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Evaluation of Inflammatory and Apoptotic Effect of Lentinula edodes Extract on Rat Liver Tissue

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 19, 803 - 808, 31.08.2020

Öz

Lentinula edodes (Shiitake mushroom) have been grown and used as food and medicine in the Far East for thousands of years. Today, shiitake mushroom is the second most consumed mushroom species in the world and is one of the most grown edible mushrooms in the world. It is estimated that more than 100 of 100,000 or more fungal species worldwide are toxic. Mushrooms are a valuable foodstuff in many parts of the world, but some species can cause harmful effects on humans, in some cases potentially fatal. In recent years, the scope of clinical syndromes considered to be associated with fungal poisoning has expanded. Few studies have been found on the toxic effects of Shiitake mushroom species and scientific research is needed. This type of fungus is edible, but some people may experience minor side effects or allergic reactions. Toxicodermia and shiitake dermatitis cases have been reported in the literature. Shiitake mushroom spores have been found to cause allergic reactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic effects of shiitake fungus administered to rats on liver. In this study, the effect of Shiitake mushroom extract applied to rats at different doses (low and high doses) on liver was evaluated by examining expression changes of TNF-α (inflammatory marker), Bax, Bcl-2 (apoptotic marker) and histopathological analysis. When the Bax, Bcl-2, TNF-α expression levels of the groups were examined, a significant decrease was observed in the Bax expression level when the low dose was compared with the control group (p <0.05). There was a significant decrease in Bcl-2 expression level compared to the control group and the high dose group (p <0.05). When the high dose and control group were compared in TNF-α expression level, a significant decrease was observed again (p <0.05). Histopathologically, hydropic degeneration and sinusoidal dilation parameters were evaluated in the groups. Hydropic degeneration and sinusoidal dilation were found at low dose and high dose compared to the control group. Results were statistically significant (p = 0.0 and p = 0.021). After the H&E staining of the groups, a slight increase was observed in the structural changes depending on the dose of Shiitake fungus extract. In conclusion, there is no evidence in the literature that L. edodes extract causes mild side effects such as diarrhea and skin rash, and is acute toxic even at large doses of 50 mg / day for 1 week. As a result, in our study, rat liver tissue did not show any harmful effects on the expression of apoptotic markers or histopathologically at doses applied with shiitake mushroom.

Kaynakça

  • Sarıkürkçü, C., S,D Karslı, M,H, Solak ve M, Harmandar, (2004). Muğla Yöresi Yenilebilir Mantar EkstraktlarınınAntioksidant Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi.Türkiye 8, Gıda Kongresi. 26- 28 Mayıs 2004. Bursa, s, 57.
  • Karmali, A., (2008). SOD Activity, Cytochrome P-450, Cytochrome P-450 Reductase and Secondary Metabolites – Chemical and Biological Properties in Mushroom Nutrition. International Mycotherapy Institute. Page 9-11.
  • Yu, S., Weaver, V., Martin, K., & Cantorna, M. T. (2009). The effects of whole mushrooms during inflammation. BMC immunology, 10(1), 1-13.
  • Hobbs, C, (2000). Medicinal value of Lentinus edodes (Berk,) Sing, (Agaricomycetideae). A literature review, International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 2(4).
  • Nguyen, A, H,, Gonzaga, M, I,, Lim, V, M, Adler, M, J,, Mitkov, M, V, &Cappel, M, A, (2017). Clinical features of shiitake dermatitis: a systematic review. International journal of dermatology. 56(6), 610-616.
  • Rahman, T., & Choudhury, M.,B.,K. (2012). Shiitake mushroom: a tool of medicine. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Biochemistry. 5(1), 24-32.
  • Arıcı, S, (2008). Toksik hepatit. Pamukkale Tıp Dergisi. (2), 113-119.
  • Bioulac-Sage, P, A, U, L, E, T, T, E,, &Balabaud, C, (2009). Toxic and drug-induced disorders of the liver, In Surgical Pathology of the GI Tract, Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas (pp, 1059-1086).
  • Hall, J, E, (2013). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri/Elsevıer, İstanbul/London.
  • Kojima, H., Akaki, J., Nakajima, S., Kamei, K.,&Tamesada, M., (2010). Structural analysis of glycogen-like polysaccharides having macrophage-activating activity in extracts of Lentinula edodes mycelia, Journal of natural medicines, 64(1), 16.
  • Akamatsu, S., Watanabe, A., Tamesada, M., Nakamura, R., Hayashi, S, Kodama, D,&Yagi, K., (2004). Hepatoprotective effect of extracts from Lentinus edodes mycelia on dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 27(12), 1957-1960.
  • Watanabe, A., Kobayashi, M., Hayashi, S,, Kodama, D., Isoda, K., Kondoh, M,&Yagi, K. (2006). Protection against D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by oral administration of extracts from Lentinus edodes mycelia. Biologica land Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29(8), 1651-1654.
  • Sacu, D., & Bildik, A, (2009). Deneysel Olarak Fibrosarkoma Oluşturulan Ratların Serumlarında İnterlökin 6 (IL-6) ve Tümör Nekrosis Faktör-∝(TNF-∝) Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi.
  • Feghali, C, A., & Wright, T, M., (1997). Cytokines in acute and chronic inflammation, Front Biosci. 2(1), d12-d26.
  • Jaeschke, H,, Gores, G, J., Cederbaum, A, I., Hinson, J, A,, Pessayre, D.,&Lemasters, J,J., (2002). Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, Toxicological sciences, 65(2), 166-176.
  • Liu, Q, (2009). Role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Blood purification. 28(4), 331-341.
  • Steuerwald, N. M., Foureau, D. M., Norton, H. J., Zhou, J., Parsons, J. C., Chalasani, N., ... & Stolz, A. (2013). Profiles of serum cytokines in acute drug-induced liver injury and their prognostic significance. PLoS One, 8(12), e81974.
  • Lull, C., Wichers, H, J., & Savelkoul, H, F, (2005). Antiinflammatory and immunomodulating properties of fungal metabolites. Mediators of inflammation. 2005(2), 63-80.
  • Grotto, D., Bueno, D, C, R., de Almeida Ramos, G, K,, da Costa, S, R., Spim, S, R, V., &Gerenutti, M, (2016). Assessment of the safety of the shiitake culinary-medicinal mushroom, lentinus edodes (agaricomycetes), in rats: Biochemical, hematological, and antioxidative parameters. International journal of medicinal mushrooms. 18(10).
  • Yu, S., Weaver, V., Martin, K.,&Cantorna, M,T., (2009). The effects of whole mushrooms during inflammation. BMC immunology. 10(1), 12.
  • Wasser, S. P, (2005). Shiitake (Lentinus edodes). Encyclopedia of dietary supplements. 653-664.
  • Kitzberger, C, S, G., SmâniaJr, A., Pedrosa, R, C.,&Ferreira, S, R, S, (2007). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) extractsobtained by organic solvents and supercritical fluids. Journal of food engineering. 80(2), 631-638.
  • Vasser, S, P., &Weis, A, L., (1997). Medicinal Mushrooms: Lentinus Edodes (Berk,) Sing; Shiitake Mushroom, Peledfus Publishing House.
  • Handayani,D, Meyer, B., Chen, J., Brown, S., Mitchell, T., &Huang, X, F, (2014). A high-dose shiitake mushroom increases hepatic accumulation of triacylglycerol in rats fed a high-fat diet: underlying mechanism. Nutrients. 6(2), 650-662.
  • Chandra, L, C., Smith, B, J., Clarke, S, L., Marlow, D., D’Offay, J.,M,&Kuvibidila, S,.R. (2011). Differential effects of shiitake-and white buton mushroom-supplemented diets on hepatic steatosis in C57BL/6 mice. Food and chemical toxicology. 49(12), 3074-3080.
  • Sasidharan, S., Aravindran, S., Latha, L, Y., Vijenthi, R., Saravanan, D.,&Amutha, S. (2010). Invitro antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effects of Lentinula edodes against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Molecules. 15(6), 4478-4489.
  • Rahman, T., &Choudhury, M,.B.,K. (2012). Shiitake mushroom: a tool of medicine. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Biochemistry. 5(1), 24-32.
  • Smith, J., Rowan, N., &Sullivan, R, (2002). Medicinal mushrooms: their therapeutic properties and current medical usage with special emphasis on cancer treatments (p, 256). London: Cancer Research UK.
  • Öztürk, C., (2001). Sitokinler, Mersin Univ Tıp Fak Derg, 2(4), 523-528.
  • Vilcek, J., (2008). First demonstration of the role of TNF in the pathogenesis of disease. The Journal of Immunology. 181(1), 5-6.
  • Çayakar, A., (2018). Nedir Bu Tümör Nekrozis Faktör Alfa?, Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Internal Medicine. 3(2), 67-76.
  • Bircan, S., Çandır, Ö., Kapucuoğlu, N., &Başpınar, Ş., (2005). Bazal Hücreli Karsinom ve Çevre Nontümoral Epidermiste p53, bcl-2, bax Ekspresyonu.
  • Ramdial, P, K., Madaree, A., Reddy, R., &Chetty, R., (2000). bcl‐2 protein expression in aggressive and non‐aggressive basal cell carcinomas, Journal of cutaneous pathology.27(6), 283-291.
  • Ortiz, A., Justo, P., Sanz, A., Lorz, C.,&Egido, J., (2003). Targeting apoptosis in acute tubular injury. Biochemical pharmacology. 66(8), 1589-1594.
  • Adams, J. M., &Cory, S. (2001). Life-or-death decisions by the Bcl-2 protein family. Trends in biochemical sciences. 26(1), 61-66.

Lentinula edodes Ekstraktının Sıçan Karaciğer Dokusu Üzerine İnflamatuar ve Apoptotik Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 19, 803 - 808, 31.08.2020

Öz

Shiitake mantarı Uzak Doğu ülkelerinde binlerce yıldır gıda ve ilaç olarak yetiştirilip kullanılmaktadır. Günümüzde dünya çapında en fazla tüketilen ikinci mantar türüdür. Dünya genelinde 100,000 veya daha fazla mantar türünün 100'den fazlasının toksik olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Mantarlar, dünyanın pek çok yerinde değerli bir gıda maddesidir, ancak bazı türleri insanlarda zararlı etkilere neden olabilir, bazı durumlarda potansiyel olarak ölümcül olabilir. Son yıllarda mantar zehirlenmesi ile ilişkili kabul edilen klinik sendromların kapsamı genişlemiştir. Shiitake mantar türünün toksik etkisi konusunda çok az araştırmaya rastlanmış olup, konuyla ilgili bilimsel araştırmalara ihtiyaç vardır. Bu mantar türü yenilebilir, ancak bazı kişilerde küçük yan etkiler veya alerjik reaksiyonlar görülebilir. Literatürde shiitakeye bağlı toksikodermi ve shiitake dermatit vakaları bildirilmiştir. Shiitake mantar sporları alerjik reaksiyonlara neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmamızın amacı sıçanlara farklı dozda uygulanan shiitake mantarının karaciğer üzerine toksik etkisi olup olmadığını araştırmaktır. Çalışmada sıçanlara farklı dozlarda (düşük ve yüksek dozda) uygulanan Shiitake mantar ekstraktının karaciğere etkisi; TNF-α (inflamatuar belirteç), Bax, Bcl-2’nin (apoptotik belirteç) ekspresyon değişimleri incelenerek ve histopatolojik analizleri yapılarak değerlendirildi. Gruplara ait Bax, Bcl-2, TNF-α ekspresyon düzeyleri incelendiğinde Bax ekspresyon seviyesinde düşük doz ile kontrol grubu karşılaştırıldığında anlamlı bir düşüş izlendi (p <0,05). Bcl-2 ekspresyon seviyesinde kontrol grubu ve yüksek doz grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında anlamlı bir düşüş izlendi (p <0,05). TNF-α ekspresyon seviyesinde yüksek doz ve kontrol grubu karşılaştırıldığında yine anlamlı bir düşüş izlendi (p <0,05). Histopatolojik olarak gruplarda hidropik dejenerasyon ve sinüzoidal dilatasyon parametreleri değerlendirildi. Hidropik dejenerasyon ve sinüzoidal dilatasyon düşük dozda ve yüksek dozda, kontrol grubuna göre yüksek bulundu. Sonuçlar istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulundu (p = 0,0 ve p = 0,021). Gruplara ait H&E boyama sonrasında Shiitake mantar ekstraktının doza bağlı olarak yapısal değişikliklerde hafif derecede artış saptanmıştır. Literatürde Lentinula edodes ekstraktının ishal ve deri döküntüsü gibi hafif yan etkilere yol açtığı, 1 hafta boyunca 50 mg/gün büyük dozlarda bile akut toksik olduğuna dair hiçbir kanıt bulunmamıştır. Sonuç olarak çalışmamızda shiitake mantarı uygulanan dozlarda sıçan karaciğer dokusuna gerek apoptotik belirteçlerin ekspresyonu bakımından gerekse histopatolojik olarak zararlı etki göstermemiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Sarıkürkçü, C., S,D Karslı, M,H, Solak ve M, Harmandar, (2004). Muğla Yöresi Yenilebilir Mantar EkstraktlarınınAntioksidant Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi.Türkiye 8, Gıda Kongresi. 26- 28 Mayıs 2004. Bursa, s, 57.
  • Karmali, A., (2008). SOD Activity, Cytochrome P-450, Cytochrome P-450 Reductase and Secondary Metabolites – Chemical and Biological Properties in Mushroom Nutrition. International Mycotherapy Institute. Page 9-11.
  • Yu, S., Weaver, V., Martin, K., & Cantorna, M. T. (2009). The effects of whole mushrooms during inflammation. BMC immunology, 10(1), 1-13.
  • Hobbs, C, (2000). Medicinal value of Lentinus edodes (Berk,) Sing, (Agaricomycetideae). A literature review, International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 2(4).
  • Nguyen, A, H,, Gonzaga, M, I,, Lim, V, M, Adler, M, J,, Mitkov, M, V, &Cappel, M, A, (2017). Clinical features of shiitake dermatitis: a systematic review. International journal of dermatology. 56(6), 610-616.
  • Rahman, T., & Choudhury, M.,B.,K. (2012). Shiitake mushroom: a tool of medicine. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Biochemistry. 5(1), 24-32.
  • Arıcı, S, (2008). Toksik hepatit. Pamukkale Tıp Dergisi. (2), 113-119.
  • Bioulac-Sage, P, A, U, L, E, T, T, E,, &Balabaud, C, (2009). Toxic and drug-induced disorders of the liver, In Surgical Pathology of the GI Tract, Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas (pp, 1059-1086).
  • Hall, J, E, (2013). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri/Elsevıer, İstanbul/London.
  • Kojima, H., Akaki, J., Nakajima, S., Kamei, K.,&Tamesada, M., (2010). Structural analysis of glycogen-like polysaccharides having macrophage-activating activity in extracts of Lentinula edodes mycelia, Journal of natural medicines, 64(1), 16.
  • Akamatsu, S., Watanabe, A., Tamesada, M., Nakamura, R., Hayashi, S, Kodama, D,&Yagi, K., (2004). Hepatoprotective effect of extracts from Lentinus edodes mycelia on dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 27(12), 1957-1960.
  • Watanabe, A., Kobayashi, M., Hayashi, S,, Kodama, D., Isoda, K., Kondoh, M,&Yagi, K. (2006). Protection against D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by oral administration of extracts from Lentinus edodes mycelia. Biologica land Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29(8), 1651-1654.
  • Sacu, D., & Bildik, A, (2009). Deneysel Olarak Fibrosarkoma Oluşturulan Ratların Serumlarında İnterlökin 6 (IL-6) ve Tümör Nekrosis Faktör-∝(TNF-∝) Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi.
  • Feghali, C, A., & Wright, T, M., (1997). Cytokines in acute and chronic inflammation, Front Biosci. 2(1), d12-d26.
  • Jaeschke, H,, Gores, G, J., Cederbaum, A, I., Hinson, J, A,, Pessayre, D.,&Lemasters, J,J., (2002). Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, Toxicological sciences, 65(2), 166-176.
  • Liu, Q, (2009). Role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Blood purification. 28(4), 331-341.
  • Steuerwald, N. M., Foureau, D. M., Norton, H. J., Zhou, J., Parsons, J. C., Chalasani, N., ... & Stolz, A. (2013). Profiles of serum cytokines in acute drug-induced liver injury and their prognostic significance. PLoS One, 8(12), e81974.
  • Lull, C., Wichers, H, J., & Savelkoul, H, F, (2005). Antiinflammatory and immunomodulating properties of fungal metabolites. Mediators of inflammation. 2005(2), 63-80.
  • Grotto, D., Bueno, D, C, R., de Almeida Ramos, G, K,, da Costa, S, R., Spim, S, R, V., &Gerenutti, M, (2016). Assessment of the safety of the shiitake culinary-medicinal mushroom, lentinus edodes (agaricomycetes), in rats: Biochemical, hematological, and antioxidative parameters. International journal of medicinal mushrooms. 18(10).
  • Yu, S., Weaver, V., Martin, K.,&Cantorna, M,T., (2009). The effects of whole mushrooms during inflammation. BMC immunology. 10(1), 12.
  • Wasser, S. P, (2005). Shiitake (Lentinus edodes). Encyclopedia of dietary supplements. 653-664.
  • Kitzberger, C, S, G., SmâniaJr, A., Pedrosa, R, C.,&Ferreira, S, R, S, (2007). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) extractsobtained by organic solvents and supercritical fluids. Journal of food engineering. 80(2), 631-638.
  • Vasser, S, P., &Weis, A, L., (1997). Medicinal Mushrooms: Lentinus Edodes (Berk,) Sing; Shiitake Mushroom, Peledfus Publishing House.
  • Handayani,D, Meyer, B., Chen, J., Brown, S., Mitchell, T., &Huang, X, F, (2014). A high-dose shiitake mushroom increases hepatic accumulation of triacylglycerol in rats fed a high-fat diet: underlying mechanism. Nutrients. 6(2), 650-662.
  • Chandra, L, C., Smith, B, J., Clarke, S, L., Marlow, D., D’Offay, J.,M,&Kuvibidila, S,.R. (2011). Differential effects of shiitake-and white buton mushroom-supplemented diets on hepatic steatosis in C57BL/6 mice. Food and chemical toxicology. 49(12), 3074-3080.
  • Sasidharan, S., Aravindran, S., Latha, L, Y., Vijenthi, R., Saravanan, D.,&Amutha, S. (2010). Invitro antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effects of Lentinula edodes against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Molecules. 15(6), 4478-4489.
  • Rahman, T., &Choudhury, M,.B.,K. (2012). Shiitake mushroom: a tool of medicine. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Biochemistry. 5(1), 24-32.
  • Smith, J., Rowan, N., &Sullivan, R, (2002). Medicinal mushrooms: their therapeutic properties and current medical usage with special emphasis on cancer treatments (p, 256). London: Cancer Research UK.
  • Öztürk, C., (2001). Sitokinler, Mersin Univ Tıp Fak Derg, 2(4), 523-528.
  • Vilcek, J., (2008). First demonstration of the role of TNF in the pathogenesis of disease. The Journal of Immunology. 181(1), 5-6.
  • Çayakar, A., (2018). Nedir Bu Tümör Nekrozis Faktör Alfa?, Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Internal Medicine. 3(2), 67-76.
  • Bircan, S., Çandır, Ö., Kapucuoğlu, N., &Başpınar, Ş., (2005). Bazal Hücreli Karsinom ve Çevre Nontümoral Epidermiste p53, bcl-2, bax Ekspresyonu.
  • Ramdial, P, K., Madaree, A., Reddy, R., &Chetty, R., (2000). bcl‐2 protein expression in aggressive and non‐aggressive basal cell carcinomas, Journal of cutaneous pathology.27(6), 283-291.
  • Ortiz, A., Justo, P., Sanz, A., Lorz, C.,&Egido, J., (2003). Targeting apoptosis in acute tubular injury. Biochemical pharmacology. 66(8), 1589-1594.
  • Adams, J. M., &Cory, S. (2001). Life-or-death decisions by the Bcl-2 protein family. Trends in biochemical sciences. 26(1), 61-66.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Özlem Coşkun 0000-0002-0741-5001

Ozlem Oztopuz 0000-0002-1373-6311

Başak Büyük 0000-0003-1817-2241

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 19

Kaynak Göster

APA Coşkun, Ö., Oztopuz, O., & Büyük, B. (2020). Lentinula edodes Ekstraktının Sıçan Karaciğer Dokusu Üzerine İnflamatuar ve Apoptotik Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(19), 803-808.