Spatial Evaluation and Modelling of Fire Stations Layout to Access Forest Fires by Roads (Case Study: Krasnoyarsk Region, Russia)

Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 112 - 122, 13.12.2024

Ekaterina Podolskaia , Dmitry Ershov Konstantin Kovganko

https://doi.org/10.33904/ejfe.1517778

Abstract

Regional forest fire protection services on the ground usually have a fire station infrastructure with firefighting vehicles capable of moving by public and forest roads. The location of fire stations is a subject of evaluation on the regional scale and a matter of constant research interest. Infrastructure and transport accessibility, as well as the spatial location of fire stations worldwide and in Russia, were discussed. Location-Allocation ArcGIS tool and the access routes database for Krasnoyarsk region (archived data of 2002-2022 forest fires detected by MODIS containing 60637 records) were the base of methodology to evaluate fire station layout. The settlement dataset from Open Street Map (OSM) was used to analyze new locations as candidates for a fire station. Standard Deviational Ellipse ArcGIS tool was applied to define an optimal area for the current fire station from which routes to the nearest fires are built. OSM settlements inside of 1-sd area of the ellipse were used to generate the candidate list of settlements to find new locations instead of the current fire station. Results have been evaluated for 3 groups of access routes: 3 hours and less, more than 3 hours, and access routes of any duration according to the Russian forestry rules. The proposed fire station layout has improved forest fire accessibility with OSM candidates for 39 stations; 20 of 59 remain spatially unchanged. Total regional forest fire accessibility changed from the current to the proposed layout in absolute values from 47331 to 48905 fires. Analysis of 39 relocated stations showed that the new fire station layout is more optimal than the current one because it provides access to an additional 20 % of forest fires with a decrease in average weighted time to reach them by 30 %. The described methodology could make an emergency response during a fire-hazardous period more effective.

Keywords

forest fires, infrustructure, road network, fire stations layout, spatial modelling, Krasnoyarsk region

Thanks

state funding contract 2024-2026 "Biodiversity and ecosystem functions of forests", registration number № 124013000750-1.

References

• Akay, A.E., Karas, I.R., Kahraman, I. 2018. Determining the locations of potential firefighting teams by using GIS techniques. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2018 International Conference on Geomatics and Geospatial Technology (GGT 2018), 3–5 September 2018, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. XLII-4/W9:83–88. https://doi.org/ 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W9-83-2018.
• Akay, A.E., Wing, M.G., Zengin, M., Kose, O. 2017. Determination of fire-access zones along road networks in fire sensitive forests. J. For. Res. 28(3):557–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-016-0283-5.
• Akay, A. E., Podolskaia, E. S., Aricak, B. 2022. Spatial modeling of transport and resources accessibility for protecting forest ecosystems against forest fires. In: Suratman, M.N. (eds) Concepts and Applications of Remote Sensing in Forestry. Springer, Singapore. 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4200-6_5.
• Andreev, Yu. A. 1999. Population and forest fires in the Lower Angara region. Krasnoyarsk. 95 p.
• Andreev, Yu. A. 2003. Influence of anthropogenic and natural factors on the occurrence of fires in forests and settlements: dissertation... Doctor of Technical Sciences: 05.26.03. Moscow, 333 p.
• Armenteras, D., Barreto, J.S., Tabor, K., Molowny-Horas, R., Retana, J. 2017. Changing patterns of fire occurrence in proximity to forest edges, roads and rivers between NW Amazonian countries. Biogeosciences, 14:2755–2765. https://doi.org/ 10.5194/bg-14-2755-2017.
• Baranovskiy, N.V. 2004. Impact of anthropogenic load and thunderstorm activity on the probability of forest fires. Siberian Environmental Journal, 6:835–842.
• Beresnev, A.E., Morachevskaya, K.A., Shendrik, A.V. 2017. Assessment of transport network availability for the Krasnoyarsk Region. Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Geography. Geology, 3(69):3(1):12–22.
• Bispo, R., Vieira, F.G., Yokochi, C., Marques F.J., Espadinha-Cruz, P., Penha A., Grilo, A. 2023. Using spatial point process models, clustering and space partitioning to reconfigure fire stations layout. Int J Data Sci Anal:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-023-00455-z.
• Bondur, V.G., Mokhov, I.I., Voronova, O.S., Sitnov, S. A., 2020. Satellite monitoring of Siberian wildfires and their effects: features of 2019 anomalies and trends of 20-year changes. Dokl. Earth Sci. 492:370–375.
• Bredikhin, A.V., Eremenko E.A., Kharchenko, S.V., Belyaev, Yu. R., Romanenko, F.A., Bolysov, S.I., Fuzeina, Yu. N. 2020. Regionalization of the Russian Arctic according to the types of antropogenic development and associated relief transformation by applying the cluster analysis. Moscow University Bulletin. Series 5 Geography, 1:42–56.
• Buchkov, V.A., Sukhinin, A.I. 2004. Definition of intensive fire prevention area near the settlements in Krasnoyarsk Krai. Civil safety technologies, 4(8):88–91.
• Bugday, E. 2019. Evaluation of forest fire watch-towers location. International Congress on Engineering and Life Science, ICELIS:518–522.
• Ciesielski, M., Balazy, R., Borkowski, B., Szczesny, W., Zasada, M., Kaczmarowski, J., Kwiatkowski, M., Szczygiel, R., Milanovic, S. 2022. Contribution of anthropogenic, vegetation, and topographic features to forest fire occurrence in Poland. iForest, 15:307–314. doi: 10.3832/ifor4052-015.
• de Domingo, M., Ortigosa, N., Sevilla, J., Roger, S. 2021. Cluster-based relocation of stations for efficient forest fire Management in the Province of Valencia (Spain). Sensors, 21:797. https://doi.org/10.3390/ s21030797. Forest Code of the Russian Federation of 04.12.2006 N 200-Federal Law (edited 08.08.2024) (in force with additions since 01.09.2024). accessed on 21/10/2024 at https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_ LAW_64299/.
• Ignateva, A.V., Baranovskiy, N.V. 2022. Dynamics of forest fires in the Republic of Buryatia. Forest Science Issues, 5(2):1–20. DOI 10.31509/2658-607x-202252-107.
• Ivanova, G.A., Ivanov, V.A., Ponomarev, E.I. 2022. Monitoring of forest fires in the territory Siberian federal district. Procedings of Interexpo GEO-Siberia 4. May 202:157–162. https://doi. org/10.33764/2618-981X-2022-4-157-162.
• Istomin, K.V. 2020. Roads versus rivers: Two systems of spatial structuring in Northern Russia and their effects on local inhabitants. Sibirica, 19(2):1–26. https://doi.org/10.3167/sib.2020.190202.
• Gerasimov, Yu., Senko, S., Karjalainen, T. 2013. Prospects of forest road infrastructure development in northwest Russia with proven Nordic solutions. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 28(8):758-774. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581. 2013.838299.
• Goryaeva, E., Mokhirev, A., Medvedev, S. 2020. Characteristics of the transport infrastructure of the Krasnoyarsk territory and its impact on the efficiency of the logging process. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 574:1–9. https://doi.org/ 10.1088/1755-1315/574/1/012031.
• Grajewski, S. M., Czerniak, A., Szostakowski, P. 2019. Features and performance of forest fire access roads and fire department connections as assessed by employees of the Polish State Fire Service. SFT, 53(1):68–87. https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.53.1. 2019.4.
• Gubanova, E.S., Klesch, V.S. 2019. Zoning as a tool for regulating the socio-economic development of the region. Problems of territory development, 5(103):109–123. https://doi.org/10.15838/ptd. 2019.5.103.7.
• Kaboosi, K., Majidi, O. 2018. Zoning of forest fire risk based on environment, human and land factors (case study: Golestan Province, Iran). Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 15(2):99–106. https://doi.org/10.3233/AJW-180022.
• Ketova, K.V., Kasatkina, E.V., Vavilova, D.D. 2021. Clustering Russian Federation regions according to the level of socio-economic development with the use of machine learning methods. Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast, 14(6):70–85. https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2021.6.78.4.
• Kotelnikov, R.V., Loupian, E.A., Balashov, I.V. 2023. Preliminary analysis of forest fires in the Russian Federation in the 2023 fire season based on remote monitoring data. Modern problems of remote sensing from the Earth from space, 20(5):327-334. https://doi.org/10.21046/2070-7401-2023-20-5-327-334.
• Lavrinenko, P.A., Romashina, A.A., Stepanov, P.S., Chistyakov, P.A. 2019. Transport accessibility as an indicator of regional development. Forecasting problems, 6:136–146.
• Louka, V., Arabatzis, G., Kantartzis, A. 2022. The infrastructure contribution to the regional development and the environmental protection: Typologies of regional units based on forest operations engineering. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1123. IOP Publishing:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1123/1/012010.
• Loupian, E.A., Bartalev, S.A., Balashov, I.V., Egorov, V. A., Ershov, D.V., Kobets, D.A., Senko, K.S., Stytsenko, F. ., Sychugov, I.G. 2017. Satellite monitoring of forest fires in the 21st century in the territory of the Russian Federation (facts and figures based on active fires detection). Modern problems of remote sensing of the Earth from space 14(6):158–175. https://doi.org/ 10.21046/2070-7401-2017-14-6-158-175.
• Маrtynyuk, А.А., Sidorenkov, V.M., Doroshchenkova, E.V., Sidorenkova, Е.М., Zakharov, Yu. G. 2016. Zoning of the Russian Federation territory based on forest management and forest use intensity. Siberian Journal of Forest Science, 1:3–12. https:// doi.org/10.15372/SJFS20160101.
• Methodological recommendations on the use of forces and means to extinguish forest fires (approved by the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia on 07/16/2014 No. 2-4-87-9-18). http://legalacts.ru/doc/ metodicheskie-rekomendatsii-po-primeneniiu-sil-i-sredstv-dlja-tushenija/ (accessed on 22/08/2024).
• Milanovic, S., Trailovic, Z., Milanovic, S.D., Hochbichler, E., Kirisits, T., Immitzer, M., Cermak, P., Pokorny, R., Jankovsky, L., Jaafari, A. 2023. Country-level modeling of forest fires in Austria and the Czech Republic: Insights from Open-Source Data. Sustainability, 15(5269). https://doi.org/10. 3390/su15065269.
• Momot, A.V. 2014. Effect of road density on the occurence and effects of forest fires. Forestry Journal, 3:169–174.
• Moskalchenko, S.A., Ponomarev, E.I., Ivanov, A.V. 2014. Forest fireability of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in modern conditions. Coniferous boreal zones, 32(1-2):33 – 39.
• Neverov, А.V., Shalimo, P.V., Lukashuk, N.A. 2015. Infrastructure role of forestry in the context of national and regional development. Proceedings of BTSU. Economics and governance, 7:81–85.
• Order of Rosleskhoz dated December 19, 1997 N 167 “On approval of the regulations on fire-chemical stations”.https://aviales.ru/files/documents/2015/lps.npa/ lps_36.pdf (accessed on 22/08/2024).
• Pandey, B., Brelsford, C., Seto, K.C. 2022. Infrastructure inequality is a characteristic of urbanization. Sustainability science. PNAS, 119(15):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2119890119.
• Parshukov, D.V., Shaporova, Z.E. 2022. Forecasting the rural population dynamics and its impact on the rural territories socio-economic development (by the materials of the Krasnoyarsk region). Socio-economic and humanitarian journal of Krasnoyarsk SAU, 4: 54–63. https://doi.org/10.36718/2500-1825-2022-4-54-63.
• Podolskaia, E.S. 2021a. Review of experience in solving the transport modeling task in the forestry. Forest Science Issues, 4(4):1–32. https://doi.org/10.31509/ 2658-607x-2021-44-92.
• Podolskaia, E.S. 2021b. Analysis of infrastructural forest data with GIS-tools. Abstr. Int. Cartogr. Assoc. 3(243). https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-3-243-2021.
• Podolskaia, E.S. 2022. Fire stations: modern standards and infrastructural features in the Russian forestry. Complex problems of technosphere security. Proceedings of VII International Scientific and Practical Conference. Voronezh State technical University, Voronezh, 1: 491–499.
• Podolskaia, E.S., 2024. Fire stations in the forestry around the world: data, infrastructure and features to manage forest fires. Proceedings, 9th International Conference on Cartography and GIS, 16-21 June 2024, Nessebar, Bulgaria, Nessebar, 646–654.
• Podolskaia, E.S., Akay, A.E. 2023. Analysis of Open data on seasonal roads in a forestry transport GIS-project (Case study: Siberian federal district, Russia). Proceedings of COFE-FETEC 2023 – Forest Operations: A Tool for Forest Management Flagstaff, Arizona, USA - May 23 – 25:12–21.
• Podolskaia, E.S., Kovganko, K.K., Ershov, D.V., Shulyak, P.P., Suchkov, A.I. 2019. Using of transport network model to estimate travelling time and distance for ground access a forest fire. Forest Science Issues, 2(1):1–24. https://doi.org/ 10.31509/2658-607x-2019-2-2-1-22.
• Podolskaia, E., Ershov, D., Kovganko, K. 2020a. Automated construction of ground access routes for the management of regional forest fires. J. For. Sci. 66:329–338. https://doi.org/10.17221/59/2020-JFS.
• Podolskaia, E., Kovganko, K., Ershov, D. 2020b. Regional geoinformation modeling of ground access to the forest fires in Russia. In: Popovich V., Thill J. C., Schrenk M., Claramunt C. (eds) Information Fusion and Intelligent Geographic Information Systems. Advances in Geographic Information Science. Springer:155–165. Cham. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-030-31608-2_11.
• Podolskaia, E., Ershov, D., Kovganko, K. 2020c. GIS-Approach to estimate ground transport accessibility of forest resources (case study: Novosibirsk region, Siberian federal district, Russia). Journal of Geographic Information System, 12:451–469. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2020.125027. Podolskaia, E., Ershov, D., Kovganko, K. 2023a. Infrastructural territory zoning to find connections with the forest fires (an example of Krasnoyarsk region, Russia). Forests of Russia: politics, industry, science, and education. Proceedings of VII All-Russian Scientific and Technical conference, 24-26 of May, 2023. St. Petersburg State Forestry University: 330–333.
• Podolskaia, E., Ershov, D., Kovganko, K. 2023b. A method to define a cell size of regular network for infrastructural territory zoning with purpose of forest fire protection. Forest Science Issues, 6(2):1–13. https://doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x- 202362-127.
• Prokhorchuk, M.V. 2007. Genetic typology types of urban-type settlement in Krasnoyarsk region. Bulletin of the KSPU, 2: 21–28.
• Provin, K.N., Rumorev, M.V., Savchenkova, V. A. 2021. Assessment of factors affecting the establishment of a forest fire control zone in the territories of the Russian Federation. Forestry, 2(63):106–113.
• Radchenko, D.M., Ponomarev, Y.Y. 2019. About the measurement of transport infrastructure development. Spatial Economics, 15(2):37–74. https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2019.2.037-074.
• Ranabhat, S., Pokhrell, A., Neupanel, A., Singh, B., Gahatraj, S. 2022. Forest fire risk assessment and proposal for fire stations in different geographical regions of Central Nepal. Journal of Forest and Livelihood, 21(1):46 – 59.
• Rastorguev, I. A., Schepetina, T. D., Balanin, A. L. 2021. Use of geo-information system to assess the regions infrastructure availability from the development standpoint. Information and mathematical technologies in science and management, 3(23):40–48. https://doi.org/10.38028/ESI.2021.23.3.004.
• Reddy, S.S.P., Mandala, K., Vadapalli, S., Anusha, T., Reddy, M.M.S., Mohan, S.M. 2016. Analysis of road networks by using geographical information system. International Journal of Innovative technology and Research, 4(3):3053–3056.
• Rodikova, L.N., Zeer, V.A. 2022. Historical aspects of the transport development in the Krasnoyarsk Region. XX century. Socio-economic and humanitarian journal, 2:145–162. https://doi.org/ 10.36718/2500-1825-2022-2-145-162.
• Rubkina, I.D., Stoyascheva, N.V. 2010. Assessment of anthropogenic load on the catchment area of the Upper and Middle Ob. World of science, culture, education, 6(25):295–299.
• Rushiti, M., Xhemaili, N., Ibishi, J. 2022. Spatial distribution of the population in the territory of Mount Zheden in terms of traffic infrastructure. Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics of UT 7(13-14):180–189. ISSN 2671-3039.
• Sackov, I., Barka, I. A. 2023. Geoprocessing tool for the calculation of primary wood transportation distance. Forests 14(907). https://doi.org/10.3390/ f14050907.
• Sakellariou, S., Sfougaris, A., Christopolou, O. 2020. Location planning of fire service fleet based on forest fire susceptibility. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development 16:643–648. https://doi.org/10.37394/232015.2020.16.66.
• Savvinova, A.N., Filippova, V.V., Gnatyuk, G.А. 2021. Analysis of relationship between population density areas and industrial and transport development in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya). Proceedings of the All-Russian Conference with international participation, dedicated to the memory of academician A. G. Granberg "Spatial analysis of socio-economic systems: history and modernity." Institute of Economics and Organization of Industrial Production of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Publisher: Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences: 504–512.
• Sokolov, V.А., Vtyurina, O.P., Sokolova, N.V. 2016. On the development of strategy for the forestry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the period up to 2030. Siberian Journal of Forest Science, 4:39–48.
• Sokolov, V.А., Vtyurina, О.P., Sokolova, N.V. 2021. Forest resources of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: prospects and limitations of use. Siberian Journal of Forest Science, 4:24–33.
• Sokolovic, D., Bajric, M., Akay, A.E., 2022. Using GIS-based network analysis to evaluate the accessible forest areas considering forest fires: the case of Sarajevo. European Journal of Forest Engineering, 8(2):93–99.
• Soukhov, A., Paez, A., Higgins, C.D., Mohamed, M., 2023. Introducing spatial availability, a singly-constrained measure of competitive accessibility. PLoS ONE 18(1):e0278468. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.027846.
• Switala, M. 2023. Road infrastructure management - the perspective of the local roads authority. Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport, 120:269–283. https://doi.org/10.20858/ sjsutst.2023.120.17.
• Tarko, A.M., Kurbatova, A.I., Grigorets, E.A. 2021. System analysis of forest fires in the Russian Federation. Geographical Environment and Living Systems, 1:17–41. https://doi.org/10.18384/2712-7621-2021-1-17-41.
• Tokunova, G. 2018. Assessment of the transport infrastructure influence on urban agglomerations development. Thirteenth International Conference on Organization and Traffic Safety Management in Large Cities (SPbOTSIC 2018). Transportation Research Procedia, 36:754–758.
• Tyukavina, A, Potapov, P, Hansen, M.C., Pickens, A.H., Stehman, S.V., Turubanova, S., Parker, D., Zalles, V., Lima, A., Kommareddy, I., Song, X-P., Wang, L., Harris, N. 2022. Global trends of forest loss due to fire from 2001 to 2019. Front. Remote Sens. 3:825190. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsen.2022.825190.
• Tjurin, N.A., Gromskaya, L.Ya., Antonova, T.S., Zubova, O.V., Siletskiy, V.V. 2019. Optimization location of forest fire stations. Bulletin of St.-Petersburg Forestry Academy 227:224–235 https:// doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2019.227.224-235.
• Virag, D., Wiedenhofer, D., Baumgart, A., Matej, S., Krausmann, F., Min, J., Rao, N. D., Haberl, H. 2022. How much infrastructure is required to support decent mobility for all? An exploratory assessment. Ecological Economic, 200:107511, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107511.
• Vladimirova, O.N., Zlobin, A.M. 2013. State of the road network in the Krasnoyarsk region. Innovative economy: prospects for development and improvement, 2:72–74. Wu, Z., Li, M., Wang, B., Tian, Y., Quan, Y., Liu, J. 2022. Analysis of factors related to forest fires in different forest ecosystems in China. Forests 13:1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13071021 Zander, E.V., Koryakova, E.A. 2011. Development of transport infrastructure as a prerequisite for the socio-economic development of the region. Bulletin of the Siberian State Aerospace University named after academician M. F. Reshetnev, pp: 173–181.