Clinical Research
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Investigation of Oral Pyogenic Granuloma: A 10-Year Retrospective Study

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 96 - 100, 22.12.2025

Abstract

Objective:Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a benign, reactive inflammatory hyperplasia of the oral mucosa that commonly develops secondary to trauma, hormonal alterations, or chronic irritation. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the demographic, clinical, and histopathological characteristics of oral PG cases diagnosed over a 10-year period.
Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, a total of 214 cases diagnosed as PG between 2010 and 2020 in the archives of the Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Dicle University, were examined. For each case, data regarding age, sex, lesion location, and clinical presentation were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0. The Chi-square test was applied for categorical variables, while the Shapiro–Wilk test was used to assess the normality of continuous variables. Depending on the distribution, either the independent samples t-test or the Mann–Whitney U test was used. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results:Of the total PG cases, 69.2% were females and 30.8% were males, with a mean age of 36.4 ± 12.8 years. The most frequent lesion site was the maxillary posterior region (44.4%), followed by the mandibular posterior (37.8%), maxillary anterior (12.6%), and mandibular anterior (5.1%) regions. No statistically significant relationship was found between sex and lesion location (p > 0.05). Clinically, most lesions (74.2%) were pedunculated. Histopathologically, prominent inflammatory cell infiltration, dilated capillary vessels, and surface ulceration were the most common findings.
Conclusion:Oral pyogenic granuloma is a reactive vascular lesion that occurs more frequently in females and is predominantly localized in the maxillary posterior region. Hormonal influences, traumatic factors, and local irritation are thought to act synergistically in its pathogenesis. Accurate histopathological diagnosis and differentiation of PG are crucial for preventing postoperative recurrence following surgical excision.

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry with protocol number 2022-48.

Supporting Institution

Dicle University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Dicle University Oral Pathology Archive.

References

  • 1. Al-Noaman AS. Pyogenic granuloma: Clinicopathological and treatment scenario. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2020;24(3):233–236. doi:10.4103/jisp.jisp_521_19
  • 2. Lomeli Martinez SM, Carrillo Contreras NG, Gómez Sandoval JR, Zepeda Nuño JS, Gomez Mireles JC, Varela Hernández JJ, et al. Oral pyogenic granuloma: A narrative review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(23):16885. doi:10.3390/ijms242316885
  • 3. Ozbayrak S. Ağız Hastalıkları Atlası: Tanı Kriterleri, Ayırıcı Tanı ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları. 1st ed. Istanbul: Quintessence Yayıncılık; 2003. p. 196.
  • 4. Jafarzadeh H, Sanatkhani M, Mohtasham N. Oral pyogenic granuloma: A review. J Oral Sci. 2006;48(4):167–175. doi:10.2334/josnusd.48.167
  • 5. Baesso RC, Azevedo RS, Picciani BL, Pires FR. Gingival and alveolar mucosal reactive hyperplastic lesions: A retrospective clinical and histological study of 996 cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2023;28(4):e347–e354. doi:10.4317/medoral.26195
  • 6. Gomes SR, Shakir QJ, Thakur R, Singh M, Kulkarni S. Pyogenic granuloma of the gingiva: A misnomer? J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2013;17(4):514–519. doi:10.4103/0972-124X.118327
  • 7. Sharma S, Sarawgi A, Bhusari P, Kambale S, Ragavendra R, Chandrasekar P. Heterogeneous conceptualization of etiopathogenesis: Oral pyogenic granuloma. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2019;10(1):3–7. doi:10.4103/njms.NJMS_47_18
  • 8. Adeyemo WL, Ogunlewe MO, Ladeinde AL, Bamgbose BO, Ajayi OF. Pregnancy-associated pyogenic granuloma of the lip: A case report. Niger J Med. 2011;20(1):179–180.
  • 9. Kamal R, Dahiya P, Puri A. Oral pyogenic granuloma: Various concepts of etiopathogenesis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2012;16(1):79–82. doi:10.4103/0973-029X.92978
  • 10. Sangle VA, Pooja VK, Holani A, Shah N, Chaudhary M, Khanapure S. Reactive hyperplastic lesions of the oral cavity: A retrospective survey and literature review. Indian J Dent Res. 2018;29(1):61–66. doi:10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_415_16
  • 11. Vasanthi V, Raghavendra R, Rao M, Ranganathan C. Quantification of inflammatory, angiogenic, and fibrous components of reactive oral lesions with an insight into the pathogenesis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2022;26(4):600–607. doi:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_171_22
  • 12. Ramírez AM, Farías DA, Rojas MR, Vergara MF, Saavedra JA. A retrospective analysis of reactive hyperplastic lesions of the oral cavity: Study of 1149 cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2011, Chile. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2015;28(2):103–107.
  • 13. Zhang W, Chen Y, An Z, Geng N, Bao D. Reactive gingival lesions: A retrospective study of 2,439 cases. Quintessence Int. 2007;38(2):103–110.
  • 14. Salum FG, Yurgel LS, Cherubini K, de Figueiredo MA, Medeiros IC, Nicola FS. Pyogenic granuloma, peripheral giant cell granuloma and peripheral ossifying fibroma: Retrospective analysis of 138 cases. Minerva Stomatol. 2008;57(5):227–232.
  • 15. Gordón-Núñez MA, de Vasconcelos Carvalho M, Benevenuto TG, Lopes MF, da Silva LM, Galvão HC. Oral pyogenic granuloma: Retrospective analysis of 293 cases in a Brazilian population. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68(9):2185–2188. doi:10.1016/j. joms.2009.09.101
  • 16. Buchner A, Shnaiderman-Shapiro A, Vered M. Relative frequency of localized reactive hyperplastic lesions of the gingiva: A retrospective study of 1675 cases from Israel. J Oral Pathol Med. 2010;39(8):631–638. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00889.x
  • 17. Al-Khateeb T, Ababneh K. Oral pyogenic granuloma in Jordanians: A retrospective analysis of 108 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61(11):1285–1288. doi:10.1016/S0278-2391(03)00754-0

Oral Piyojenik Granülomanın İncelenmesi: 10 Yıllık Retrospektif Bir Çalışma

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 96 - 100, 22.12.2025

Abstract

Amaç: Piyojenik granülom (PG), ağız mukozasında sıklıkla travma, hormonal değişiklikler ve kronik irritasyon sonucu gelişen benign karakterli, reaktif inflamatuar hiperplazidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 10 yıllık süre içerisinde tanı konulan oral PG olgularının demografik, klinik ve histopatolojik özelliklerini retrospektif olarak değerlendirmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu retrospektif kesitsel çalışmada, 2010–2020 yılları arasında Dicle Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Patoloji arşivinde PG tanısı almış toplam 214 olgu incelendi. Her olgu için yaş, cinsiyet, lezyonun lokalizasyonu ve klinik görünümü değerlendirildi. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 25.0 yazılımı kullanılarak analiz edildi; kategorik değişkenler için Ki-kare testi, sürekli değişkenler için Shapiro–Wilk testi ve parametrik uygunluk durumuna göre t-testi veya Mann–Whitney U testi uygulandı. Anlamlılık düzeyi p<0.05 olarak kabul edildi.
Bulgular: PG olgularının %69.2’si kadın, %30.8’i erkek bireylerden oluşuyordu. Ortalama yaş 36.4±12.8 yıl olarak bulundu. Lezyonların en sık görüldüğü bölge maksilla posterior (%44.4) idi; bunu mandibula posterior (%37.8), maksilla anterior (%12.6) ve mandibula anterior (%5.1) bölgeleri izledi. Cinsiyet ile lokalizasyon arasında anlamlı ilişki saptanmadı (p>0.05). Klinik olarak lezyonların çoğu (%74.2) pediküllü yapıdaydı. Histopatolojik olarak yoğun inflamatuar hücre infiltrasyonu, dilate kapiller damar yapıları ve yüzeyel ülserasyon en sık gözlenen özelliklerdi.
Sonuç: Oral piyojenik granülom, kadınlarda daha sık görülen ve çoğunlukla maksilla posterior bölgede lokalize olan reaktif bir vasküler lezyondur. Hormonal etkiler, travmatik faktörler ve lokal irritasyon etkenlerinin birlikte rol oynadığı düşünülmektedir. PG olgularının doğru tanısı ve ayırıcı tanısının histopatolojik olarak yapılması, cerrahi eksizyon sonrası nükslerin önlenmesi açısından klinik önem taşımaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Dicle Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Etik Kurulu’ndan 2022-48 protokol numarasıyla etik onay alınmıştır

Supporting Institution

Dicle Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Ağız, Diş ve Çene Cerrahisi Anabilim Dalı; Dicle Üniversitesi Ağız Patolojisi Arşivi.

References

  • 1. Al-Noaman AS. Pyogenic granuloma: Clinicopathological and treatment scenario. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2020;24(3):233–236. doi:10.4103/jisp.jisp_521_19
  • 2. Lomeli Martinez SM, Carrillo Contreras NG, Gómez Sandoval JR, Zepeda Nuño JS, Gomez Mireles JC, Varela Hernández JJ, et al. Oral pyogenic granuloma: A narrative review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(23):16885. doi:10.3390/ijms242316885
  • 3. Ozbayrak S. Ağız Hastalıkları Atlası: Tanı Kriterleri, Ayırıcı Tanı ve Tedavi Yaklaşımları. 1st ed. Istanbul: Quintessence Yayıncılık; 2003. p. 196.
  • 4. Jafarzadeh H, Sanatkhani M, Mohtasham N. Oral pyogenic granuloma: A review. J Oral Sci. 2006;48(4):167–175. doi:10.2334/josnusd.48.167
  • 5. Baesso RC, Azevedo RS, Picciani BL, Pires FR. Gingival and alveolar mucosal reactive hyperplastic lesions: A retrospective clinical and histological study of 996 cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2023;28(4):e347–e354. doi:10.4317/medoral.26195
  • 6. Gomes SR, Shakir QJ, Thakur R, Singh M, Kulkarni S. Pyogenic granuloma of the gingiva: A misnomer? J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2013;17(4):514–519. doi:10.4103/0972-124X.118327
  • 7. Sharma S, Sarawgi A, Bhusari P, Kambale S, Ragavendra R, Chandrasekar P. Heterogeneous conceptualization of etiopathogenesis: Oral pyogenic granuloma. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2019;10(1):3–7. doi:10.4103/njms.NJMS_47_18
  • 8. Adeyemo WL, Ogunlewe MO, Ladeinde AL, Bamgbose BO, Ajayi OF. Pregnancy-associated pyogenic granuloma of the lip: A case report. Niger J Med. 2011;20(1):179–180.
  • 9. Kamal R, Dahiya P, Puri A. Oral pyogenic granuloma: Various concepts of etiopathogenesis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2012;16(1):79–82. doi:10.4103/0973-029X.92978
  • 10. Sangle VA, Pooja VK, Holani A, Shah N, Chaudhary M, Khanapure S. Reactive hyperplastic lesions of the oral cavity: A retrospective survey and literature review. Indian J Dent Res. 2018;29(1):61–66. doi:10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_415_16
  • 11. Vasanthi V, Raghavendra R, Rao M, Ranganathan C. Quantification of inflammatory, angiogenic, and fibrous components of reactive oral lesions with an insight into the pathogenesis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2022;26(4):600–607. doi:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_171_22
  • 12. Ramírez AM, Farías DA, Rojas MR, Vergara MF, Saavedra JA. A retrospective analysis of reactive hyperplastic lesions of the oral cavity: Study of 1149 cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2011, Chile. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2015;28(2):103–107.
  • 13. Zhang W, Chen Y, An Z, Geng N, Bao D. Reactive gingival lesions: A retrospective study of 2,439 cases. Quintessence Int. 2007;38(2):103–110.
  • 14. Salum FG, Yurgel LS, Cherubini K, de Figueiredo MA, Medeiros IC, Nicola FS. Pyogenic granuloma, peripheral giant cell granuloma and peripheral ossifying fibroma: Retrospective analysis of 138 cases. Minerva Stomatol. 2008;57(5):227–232.
  • 15. Gordón-Núñez MA, de Vasconcelos Carvalho M, Benevenuto TG, Lopes MF, da Silva LM, Galvão HC. Oral pyogenic granuloma: Retrospective analysis of 293 cases in a Brazilian population. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68(9):2185–2188. doi:10.1016/j. joms.2009.09.101
  • 16. Buchner A, Shnaiderman-Shapiro A, Vered M. Relative frequency of localized reactive hyperplastic lesions of the gingiva: A retrospective study of 1675 cases from Israel. J Oral Pathol Med. 2010;39(8):631–638. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00889.x
  • 17. Al-Khateeb T, Ababneh K. Oral pyogenic granuloma in Jordanians: A retrospective analysis of 108 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61(11):1285–1288. doi:10.1016/S0278-2391(03)00754-0
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Journal Section Clinical Research
Authors

Ömer Demir 0009-0009-7521-8390

Belgin Gülsün 0000-0002-2456-7381

Serkan Ağaçayak 0000-0002-6168-1802

Mikail Atabay 0009-0003-9862-3571

Ahmet Ferhat Büyükdeniz 0009-0003-0204-4090

Submission Date November 28, 2025
Acceptance Date December 3, 2025
Publication Date December 22, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 4 Issue: 4

Cite

Vancouver Demir Ö, Gülsün B, Ağaçayak S, Atabay M, Büyükdeniz AF. Investigation of Oral Pyogenic Granuloma: A 10-Year Retrospective Study. EJOMS. 2025;4(4):96-100.

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