Forestry Activities and Surface Water Quality in a Rainfall Watershed

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 70 - 82, 28.12.2018

Necla Koralay Ömer Kara

https://doi.org/10.33904/ejfe.438621

Cited By: 8

Öz

The
characteristics of water and water quality of the mainstream in a watershed can
be directly affected by the ecological characteristics of the terrestrial
ecosystem and indirectly affected by the species composition and structural
change of the forests that interact. The most important causes of the
structural changes are both silvicultural treatments and harvesting activities
which can be considered as the main forestry activities. While water quality in
a watershed is indirectly affected by forestry activities, especially
harvesting activities, aquatic habitat can be also significantly affected. Due
to the multifaceted interactions between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems,
this issue has not yet been clearly elucidated. Long-term studies on this
subject at global scale have become widespread in recent years, which may guide
the environmental and natural scientists to understand how the quality and
characteristics of the prosperous water resources change with environmental
influences. When the forestry activities are evaluated on the watershed basis,
the flow regime of the mainstream changes while both the water temperature and
the algal population increases, especially after the harvesting and thinning
activities in riparian zones. In addition, there is an increase in the amount
of sediment and organic matter transported to the main stream due to the
decrease in forest vegetation in the watershed. That situation decreases water
quality and negatively affects invertebrates, fish and other aquatic organisms.
In this study, the impact of forestry activities on the quality of water resources
and the indirect impact on the aquatic ecosystem was evaluated based on the
relevant studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, Forestry activities, Watershed management

Kaynakça

• Amatya, D.M., Skaggs, R.W., 2008. 21st Century Watershed Technology: Improving Water Quality and Environment, Proceedings of the 29 March - 3 April 2008 Conference.
• Atay, D., Pulatsu S., 2000. Water Pollution and Control, Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Handbook. 292 p.
• Balcı, 1996, Soil Conservation Text Book, Istanbul University Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul. 465 p. Bethea, J.M., 1985. Perspectives on nonpoint source pollution control: silviculture. In: Proceedings from perspectives on nonpoint source pollution. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Regulations and Standards: 13.
• Binkley, D., Brown, T.C., 1993. Forest practices as nonpoint sources of pollution in North America. Water Resources Bulletin, 29(5):729–740.
• Binkley, D., Burnham, D.H., Allen, H.L., 1999. Water quality impacts of forest fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorous. Forest Ecology and Management 121: 191–213.
• Brown, G.W., 1972. Logging and water quality in the Pacific Northwest. In: Proceedings of the watersheds in transition symposium. Urbana, IL: American Water Resources Association, 19-22 June, Urbana, IL, USA. pp. 330-334.
• Brown, G.W., 1985. Controlling nonpoint source pollution from silvicultural operations: what we know and don’t know. In: Proceedings of a national conference: perspectives on nonpoint source pollution. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 19-22 May, Washington, D.C., USA. pp. 332–333.
• Brown, T.C., Binkley, D., 1994. Effect of management on water quality in North American forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM–248. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.D.A., Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 27 p.
• Campbell, R.G. 1989. Water quality mid-year report. Weyerhaeuser Res. and Dev. Rep. New Bern Forestry Research Station. New Bern, NC, USA.
• Chang, M., 2003. Forest Hydrology: An Introduction to Water and Forests. Taylor & Francis, 488 p. Chapman, D.W., McLeod, K.P., 1987. Development of criteria for fine sediment in the Northern Rockies ecoregion. U.S. EPA Water Div. Rep. 910/9–87–162. Seattle: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
• Chislock, M.F., Doster, E., Zitomer, R.A., Wilson, A.E., 2013. Eutrophicati on: Causes, Consequences, and Controls in Aquatic Ecosystems, Nature Education Knowledge, 4(4):10.
• Curtis, J.G., Pelren, D.W., George, D.B., 1990. Effectiveness of best management practices in preventing degradation of streams caused by silvicultural activities in Pickett State Forest, Tennessee. Report to the Tennessee Department of Conservation/Division of Forestry and the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, Nashville, TN. 197p.
• Dissmeyer, G.E., 2000. Drinking water from forests and grasslands: a synthesis of the scientific literature. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS–39. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 242 p.
• EPA, 1979. A review of the EPA Red Book, Quality Criteria For Water, American Fisheries Society Water Quality Section, Maryland. pp. 1-39
• EPA, 1986. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Dissolved Oxygen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, D.C. 46 p.
• Everest, F.H., Beschta, R.L., Scriverner, J.C., 1987. Fine sediment and salmonid production: a paradox. In: Salo, E.O.; Cundy, T.W., eds. Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions. Contrib. 57. Seattle: University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, pp. 98–142.
• Girgin, E., 2010. Environmental Effects of Hydroelectric Power Plants, Measurements in Engineering, Architecture and Planning, 46-47.
• Gökbulak F., Serengil Y., Ozhan S., Ozyuvacı N., Balcı N. 2007. Effect of Timber Harvest on Physical Water Quality Characteristics, Water Resource Management, 22: 635-649.
• Göl, C., 2008. Sustainable Basin Management in Meeting Urban Water Need, TMMOB 2nd Water Policy Congress, pp. 175-185.
• Görcelioğlu, E., 1993. Effects of Forestry Activities on Water Quality, Istanbul University Journal of Forestry, 43(1-2, 1-14).
• Grant, C.G.J., Lee, E.M., 2004. Life History Characteristics of Freshwater Fishes Occurring in Newfoundland and Labrador, with Major Emphasis on Riverine Habitat Requirements, Canada. 258 p.
• Gyawali, S., Techato, K., Yuangyai, C., Musikavong, C., 2013. Assessment of relationship between land uses of riparian zone and water quality of river for sustainable development of river basin, A case study of U-Taoao river basin, Thailand. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 291-297.
• Gülcü, S., Celik, S., Serin, N., 2008. Effects of Forestry Activities in Water Resources Surroundings on Water Production and Quality, TMMOB 2nd Water Policy Congress, pp. 61-69.
• Güler, C., Cobanoğlu Z., 1997. Water Quality, First Edition, Environmental Health Resource Series, No: 43, Ankara. 95 p.
• Hynes, H.B.N., 1977. A Key to the Adults and Nymps of British Stone Flies, Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication No: 17, Ontario, 90 p.
• Jackson, H.M., 2006. The Impact of Hydroelectric Power Operations on The Invertebrate fauna of The River Lyon, Perthshire, Scotland, Doctoral Thesis, Aberdeen University.
• Koralay, N., 2015. Effects of river type hydroelectric power plants on water quality in Solaklı Watershed. MSc Thesis, Institute of Science and Technology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
• Koralay N., Kara O., Kezik U., 2018. Effects of run-of-the-river hydropower plants on the surface water quality in the Solakli stream watershed, Northeastern Turkey, Water and Environment Journal, 32(3): 412-421.
• Koralay N., Kara Ö., Kezik U., 2014. Temporal Change of Amount of Suspended Solid in Solakli Stream, I. National Watershed Management Symposium, Proceedings Book, Cankiri, 48.
• Li, Y., Migliaccio K., 2011. Water Quality Concepts, Sampling And Analyses, Taylor and Francis Group, CRC Press, LLC. 323 p.
• Lieberman, J.S., Hoover, M.D., 1948. The effect of uncontrolled logging on stream turbidity. Water and Sewage Works. 4 p.
• Likens, G.E., Bormann, F.H., Johnson, N.M., Fisher, D.W., Pierce, R.S., 1970. Effects of forest cutting and herbicide treatment on nutrient budgets in the Hubbard Brook watershed-ecosystem. Ecol. Monogr. 40:23-47.
• Lynch, J.A., Corbett, E.S., Mussallem, K., 1985. Best management practices for controlling nonpoint source pollution on forested watersheds. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 40: 164–167.
• Megahan, W.F., 1980. Nonpoint source pollution from forestry activities in the Western United States: results of recent research and research needs. In: U.S. forestry and water quality: what course in the 80s? Proceedings of the water pollution control federation seminar. Richmond, pp. 92–151.
• Mello, K.D., Randhir, T.O., Valente, R.A., Vettorazzi, C.A., 2017. Riparian restoration for protecting water quality in tropical agricultural watersheds. Ecological Engineering, 1-11.
• Merten, EC, Hemstad, NA, Eggert SL, Johnson, LB, Kolka, RK, Newman, R.M., Vondracek, B., 2010. Relations between fish abundances, summer temperatures, and forest harvest in a northern Minnesota stream system from 1997 to 2007, Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 19: 63-73.
• Molina, A.J., Campo A.D.D., 2012. The effects of experimental thinning on throughfall and stemflow: A contribution towards hydrology-oriented silviculture in Aleppo pine plantations, Forest Ecology and Management, 269:206–213.
• NRC, 2002. Riparian Areas, Functions and Strategies for Management. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. https://doi.org/10.17226/10327.
• Olson, D.H, Leirness, J.B., Cunningham P.G., Steel, E.A., 2014. Riparian buffers and forest thinning: Effects on headwater vertebrates 10 years after thinning, Forest Ecology and Management, 321: 81-93.
• Owens, P.N., Walling, D.E., 2001. The phosphorus content of fluvial sediment in rural and industrialized river basins, Water Research, 36: 685-701.
• Ozhan, S., 2004. Watershed Management, İstanbul University, Faculty of Forestry, Issue number: 481, Istanbul. 384 p.
• Patric, J. H., 1976. Soil erosion in the eastern forest. J. For. 74:671-677. Patric, J.H., 1978. Harvesting effects on soils and water in the eastern hardwood forest. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 2(3): 66–73.
• Reed, R.J., 1966. Some effects of DDT on the ecology of salmon streams in southeastern Alaska. Spec. Sci. Rep. Fisheries 542. Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 15 p.
• Reid, L.M., 1993. Research and cumulative watershed effects. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW–GTR–141. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station., pp.118
• Reynolds, J.B., Simmons, R.C., Burkholder, A.R., 1989. Effects of placer mining discharge on health and food of Arctic grayling, Water Resource Bulletion 25: 625–635.
• Rice, R.M., Wallis, J.R., 1962. How a logging operation can affect streamflow. Forest Industries 89(11): 38–40.
• Scoles, S., Anderson, S., Turton, D., Miller, E., 1996. Forestry and water quality: a review of watershed research in the Ouachita Mountains. Circ. E–932, water quality series. Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 29 p.
• Sen, S., 2007. Determination of Water Quality of the Büyük Melen Watershed, Master Thesis, Sakarya University, Institute of Science, Sakarya. 263 p.
• Sengul, F., Müezzinoğlu, A., 2005. Environmental Chemistry. Dokuz Eylül University Engineering Faculty Publications, Izmir. 243 p.
• Tessier, A., 1992. Sorption of trace elements on natural particles in oxic environments, in Environmental Particles, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 425–453.
• Tugrul, S., Uysal, Z., Erdoğan, E., Yücel, N., 2011. Variation of Eutrophication Indicator Parameters (TP, DIN, Chl-a and TRIX) in Kilikya Watershed (Northeast Mediterranean) Waters, Ecology 80: 33-41.
• URL1: http://www.biologydiscussion.com/essay/food-chain-in-ecosystem-explained-with-diagrams/1669. Last accessed: 30.03.2018.
• Waters, T.F., 1995. Sediment in streams: sources, biological effects, and control. American Fisheries Society Monogr. 7. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society, pp. 251.
• Wear, David N., Greis, J.G., 2002. Southern forest resource assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-53. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, pp. 635.
• Weatherley, N.S., Ormerod, S.J., 1990. Forests and the temperature of upland streams in Wales: a modeling exploration of the biological effects. Freshwater Biology 24: 109–122.
• Withrow-Robinson, B., Bennett, M., Ahrens, G., 2011. A guide to Riparian Tree and Shrub Planting in the Willamette Valley: Steps to Success. pp. 1-27.