 26(1), 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1177/10690727166800
• Karaoğlu, N. & Şeker, M., (2010). Anxiety and depression in medical students related to desire for and expectations from a medical career. West Indian Medical Journal, 59(2), 196-202.
• Konuk, M. (2020). Effect of psychoeducational program based on hope centered model of career development on university students’ hope and career future levels. (Publication No. 657337) [Doctoral Thesis, Ankara University]. Council of Higher Education National Thesis Centre.
• Korkmaz, O., Kırdök, O., Alkal, A., & Akça, M. (2020). Career Engagement Scale: Validity and reliability study of the measurement of proactive career behavior. International Social Sciences Studies Journal, 6(72), 38-50. https://doi.org/10.26449/sssj.2570
• Kracke, B. (2002). The role of personality, parents and peers in adolescents career exploration. Journal of adolescence, 25(1), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2001.0446
• Lauderdale, S. A., Martin, K. J., & Moore, J. (2019). Aversive indecisiveness predicts risks for and symptoms of anxiety and depression over avoidant indecisiveness. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 37, 62-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-018-0302-x
• Lojk, L., & Lojk, B. B. (2020). Reality Therapy: Theory & Practice. Alpha Book Publisher.
• Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
• Mahmud, M. I., Bakar, A. Y. A., Amat, S., Mansor, A. N., & Amran, M. S. (2022). The Effect of Career Intervention on Career Self-Efficacy Among Secondary School Students. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 13(7), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.14456/ITJEMAST.2022.128
• Mason, D. C. P., & Duba, D. J. D. (2009). Using reality therapy in schools: Its potential impact on the effectiveness of the ASCA national model. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 29(2), 5-19. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/csa_fac_pub
• Meijers, F., & Lengelle, R. (2012). Narratives at work: The development of career identity. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 40(2), 157-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2012.665159
• Messersmith EE, Garrett JL, Davis-Kean PE, Malanchuk O, Eccles JS. (2008). Career development from adolescence through emerging adulthood insights from information technology occupations. Adolesc Res. 23(2), 206-227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558407310723.
• Michelson, D., Hodgson, E., Bernstein, A., Chorpita, B. F., & Patel, V. (2022). Problem solving as an active ingredient in indicated prevention and treatment of youth depression and anxiety: An integrative review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 71(4), 390-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.05.005
• Munadi, M., Annur, F., Inderasari, E., Alwiyah, N., Umar, A., & Khuriyah, K. (2021). Student soft skill development through extracurricular activities at higher education in Indonesia. Psychology and Education, 58(5), 4572-4580. https://doi.org/10.24205/03276716.2020.2041
• Nauta, M. M. (2013). Holland’s theory of vocational choice and adjustment. Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work.
• Nazlı, S. (2016). Comprehensive Developmental Guidance Programmes. (6th edition). Anı
• Özek, H., Ferraris, A. (2018). The Role of Self-Awareness and Self-Efficacy on Career Decision-Making: An Innovative Perspective. In D. Vrontis, Y. Weber, A. Thrassou, S. Shams & E. Tsoukatos (Eds.), Innovation and Capacity Building. (pp. 207-229). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
• Pambudi, A. T., Mulawarman, M., & Japar, M. (2019). Psychoeducational group with modelling technique to improve career adaptability through career decision self-efficacy. Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling, 8(1), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.15294/jubk.v8i1.26617
• Patton, W., & Porfeli, E. J. (2007). Career exploration for children and adolescents. In Career development in childhood and adolescence. (pp. 47-69). Brill.
• Pellerone, M., Passanisi, A., & Bellomo, M. F. P. (2015). Identity development, intelligence structure, and interests: a cross-sectional study in a group of Italian adolescents during the decision-making process. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 8, 239–249. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S88631
• Punch, R. J. (2005). Career development and adolescents who are hard of hearing: Career maturity, career decision-making and career barriers among high school students in regular classes. Griffith University.
• Razavi, F. A. S., & Sedrpoushan, N. (2023). Comparing the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and reality therapy in aggression, psychological flexibility, and career decision-making self efficacy among adolescents. Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psycho Physiology, 10(3), 96-102. https://doi.org/10.32592/ajnpp.2023.10.3.102
• Savickas, M. L. (2002). Career construction. Career choice and development, 149(205), 14-38.
• Savickas, M. L. (2008). Helping people choose jobs: A history of the guidance profession. In International handbook of career guidance. Dordrecht.
• Seker, G., & Çapri, B. (2022). The effect of the Career Psychoeducation Program on the career decision self-efficacy and educational outcome expectations of eleventh-grade students. International Journal of Progressive Education, 18(2), 87-103.
• Solberg, V. S., Howard, K. A., Blustein, D. L., & Close, W. (2002). Career development in the schools: Connecting school-to-work-to-life. The Counseling Psychologist, 30(5), 705-725. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000002305
• Türnüklü, A. (2000). A qualitative research technique that can be used effectively in educational research: Interview. Educational Management in Theory and Practice, 24(24), 543-559.
• Walker, J. V., & Peterson, G. W. (2012). Career thoughts, indecision, and depression: Implications for mental health assessment in career counseling. Journal of Career Assessment, 20(4), 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907271245001
• Watts, S. W., Chatterjee, D., Rojewski, J. W., Shoshkes Reiss, C., Baas, T., Gould, K. L., ... & Ford, J. K. (2019). Faculty perceptions and knowledge of career development of trainees in biomedical science: What do we (think we) know? PloS one, 14(1), 189-210. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210189
• Wubbolding, R. E. (2015). The voice of William Glasser: Accessing the continuing evolution of reality therapy. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 37(3), 189-205. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.37.3.01
• Yıldırım A., & Simsek, H. (2008). Qualitative Research Methods in Social Sciences. Seckin Publishing.
• Yıldırım, A., Boysan, M., & Kefeli, M. C. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 46(5), 582-595. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2018.1442558