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PV-Batarya Hibrit Sistemi İçeren Elektrikli Araç Otoparkının Şarj Yönetimi

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 15, 466 - 474, 31.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.527350

Öz

Dünyada enerji tüketiminde taşımacılık sektörünün önemli bir payı vardır ve bu enerjinin büyük çoğunluğu karbon salınımına sebep olan petrol ve türevi yakıtlar kullanılarak elde edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla sera gazı emisyonlarına sebep olmayan ve temiz enerji olarak adlandırılan yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanımına gereksinim vardır. Ayrıca yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanımına olanak veren ve içten yanmalı motorlara bir alternatif sunan elektrikli araçlar çevresel problemlerin bir çözümü olarak düşünülebilir. Elektrikli araç sayısına bakıldığında son yıllarda önemli bir artış yaşınmış durumdadır. Çok sayıda elektrikli aracın şarj olacağı düşünüldüğünde bu durum pik yükün artması, transformatörlerin aşırı yüklenmesi ve sistem kayıplarının artması gibi elektrik şebekesi açısından bir çok probleme sebep olabilir. Bu nedenle güç sistemlerinde şarj talebiyle ilgili endişeleri ortadan kaldırmak için uygun şarj stratejisinin belirlenmesi bu problemlerin giderilmesine yardımcı olabilir. Elektrikli araç sahipleri araçlarını şarj etmek için genellikle elektrikli araç otoparklarını tercih etmektedirler. Elektrikli araç otoparkları, elektrikli araç sahiplerine ekonomik şarj olanağı tanıması açısından avantajlı olarak düşünülebilir. Çünkü elektrikli araç otoparkına entegre edilen PV-batarya hibrit sistemi elektrikli araç sahiplerine şarj maliyetlerini düşürmek için iyi bir fırsat sunmaktadır. Ayrıca elektrikli araç otoparkları elektrik piyasasında da yer alabilirler. Bu çalışmada PV ve batarya hibrit sistem içeren bir otoparkta elektrikli araçların ekonomik açıdan en iyi şekilde şarj edilmesi için bir karışık tamsayılı doğrusal programlama modeli oluşturulmuştur. Yapılan çalışmada elektrikli araç otoparkı dinamik elektrik fiyatları ile enerji satın almaktadır. PV sistem araçlara gölge yapacak konumda düşünülmüştür. Batarya enerji depolama sistemi PV sistemde üretilen fazla gücün ve şebeke elektrik fiyatlarının düşük olduğu periyotlarda şebekeden satın alınan enerjinin depo edilmesi amacıyla modele dahil edilmiştir. Bataryadaki enerji, PV üretiminin olmadığı ya da şebeke elektrik fiyatının pahalı olduğu periyotlarda sisteme enjekte edilmektedir. Önerilen modelin doğruluğunu kanıtlamak için çeşitli durum çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre PV-batarya hibrit sisteminin toplam elektrik maliyetini düşürdüğü görülmüştür. Dikkat çekici bir sonuç da PV üretiminin gerçekleştiği bazı periyotlarda şebekeden hiç güç çekilmemesidir. Genel olarak PV sistemin toplam elektrik maliyetini azaltma konusunda önemli bir katkısının olduğu sonucuna varılabilirken, batarya enerji depolama sisteminin elektrik maliyetinin düşürülmesi konusunda çok etkili olmadığı ifade edilebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Amini, M. H., Boroojeni K. G., Wang, C. J., Nejadpak, A., Iyengar, S. S., Karabasoğlu, O. 2016. Effect of Electric Vehicle Parking Lots’ Charcing Demand As Dispatchable Loads on Power Systems Loss. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT), 19-21 May, 2016, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
  • BMW, i3 Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/bmw-i3.html.
  • Chevy, Volt Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/chevrolet -volt.
  • Chen, T., Pourbabak, H., Liang, Z., Su, W., Yu, P. 2017. Participation of Electric Vehicle Parking Lots into Retail Electricity Market with eVoucher Mechanism. 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), 7-10 Aug, 2017, Harbin, China.
  • Chukwu, U. C., Mahajan, S. M. 2014. V2G Parking Lot With PV Rooftop for Capacity Enhancement of a Distribution System. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 5(1), 119-127.
  • Fiat, 500E Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/fiat-500e.
  • Ford, Focus Electric Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/ ford -focus-electric.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA), Global EV Outlook 2018, Towards cross-modal electrification, Tech. Rep., 2018. https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/1045?fileName=Global_EV_Outlook_2018.pdf.
  • Kia, Soul Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/kia-soul-ev.
  • Jozi, F., Mazlumi, K., Hosseini, H. 2017. Charging and Discharging Coordination of Electric Vehicles in a Parking Lot Considering The Limitation of Power Exchange With the Distribution System. 2017 IEEE 4th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Engineering and Innovation (KBEI), 22 Dec, 2017, Tehran, Iran.
  • Mathur, A. K., S, C.T., Yemula, P. K. 2018. Optimal Chargng Schedule for Electric Vehicles in Parking Lot with Solar Power Generation. 2018 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies – Asia (ISGT Asia), 22-25 May, 2018, Singapore, Singapore.
  • Mercedes, B-Class Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/ mercedes-b-class-e-cell.
  • Mitsubishi, i-MiEV Specifications, http://www.wikizero.org/ind ex.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTWl0c3ViaXNoaV9pLU1pRVY.
  • Mohammadi, E., Fadaeinedjad, R., Rashidinejad, M., Mahdavinia, A. 2017. Optimal Placement and Charge/Discharge Scheduling of Electric Parking Lots Considering Reactive Power Generation Capability. 2017 Smart Grid Conference (SGC), 20-21 Dec, 2017, Tehran, Iran.
  • Neyestani, N., Damavandi, M. Y., Shafie-khah, M., Catalão J. P. S., Contreras, J. 2015. PEV Parking Lot Behavior Equilibria in Energy and Reserve Markets. 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PES GM), 26-30 July, 2015, Denver, CO, USA.
  • Nissan, Leaf Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/nissan-leaf.
  • Nunes, P., Figueiredo, R., Brito, M. C., 2016. The Use of Parking Lots to Solar-Charge Electric Vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66, 679-693.
  • Rahmani-andebili, M. 2016. Optimal Power Factor for Optimally Located and Sized Solar Parking Lots Applying Quantum Anneling. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 10(10), 2538-2547.
  • Sarker, M. R., Pandžić, H., Sun, K., Ortega-Vazquez, M. A. 2018. Optimal Operation of Aggregated Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Coupled with Energy Storage. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 12(5), 1127-1136.
  • Shafie-khah, M., Heydarian-Forushani, E., Osório, G. J., Gil, F. A. S., Aghaei, J. 2016. Optimal Behavior of Electric Vehicle Parking Lots as Demand Response Aggregation Agents. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 7(6), 2654-2665.
  • Tesla, Model S Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/tesla-model-s.
  • Tie, S. F., Tan, C. W. 2012. A Review of Energy Sources and Energy Management System in Electric Vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 20, 82-102.
  • Volkswagen, E-Golf Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/ volkswagen-electric-e-golf-blue-e-motion.
  • Zhang, L., Li, Y. 2017. Optimal Management for Parking-Lot Electric Vehicle Charging by Two-Stage Approximate Dynamic Programming. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 8(4), 1722-1730.
  • Zhang, P., Shao, W., Qu, H., Xu, W., Xu, Z. 2016. Study on Charging Strategy of Electric Vehicle Parking Lot Based on İmproved PSO. 2016 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC), 28-30 May, 2016, Yinchuan, China.
  • Zhang, Y., Cai, L. 2018. Dynamic Charging Scheduling for EV Parking Lots With Photovoltaic Power System. IEEE Access 6, 56995-57005.

Charge Management of Electric Vehicle Parking Lot With PV-Battery Hybrid System

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 15, 466 - 474, 31.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.527350

Öz

The transportation sector has an important share in energy consumption in the world. The majority of this energy is obtained by using petroleum and derivative fuels that cause carbon emissions. Therefore, there is a need for the use of renewable energy sources which are called clean energy and don’t cause greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, electric vehicles which allow the use of renewable energy sources and provide an alternative to internal combustion engines, can be considered as a solution to environmental problems. There has been a significant increase in recent years in terms of the number of electric vehicles. Considering the fact that a large number of electric vehicles will be charged, this can cause many problems in terms of the power system such as peak load, overloading of transformers and increasing systems losses. Therefore, identifying the appropriate charging strategy to eliminate concerns about charging in the power system can help to address these problems. The electric vehicle owners generally prefer electric vehicle parking lots to charge their vehicles. The electric vehicle parking lots can be considered as an advantage in terms of providing economical charging to the electric vehicle owners. Because the PV-battery hybrid system integrated into the parking lot offers a good opportunity for the electric vehicle owners to reduce charging costs. The parking lots can be included in the electricity market. In this study, a mixed integer linear programming model was created for the economical charging of electrc vehicles in a parking lot with PV-battery hybrid system. The parking lot buys energy with dynamic electricity prices in the study. The PV system is designed to shade the vehicles. The battery is included in the model in order to store the energy of the excess energy produced in the PV system and purchased from the power system in periods when the electricity prices are low. The energy in the battery is injected into the system during periods when there is no PV production or electricity price are expensive. Several case studies have been conducted to prove the accuracy of the proposed model. According to the results of the study, it was seen that the PV-battery hybrid system reduced the total electricity cost. A remarkable result is that no power is drawn from the power system at certain periods when PV production takes place. In general, it can be concluded that the PV system has a significant contribution to reducing the total electricity cost, while the battery is not very effective in reducing the electricity cost. 

Kaynakça

  • Amini, M. H., Boroojeni K. G., Wang, C. J., Nejadpak, A., Iyengar, S. S., Karabasoğlu, O. 2016. Effect of Electric Vehicle Parking Lots’ Charcing Demand As Dispatchable Loads on Power Systems Loss. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT), 19-21 May, 2016, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
  • BMW, i3 Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/bmw-i3.html.
  • Chevy, Volt Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/chevrolet -volt.
  • Chen, T., Pourbabak, H., Liang, Z., Su, W., Yu, P. 2017. Participation of Electric Vehicle Parking Lots into Retail Electricity Market with eVoucher Mechanism. 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), 7-10 Aug, 2017, Harbin, China.
  • Chukwu, U. C., Mahajan, S. M. 2014. V2G Parking Lot With PV Rooftop for Capacity Enhancement of a Distribution System. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 5(1), 119-127.
  • Fiat, 500E Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/fiat-500e.
  • Ford, Focus Electric Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/ ford -focus-electric.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA), Global EV Outlook 2018, Towards cross-modal electrification, Tech. Rep., 2018. https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/1045?fileName=Global_EV_Outlook_2018.pdf.
  • Kia, Soul Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/kia-soul-ev.
  • Jozi, F., Mazlumi, K., Hosseini, H. 2017. Charging and Discharging Coordination of Electric Vehicles in a Parking Lot Considering The Limitation of Power Exchange With the Distribution System. 2017 IEEE 4th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Engineering and Innovation (KBEI), 22 Dec, 2017, Tehran, Iran.
  • Mathur, A. K., S, C.T., Yemula, P. K. 2018. Optimal Chargng Schedule for Electric Vehicles in Parking Lot with Solar Power Generation. 2018 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies – Asia (ISGT Asia), 22-25 May, 2018, Singapore, Singapore.
  • Mercedes, B-Class Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/ mercedes-b-class-e-cell.
  • Mitsubishi, i-MiEV Specifications, http://www.wikizero.org/ind ex.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTWl0c3ViaXNoaV9pLU1pRVY.
  • Mohammadi, E., Fadaeinedjad, R., Rashidinejad, M., Mahdavinia, A. 2017. Optimal Placement and Charge/Discharge Scheduling of Electric Parking Lots Considering Reactive Power Generation Capability. 2017 Smart Grid Conference (SGC), 20-21 Dec, 2017, Tehran, Iran.
  • Neyestani, N., Damavandi, M. Y., Shafie-khah, M., Catalão J. P. S., Contreras, J. 2015. PEV Parking Lot Behavior Equilibria in Energy and Reserve Markets. 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PES GM), 26-30 July, 2015, Denver, CO, USA.
  • Nissan, Leaf Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/nissan-leaf.
  • Nunes, P., Figueiredo, R., Brito, M. C., 2016. The Use of Parking Lots to Solar-Charge Electric Vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66, 679-693.
  • Rahmani-andebili, M. 2016. Optimal Power Factor for Optimally Located and Sized Solar Parking Lots Applying Quantum Anneling. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 10(10), 2538-2547.
  • Sarker, M. R., Pandžić, H., Sun, K., Ortega-Vazquez, M. A. 2018. Optimal Operation of Aggregated Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Coupled with Energy Storage. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 12(5), 1127-1136.
  • Shafie-khah, M., Heydarian-Forushani, E., Osório, G. J., Gil, F. A. S., Aghaei, J. 2016. Optimal Behavior of Electric Vehicle Parking Lots as Demand Response Aggregation Agents. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 7(6), 2654-2665.
  • Tesla, Model S Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/tesla-model-s.
  • Tie, S. F., Tan, C. W. 2012. A Review of Energy Sources and Energy Management System in Electric Vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 20, 82-102.
  • Volkswagen, E-Golf Specifications, http://www.plugincars.com/ volkswagen-electric-e-golf-blue-e-motion.
  • Zhang, L., Li, Y. 2017. Optimal Management for Parking-Lot Electric Vehicle Charging by Two-Stage Approximate Dynamic Programming. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 8(4), 1722-1730.
  • Zhang, P., Shao, W., Qu, H., Xu, W., Xu, Z. 2016. Study on Charging Strategy of Electric Vehicle Parking Lot Based on İmproved PSO. 2016 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC), 28-30 May, 2016, Yinchuan, China.
  • Zhang, Y., Cai, L. 2018. Dynamic Charging Scheduling for EV Parking Lots With Photovoltaic Power System. IEEE Access 6, 56995-57005.
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Alper Çiçek 0000-0003-4540-2276

Ozan Erdinç Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-6854-1853

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Sayı: 15

Kaynak Göster

APA Çiçek, A., & Erdinç, O. (2019). PV-Batarya Hibrit Sistemi İçeren Elektrikli Araç Otoparkının Şarj Yönetimi. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(15), 466-474. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.527350