Biosensor-Based Early Warning Systems: Principles, Technological Advances, and Cross-Disciplinary Applications

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 125 - 134, 29.12.2025

Abdullah Özkan , Nilay Sağlam Culha , Vildan Özkan , Pınar Bozbeyoğlu

https://doi.org/10.46239/ejbcs.1824609

Abstract

Biosensors combine biological recognition mechanisms with physicochemical transducers to detect specific molecules rapidly and selectively. A typical biosensor consists of a bioreceptor, a transducer, and a signal processor that converts biological interactions into measurable electrical, optical, or thermal responses. Continuous progress in nanomaterials, microengineering, and signal analysis has expanded the use of biosensors in health, environmental, and industrial systems. In the past decade, biosensors have moved beyond conventional diagnostics to become central components of early warning infrastructures. They are now capable of identifying chemical and biological threats, tracking environmental pollutants, and monitoring physiological parameters in real time. In medicine, they support glucose regulation, cancer biomarker detection, infectious disease screening, and cardiac rhythm assessment. Environmental biosensors, in turn, are applied to detect heavy metals, pesticides, and microbial contamination in water or soil. Defense and biosecurity sectors employ similar systems for the rapid identification of hazardous agents, improving response capacity during biological or chemical incidents. The integration of biosensors with wireless networks, miniaturized electronics, and data-driven decision systems has reshaped how early warnings are generated and acted upon. Such integration enables continuous observation, rapid interpretation, and timely alerts across complex environments. By linking biology, materials science, and information technology, biosensor-based early warning systems are redefining how risks are detected and mitigated—offering a responsive framework for protecting human health and environmental stability.

Keywords

Biosensors , Early warning systems , Biomedical diagnostics , Environmental monitoring

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Biyosensör Tabanlı Erken Uyarı Sistemleri: Temel İlkeler, Teknolojik Gelişmeler ve Disiplinlerarası Uygulamalar

Abstract

Biyosensörler, biyolojik tanıma öğeleri ile fiziksel veya kimyasal dönüştürücülerin entegrasyonu sayesinde biyolojik ve kimyasal maddelerin seçici, hızlı ve güvenilir biçimde tespit edilmesini sağlayan analitik sistemlerdir. Temel olarak biyoreseptör, dönüştürücü ve sinyal işleyici bileşenlerinden oluşan bu sistemler, biyokimyasal etkileşimleri ölçülebilir elektriksel, optik veya termal sinyallere dönüştürerek, hedef analitlerin tayininde yüksek doğruluk sunar. Günümüzde biyosensör teknolojileri; tıp, gıda, çevre, savunma ve ilaç endüstrisi gibi farklı disiplinlerde erken teşhis, izleme ve kontrol süreçlerinin temel araçları hâline gelmiştir. Bu derleme, biyosensörlerin temel prensiplerini, bileşenlerini, sınıflandırılmasını ve çeşitli uygulama alanlarını bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ele alarak, özellikle erken uyarı sistemlerindeki rolünü irdelemektedir. Tıp alanında glikoz oksidaz biyosensörleri, kanser biyobelirteçlerinin tespiti ve patojen tanılaması gibi örneklerle biyosensörlerin klinik değerine dikkat çekilmektedir. Gıda sektöründe kalite kontrol ve toksin analizi; çevre alanında ağır metal, pestisit ve mikroorganizma izleme; savunma alanında ise biyoterör ajanlarının tespiti biyosensör tabanlı erken uyarı sistemlerinin başlıca uygulama örneklerini oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca, afet durumlarında su ve gıda kaynaklı patojenlerin belirlenmesiyle halk sağlığının korunmasında biyosensörlerin önemi vurgulanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, biyosensör tabanlı erken uyarı sistemleri; hızlı yanıt, taşınabilirlik, duyarlılık ve çoklu parametre izleme yetenekleriyle gelecekte sağlık, çevre ve güvenlik alanlarında karar destek sistemlerinin merkezinde yer alma potansiyeline sahiptir.

Keywords

Biyosensör , Erken uyarı sistemleri , Tıbbi tanı , Çevresel izleme , Biyogüvenlik

Ethical Statement

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Supporting Institution

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