The Impact of Global Warming on The Food Crisis in Africa

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 13 - 22, 30.06.2024

Maliha Afreen

Abstract

Global warming is the main factor which causes changes in climate and it occurs by release of industrial gases in the atmosphere and increasing the earth temperature. Climate change concerns and its effects on food safety are highly predictable in many regions of the world, involving Africa. Africa's food issue is greatly made worse by global warming, which has an impact on socioeconomic stability, animal health, and agricultural output. The growth of crops is disrupted and the yields of basic crops like maize, wheat, and rice are decreased by rising temperatures and changed precipitation patterns. Infrastructure and agricultural productivity are further threatened by an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts. Warmer temperatures can increase the range and activity of agricultural pests and diseases, which causes extensive crop loss. Additionally, water scarcity and heat stress affect livestock, which lowers output. These climate-related issues drive up food costs, increase food insecurity, and may lead to migration and resource-related conflict. Climate-resilient crops, better water management, sustainable agricultural practices, and investments and policies that support them are all necessary to mitigate these effects. To improve resilience and guarantee food security in Africa in the face of the persistent danger of global warming, a comprehensive strategy is required.

Keywords

Global warming, Climate change, Agricultural productivity

References

• Afreen M., Ucak I. & Bagdatli M.C. 2022. The Analysis of Climate Variability on Aquaculture Production in Karachi of Pakistan, International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research (IJETMR), 9(8), 16-23. doi: 10.29121/ijetmr.v9.i8.2022.1210,
• Arnell N.W., Van Vuuren D.P. & Isaac M. 2011. The implications of climate policy for the impacts of climate change on global water resources. Global Environmental Change, 21, 592–603.
• Asseng S. et al. 2015. Rising temperatures reduce global wheat production. Nature Climate Change, 5, 143–147.
• Bağdatlı M. C., Uçak I. & Elsheikh W. 2023. Impact of Global Warming on Aquaculture in Norway. International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research, 10(3), 13–25. doi: 10.29121/ijetmr.v10.i3.2023.1307
• Bagdatli M.C. & Arikan E.N. 2020. Evaluation of maximum and total open surface evaporation by using trend analysis method in Nigde province of Turkey. International Journal of Geography and Regional Planning (IJGRP), 6(1), 138-145. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3890231
• Bagdatli M.C. & Arslan O. 2019. Evaluation of the number of rainy days observed for long years due to global climate change in Nevşehir/Turkey. Recent Research in Science and Technology Journal, 11, 9-11.
• Bagdatli M.C. & Arslan O. 2020. Trend Analysis of Precipitation Data Observed for Many Years (1970-2019) in Niğde Center and Ulukisla District of Turkey, International Journal of Recent Development in Engineering and Technology (IJRDET), 9(7), 1-8.
• Bağdatlı M.C. & Ballı Y. 2019. Evaluation with Trend Analysis of The Open Surface Evaporation in Observed for Many Years: The Case Study in Nevsehir Province of Turkey. Recent Research in Science and Technology Journal, 11, 15-23.
• Bagdatli M.C. & Belliturk K. 2016. Negative effects of climate change in turkey. Advance in Plants & Agriculture Research, 3(2), 44‒46. doi: 10.15406/apar.2016.03.00091.
• Bagdatli M.C. & Can E. 2019. Analysis of Precipitation Data by Mann Kendall and Sperman's Rho Rank Correlation Statistical Approaches in Nevsehir Province of Turkey. Recent Research in Science and Technology Journal, (11), 24-31.
• Bagdatli M.C. & Can E. 2020. Temperature Changes of Niğde Province in Turkey: Trend analysis of 50 years data. International Journal of Ecology and Development Research, 6(2), 62-69.
• Bağdatli M.C., İstanbulluoğlu, A., Altürk B. & Arslan C. 2014. Evaluation of the change trend in long-year temperature data in terms of agricultural drought: The case of Çorlu. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, 2(1), 100-107.
• Bağdatlı, M. C. & Arıkan, E. N. 2020. Evaluation of monthly maximum, minimum and average temperature changes observed for many years in Nevsehir province of Turkey. World Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 7(2), 209-220.
• Bağdatlı, M. C. & Ballı, Y. 2020a. The analysis of soil temperatures in different depths using spearman’s rho and mann-kendall correlation tests: the case study of Nigde center in Turkey. International Journal of Engineering technologies and Management research, 7(5).
• Bağdatlı, M. C. & Ballı, Y. 2020b. Soil Temperature changes (1970-2019) in ulukışla district in turkey by trend analysis methods. International Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop science, 7(2), 851-864.
• Bagdatli, M. C., Arslan, O., Balli, Y. & Uguz, A. N. 2022. GIS modelling and evaluation of climate variability in kizilirmak watershed of turkey. International Journal of Engineering technologies and Management research, 9(5), 48-54.
• Bağdatli, M. C., Bellitürk, K. & Jabbari, A. 2015. Possible effects on soil and water resources observed in Nevşehir Province in long annual temperature and rainfall changing. Eurasian Journal of Forest Science, 3(2), 19-27.
• Baldos U. L. C. & Hertel T. W. 2014. Global food security in 2050: the role of agricultural productivity and climate change. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 58, 554–570.
• Barrios E., Valencia V., Jonsson M., Brauman A., Hairiah K., Mortimer P. E. & Okubo S. 2018. Contribution of Trees to the Conservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Agricultural Landscapes. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management, 14, 1–16. doi:10.1080/21513732.2017.1399167.
• Barrios S., Ouattara B. & Strobl E. 2008. The impact of climatic change on agricultural production: Is it different for Africa? Food Policy, 33(4), 287–298. doi: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.003
• Bayrau A., Assefa B. & Hagos A. 2015. Productivity and Welfare Impact of Climate Change in Sugarcane and Cotton Producing Regions of Ethiopia. EDRI Research Report 23. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Development Research Institute.
• Bommarco R., Vico G. & Hallin S. 2018. Exploiting Ecosystem Services in Agriculture for Increased Food Security. Global Food Security, 17, 57–63. doi:10.1016/j. gfs.2018.04.001.
• Brown B., Nuberg, I. & Llewellyn, R. 2018. Constraints to the Utilisation of Conservation Agriculture in Africa as Perceived by Agricultural Extension Service Providers. Land Use Policy 73: 331–340. doi:10.1016/j. landusepol.2018.02.009.
• Bwalya M. 2013. Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) to reduce food security emergencies in Africa, NEPAD Planning and Coordinatng Agency, Johannesburg. Challinor A., Wheeler, T., Garforth, C., Craufurd, P. & Kassam A. 2007. Assessing the vulnerability of food crop systems in Africa to climate change. Climate Change, 83, 381–399.
• Dube T., Moyo P., Ncube M. & Nyathi D. 2016. The impact of climate change on agro-ecological based livelihoods in Africa: A review, Journal of Sustainable Development, 9(1), 256-267.
• Elsheikh W., Ilknur U., Bağdatlı M.C. & Mofid A. 2022a. Effect of Climate Change on Agricultural Production: A Case Study Khartoum State, Sudan, Open Access Journal of Agrcultural Research, 7(3), 000299.
• Elsheikh W., Uçak I. & Bağdatlı M. C. 2022b. The Assessment of Global Warming on Fish Production in Red Sea Region of Sudan. Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(2), 110-119.
• Evangelista P., Nicholas P., Young N. & Burnett J. 2013. How Will Climate Change Spatially Affect Agriculture Production in Ethiopia? Case Studies of Important Cereal Crops, Journal Climatic Change 119, 855–873. doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0776-6.
• FAO. 2007. Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Perspective, Framework and Priorities; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): Rome, Italy, FAO. 2014. Ethiopian Country Program Framework. Addis Ababa: FAO.
• Funk C., Senay G., Asfaw A., Verdin J., Rowland J., Michaelson J., Eilerts G., Korecha D. & Choularton R. 2005. Recent Drought Tendencies in Ethiopia and Equatorial-Subtropical Eastern Africa. Washington DC: FEWS-NET.
• Gebreegziabher Z., Jesper S., Mekonnen A. & Alemu A. 2011. Climate Change and the Ethiopian Economy: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis. http://www.rff.org/files/sharepoint/WorkImages/Download/EfDDP-11-09.pdf]
• Georg L. A. G., Requier A. F. & Fijen T. 2018. Complementarity and Synergisms among Ecosystem Services Supporting Crop Yield. Global Food Security, 17, 38–47. doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2018.03.006.
• Hasegawa T. et al. 2014. Climate change impact and adaptation assessment on food consumption utilizing a new scenario framework. Environmental Science and Technology, 48, 438–445 .
• Hein L., Metzger M. J. & Leemans R. 2009. The local impacts of climate change in the Ferlo, Western Sahel. Climatic Change, 93(3-4), 465–483. doi: 10.1007/s10584-008-9500-3
• Hoffmann U. 2013. Agriculture: A Key Driver and a Major Victim of Global Warming. Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
• Hope C. 2006. The marginal impact of CO2 from PAGE2002: an integrated assessment model incorporating the IPCC's five reasons for concern. Integrated Assessment Journal, 6(1).
• Ignaciuk A. & D. Mason-D’Croz. 2014. Modelling Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture. OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, 70, 58.7.
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007. Intergovernmental panel on climate change fourth assessment report, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
• İstanbulluoğlu A., Bağdatlı M.C. & Arslan C. 2013. To evaluated with trend analysis of long- annual rainfall: Tekirdag-Corlu district application. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 10 (2), 70-77.
• Jalloh A., Nelson G. C., Thomas T. S., Zougmoré R. & Roy-Macauley H. 2013. West African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis. IFPRI Research Monograph. doi:10.2499/9780896292048
• Liliana H. 2005. The food gaps: The impacts of climate change on food producton: A 2020 perspectve, Universal Ecological Fund, Alexandria, VA, USA.
• Lobell D.B., Burke, M.B., Tebaldi, C., Mastrandrea M.D., Falcon W.P. & Naylor R.L. 2008. Prioritizing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030. Science, 319, 607–610.
• Lotze-Campen, H. et al. 2014. Impacts of increased bioenergy demand on global food markets: an AgMIP economic model inter comparison. Agricultural Economics Research, 45, 103–116.
• MacDonald, M. & J. Simon. 2011. Climate, Food Security, and Growth Ethiopia’s Complex Relationship with Livestock. Policy Brief 3. New York, NY: Brighter Green Publisher.
• Mohamed, A. Ben. 2011. Climate change risks in Sahelian Africa. Regional Environmental Change, 11(SUPPL. 1), 109–117. doi: 10.1007/s10113-010-0172-y
• Mubaya, C. P., Njuki, J., Mutsvangwa, E. P., Mugabe, F. T. & Nanja, D. 2012. Climate variability and change or multiple stressors? Farmer perceptions regarding threats to livelihoods in Zimbabwe and Zambia. Journal of Environmental Management, 102, 9–17. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.02.005
• Nelson, G. C. et al. 2014. Climate change efects on agriculture: Economic responses to biophysical shocks. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA, 111, 3274–3279.
• Nhemachena C., Matchaya G., Nhlengethwa S. and Nhemachena C.R. 2016. Economic Aspects of Genetic Resources in Addressing Agricultural Productivity in the Context of Climate Change. In Climate Change and Multi-Dimensional Sustainability in African Agriculture; Springer International Publishing: New York, NY, USA, pp. 171–183.
• OECD. 2014. Climate Change, Water and Agriculture: Towards Resilient Agricultural and Water Systems. doi: 10.1787/9789264209138-e.
• Olmstead, S.M. 2014. Climate change adaptation and water resource management: A review of the literature. Energy Economics, 46, 500–509.
• Pantuliano S. & Wekesa M. 2008. Improving Drought Response in Pastoral Regions of Ethiopia-somali and Afar Regions and Borena Zone in Oromiya Region. Ethopia: Addis Ababa.
• Rosenzweig C., Elliott J., Deryng D., Ruane A.C., Müller C., Arneth A., Boote K.J., Folberth C. Glotter M. & Khabarov N. 2014. Assessing agricultural risks of climate change in the 21st century in a global gridded crop model intercomparison. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA, 111, 3268–3273.
• Shackleton S. E. & Shackleton C. M. 2012. Linking poverty, HIV/AIDS and climate change to human and ecosystem vulnerability in southern Africa: consequences for livelihoods and sustainable ecosystem management. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 19(3), 275–286. doi: 10.1080/13504509.2011.641039
• Sissoko K., van Keulen H., Verhagen J., Tekken V. & Battaglini A. 2011. Agriculture, livelihoods and climate change in the West African Sahel. Regional Environmental Change, 11(SUPPL. 1), 119–125. doi: 10.1007/s10113-010-0164-y
• Thornton P. K., Van de Steeg J., Notenbaert A. & Herrero M. 2009. The Impacts of Climate Change on Livestock and Livestock Systems in Developing Countries: A Review of What We Know and What We Need to Know.” Agricultural Systems 101, 113–127. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2009.05.002.
• Tirado R. & Cotter J. 2010. Ecological Farming: Drought-Resistant Agriculture. United Kingdom: Greenpeace Research Laboratories, University of Exeter.
• Vogel C. 2005. Usable Science: An assessment of long-term seasonal forecasts among farmers in rural areas of South Africa, South African Geographical Journal 82(2), 107–116. Doi: 10.1080/03736245.2000.9713700
• Von Lampe M. et al. 2014. Why do global long-term scenarios for agriculture difer? An overview of the AgMIP Global Economic Model Inter comparison. Agricultural Economics Review, 45, 3-20. Wheeler T. & Von Braun J. 2013. Climate change impacts on global food security. Science, 341, 508-513.
• Winfree R. & Kremen C. 2009. Are Ecosystem Services Stabilized by Differences among Species? A Test Using Crop Pollination.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 229–237. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0709.
• World Bank, 2016. Arable land (hectares per person), World Bank, viewed 28 November 2017, from htp://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.HA.PC.