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Soil-landscape relationship as indicated by pedogenesis data on selected soils from Southwestern, Iran

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 167 - 180, 01.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.376284

Öz

Soils of semiarid regions of Dehdasht and Choram in
Southwestern Iran have formed on alluvium derived from mixed
calcareous-gypsiferous materials from Lower Miocene to Upper Pliocene. In order
to characterize and classify the soils and to determine the soil-landscape
relationship in the area, nine pedons located on different physiographic
positions
including plateau, river alluvial plain, piedmont
plain, alluvial plain and alluvial fan have been described, sampled and
analyzed. Physicochemical analyses, clay mineralogy and micromorphological
studies were performed.
The
results showed that topography and parent material were two important soil
forming factors affecting soil formation in the area. The soils were dominated
by carbonate, gypsum, and clay illuviation and accumulation. More developed
soils were found on the stable plateau and piedmont plain. Clay illuviation and
argillic horizon development in soils of the more stable alluvial plain were
assumed to be relict features from presumably more humid climates.
Palygorskite, illite, chlorite, smectite, kaolinite, and quartz clay minerals
were identified in almost all
physiographic surfaces, but more palygorskite and less
smectite were found in the soils with gypsiferous parent materials.
Observations by SEM revealed the occurrence of
neoformed palygorskite as thread-like faces and coating of gypsum crystals
and marly matrix. Coating and infilling of gypsum and calcite
crystals in voids and channels were common pedofeatures observed in the soils
studied.
Two different distribution patterns of Fe-Mn oxides
were identified in aquic and non-aquic soils.

Kaynakça

  • Abbaslou, H., Abtahi, A., Martin Peinado, F.J., Owliaie, H. Khormali, F., 2013. Mineralogy and characteristics of soils developed on Persian Gulf and Oman sea basin, southern Iran: implications for soil evolution in relation to sedimentary parent material. Soil Science 178 (10): 568-584.
  • Abtahi, A., 1980. Soil genesis as affected by topography and time in calcareous parent materials. Soil Science Society of America Journal 44(2): 329-336.
  • Abtahi, A., Khormali, F., 2001. Genesis and morphological characteristics of Mollisols formed in a catena under water table influence in southern Iran. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 32(9-10): 1643-1658.
  • Amit, R., Yaalon, A.D., 1996. The micromorphology of gypsum and halite in Reg soils: the Negev desert, Israel. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 21(12): 1127-1143.
  • Aoudjit, M., Robert, M., Elsass, F., Curmi, P., 1995. Detailed study of smectite genesis in granitic saprolites by analytical electron microscopy. Clay Minerals 30(2): 135 -147.
  • Badraoui, M., Bloom, P.L., Bouabid, R., 1992. Palygorskite-Smectite association in a xerochrept of the high Chaouia Region of Morocco. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56(5): 1640-1646.
  • Banaei, M.H., 1998. Soil moisture and temperature regime map of Iran. Soil and Water Research Institute. Ministry of Agriculture, Tehran, Iran.
  • Birkeland, P.W., 1999. Soils and Geomorphology. 3rd Edition. Oxford University Press, New York, USA. 430p.
  • Boettinger, J.L., Southard, R. J., 1995. Phyllosilicate distribution and origin in aridisols on a granitic pediment, Western Mojave desert. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59(4): 1189-1198.
  • Branhisel, R.L., Berstesch, P.M., 1992. Cholorites and hydroxy interlayer vermiculite and smectite. In: Minerals in soil environments. Dixon, J.B., Weeds, S.B. (Eds.). Soil Science Society of America, Book Series No. 1, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 729-788.
  • Buck, B.J., Van Hoesen, J.G., 2002. Snowball morphology and SEM analysis of pedogenic gypsum, southern New Mexico, U.S.A. Journal of Arid Environments 51(4): 469-487.
  • Carter, B.J., Inskeep, W.P., 1988. Accumulation of pedogenic gypsum in western Oklahoma soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 52(4): 1107–1113.
  • Chapman, H.D., 1965. Cation exchange capacity. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part II, Black, C.A. (Ed.). Agronomy No. 9. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 891-901.
  • Churchman, G.J., Lowe, D.J., 2012. Alteration, formation, and occurrence of minerals in soils. In: Handbook of Soil Sciences: Properties and Processes. Huang, P.M., Li, Y., Sumner, M.E., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. pp. 1–72.
  • Dahlgren, R.H., Boettinger, J.L., Huntington, G.L., Amundson, R.G., 1997. Soil development along an elevational transect in the western Sierra Nevada, California. Geoderma 78(3-4): 207-236.
  • Day, P.R., 1965. Particle fractionation and particle-size analysis. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part I, Black, C.A. (Ed.). Agronomy No. 9. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. p. 545– 566.
  • Dixon, J.B., Skinner, H.C.W., 1992. Manganese minerals in surface environments. In: Biomineralization processes of iron and manganese: modern and ancient environments. Skinner, H.C.W., Fitzpatrick, R.W., (Eds.), Cremlingen-Destedt: Catena Verlag. pp. 31–50.
  • Dixon, J.B., Weed, S.B., 1989. Minerals in soil environments. 2nd ed. Soil Science Society of America, Book Series No. 1, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. 1244 p.
  • FAO, 2015. World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources Reports No. 106. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy. Available at: [access date: 02.10.2017]: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3794e.pdf
  • Farpoor, M.H., Khademi, H., Eghbal, M.K. 2002. Genesis and distribution of palygorskite and associated clay minerals in Rafsanjan soils on different geomorphic surfaces. Iran Agricultural Research 21(1): 39-60.
  • Geological Survey of Iran, 1995. Geological Quadrangle Map. No. 111, Geology Organization of Iran.
  • Gerrard, J., 1992. Soil Geomorphology. Chapman and Hall Pub. Company, London. 269 p.
  • Gharaee, H.A., Mahjoory, R.A., 1984. Characteristics and geomorphic relationships of some representative Aridisols in southern Iran. Soil Science Society of America Journal 48(5): 1115– 1119.
  • Gillot, F., Righi, D., Elsass, F., 2000. Pedogenic smectites in podzols from central Finland: an analytical electron microscopy study. Clays and Clay Minererals 48(6): 665-664.
  • Griffin, R.W., Buol, S.W., 1988. Soil and saprolite characteristics of vertic and aquic Hapludults derived from Triassic Basin sandstones. Soil Science Society of America Journal 52(4): 1094–1099.  
  • Hashemi, S.S., Baghernejad, M., Khademi, H., 2011. Micromorphology of gypsum crystals in southern Iranian soils under different moisture regimes. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 13(2): 273-288.
  • Jackson, M.L., 1975. Soil Chemical Analysis. Advanced Course Univ. of Wisconsin, College of Agric., Dept. of Soils, Madison, WI. 894 pp.
  • Jafarzadeh, A.A., Burnham, C.P., 1992. Gypsum crystals in soils. European Journal of Soil Science 43(3): 409-420. Jaillard, B., Guyon, A., Maurin, A.F., 1991. Structure and composition of calcified roots, and their identification in calcareous soils. Geoderma 50(3): 197–210.
  • Johns, W.D., Grim, R.E., Bradley, F., 1954. Quantitative estimation of clay minerals by diffraction methods. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 24(4): 242-251.
  • Khademi, H., Mermut, A.R., 2003. Micromorphology and classification of Argids and associated gypsiferous Aridisols from central Iran. Catena 54(3): 439–455.
  • Khormali, F., Abtahi, A., 2003. Origin and distribution of clay minerals in calcareous arid and semi-arid soils of Fars Province. Clay Minerals 38(4): 511-527.
  • Khormeli, F., Abtahi, A., Stoops, G., 2006. Micromorphology of calcitic features in highly calcareous soils of Fars Province, Southern Iran. Catena 132(1-2): 31-46.
  • Khresat, S.A., Qudah, E.A., 2006. Formation and properties of aridic soils of Azraq Basin in northeastern Jordan. Journal of Arid Environments 64(1): 116-136.
  • Kittrick, J.A., Hope, E.W., 1963. A procedure for the particle size separation of soils for X-ray diffraction analysis. Soil Science 96(5): 319–325.
  • Lark, R.M., 1999. Soil–landform relationships at within-field scales: an investigation using continuous classification. Geoderma 92(3-4): 141-165.
  • Liu, F., Colombo, C., Adamo, P., He, J.Z., Violante, A., 2002. Trace elements in manganese–iron nodules from a Chinese Alfisol. Soil Science Society of America Journal 66(2): 661–670.
  • Mahjoory, R.A., 1975. Clay mineralogy, physical and chemical properties of some soils in arid regions of Iran. Soil Science Society of America Journal 39(6): 1157-1164.
  • Mahmoodi, Sh. 1979. Genesis and characterization of some soils from the Karaj Basin Iran [Ph.D. thesis]. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
  • McBratney, A.B., Odeh, I.O.A., Bishop, T.F.A., Dunbar, M.S. Shatar, T.M., 2000. An overview of pedometric techniques for use in soil survey. Geoderma 97(3-4): 293-327.
  • McKenzie, RM., 1989. Manganese oxides and hydroxides. In: Minerals in soil environments. Dixon, J.B., Weeds, S.B. (Eds.). Soil Science Society of America, Book Series No. 1, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 439-465.
  • Moazallahi, M., Farpoor, M.H., 2009 Soil micromorphology and genesis along a lithotoposequence in Kerman Province, central Iran. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 3(4): 4078-4084.
  • Moazallahi, M., Farpoor, M.H., 2011. Soil genesis and clay mineralogy along the xeric–aridic climotoposequence, south central Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 14(3): 683-696.
  • Monger, H.C., 2002. Pedogenic carbonate: links between biotic and abiotic CaCO3. Proceedings of 17th World Conference of Soil Science, Paper No 897. 14–21 August 2002, Bangkok, Thailand.
  • Monger, H.C., Daugherty, L.A., 1991. Neoformation of palygorskite in a southern New Mexico Aridisol. Soil Science Society of America Journal 55(6):1646–1650.
  • Moore, D.M., Reynolds, R.C.J., 1997. X-Ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals. Oxford University Press, USA. 400p.
  • Murphy, C.P., 1986. Thin section preparation of soils and sediments. AB Academic. Berkhamsted, USA. 149p.
  • Nadimi, M, Farpoor, M.H., 2013. Genesis and clay mineralogy of soils on different geomorphic surfaces in Mahan-Joupar area, central Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6(3): 825-833.
  • Nettleton, W.D., Flash, K.W., Brasher, B.R., 1969. Argillic horizons without clay skins. Soil Science Society of America Journal 33(1): 121–125.
  • Nettleton, W.D., Peterson, F.F., 1983. Aridisols. In: Pedogenesis and soil taxonomy: II. The soil orders. Wilding, L.P., Smeck, N.E., Hall, G.F., (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp.165–215.
  • Nooraie, K., 2010. Soil genesis and classification in Sirch–Kaleshoor toposequence, Loot watershed, Kerman. M.Sc. thesis, Kerman University, Iran, 127 pp [in Persian].
  • Owliaie, H.R., 2012. Micromorphology of Pedogenic Carbonate Features in Soils of Kohgilouye, Southwestern Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 14(1): 225–239.
  • Owliaie, H.R., 2014. Soil genesis along a Catena in Southwestern Iran: A micromorphological approach. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 60(4): 471-486.
  • Owliaie, H.R., Abtahi, A., Heck, R.J. 2006. Pedogenesis and clay mineralogical investigation of soils formed on gypsiferous and calcareous materials, on a transect, Southwestern Iran. Geoderma 134(1-2): 62–81.
  • Pletsch, T., Daoudi, L., Chamley, H., Deconinck, J.F., Charroud, M., 1996. Palaeogeographic controls on palygorskite occurrence in mid-Cretaceous sediments of Morocco and adjacent basins. Clay Minerals 31(3): 403–416.
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Yıl 2018, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 167 - 180, 01.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.376284

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abbaslou, H., Abtahi, A., Martin Peinado, F.J., Owliaie, H. Khormali, F., 2013. Mineralogy and characteristics of soils developed on Persian Gulf and Oman sea basin, southern Iran: implications for soil evolution in relation to sedimentary parent material. Soil Science 178 (10): 568-584.
  • Abtahi, A., 1980. Soil genesis as affected by topography and time in calcareous parent materials. Soil Science Society of America Journal 44(2): 329-336.
  • Abtahi, A., Khormali, F., 2001. Genesis and morphological characteristics of Mollisols formed in a catena under water table influence in southern Iran. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 32(9-10): 1643-1658.
  • Amit, R., Yaalon, A.D., 1996. The micromorphology of gypsum and halite in Reg soils: the Negev desert, Israel. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 21(12): 1127-1143.
  • Aoudjit, M., Robert, M., Elsass, F., Curmi, P., 1995. Detailed study of smectite genesis in granitic saprolites by analytical electron microscopy. Clay Minerals 30(2): 135 -147.
  • Badraoui, M., Bloom, P.L., Bouabid, R., 1992. Palygorskite-Smectite association in a xerochrept of the high Chaouia Region of Morocco. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56(5): 1640-1646.
  • Banaei, M.H., 1998. Soil moisture and temperature regime map of Iran. Soil and Water Research Institute. Ministry of Agriculture, Tehran, Iran.
  • Birkeland, P.W., 1999. Soils and Geomorphology. 3rd Edition. Oxford University Press, New York, USA. 430p.
  • Boettinger, J.L., Southard, R. J., 1995. Phyllosilicate distribution and origin in aridisols on a granitic pediment, Western Mojave desert. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59(4): 1189-1198.
  • Branhisel, R.L., Berstesch, P.M., 1992. Cholorites and hydroxy interlayer vermiculite and smectite. In: Minerals in soil environments. Dixon, J.B., Weeds, S.B. (Eds.). Soil Science Society of America, Book Series No. 1, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 729-788.
  • Buck, B.J., Van Hoesen, J.G., 2002. Snowball morphology and SEM analysis of pedogenic gypsum, southern New Mexico, U.S.A. Journal of Arid Environments 51(4): 469-487.
  • Carter, B.J., Inskeep, W.P., 1988. Accumulation of pedogenic gypsum in western Oklahoma soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 52(4): 1107–1113.
  • Chapman, H.D., 1965. Cation exchange capacity. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part II, Black, C.A. (Ed.). Agronomy No. 9. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 891-901.
  • Churchman, G.J., Lowe, D.J., 2012. Alteration, formation, and occurrence of minerals in soils. In: Handbook of Soil Sciences: Properties and Processes. Huang, P.M., Li, Y., Sumner, M.E., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. pp. 1–72.
  • Dahlgren, R.H., Boettinger, J.L., Huntington, G.L., Amundson, R.G., 1997. Soil development along an elevational transect in the western Sierra Nevada, California. Geoderma 78(3-4): 207-236.
  • Day, P.R., 1965. Particle fractionation and particle-size analysis. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part I, Black, C.A. (Ed.). Agronomy No. 9. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. pp. p. 545– 566.
  • Dixon, J.B., Skinner, H.C.W., 1992. Manganese minerals in surface environments. In: Biomineralization processes of iron and manganese: modern and ancient environments. Skinner, H.C.W., Fitzpatrick, R.W., (Eds.), Cremlingen-Destedt: Catena Verlag. pp. 31–50.
  • Dixon, J.B., Weed, S.B., 1989. Minerals in soil environments. 2nd ed. Soil Science Society of America, Book Series No. 1, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. 1244 p.
  • FAO, 2015. World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources Reports No. 106. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy. Available at: [access date: 02.10.2017]: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3794e.pdf
  • Farpoor, M.H., Khademi, H., Eghbal, M.K. 2002. Genesis and distribution of palygorskite and associated clay minerals in Rafsanjan soils on different geomorphic surfaces. Iran Agricultural Research 21(1): 39-60.
  • Geological Survey of Iran, 1995. Geological Quadrangle Map. No. 111, Geology Organization of Iran.
  • Gerrard, J., 1992. Soil Geomorphology. Chapman and Hall Pub. Company, London. 269 p.
  • Gharaee, H.A., Mahjoory, R.A., 1984. Characteristics and geomorphic relationships of some representative Aridisols in southern Iran. Soil Science Society of America Journal 48(5): 1115– 1119.
  • Gillot, F., Righi, D., Elsass, F., 2000. Pedogenic smectites in podzols from central Finland: an analytical electron microscopy study. Clays and Clay Minererals 48(6): 665-664.
  • Griffin, R.W., Buol, S.W., 1988. Soil and saprolite characteristics of vertic and aquic Hapludults derived from Triassic Basin sandstones. Soil Science Society of America Journal 52(4): 1094–1099.  
  • Hashemi, S.S., Baghernejad, M., Khademi, H., 2011. Micromorphology of gypsum crystals in southern Iranian soils under different moisture regimes. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 13(2): 273-288.
  • Jackson, M.L., 1975. Soil Chemical Analysis. Advanced Course Univ. of Wisconsin, College of Agric., Dept. of Soils, Madison, WI. 894 pp.
  • Jafarzadeh, A.A., Burnham, C.P., 1992. Gypsum crystals in soils. European Journal of Soil Science 43(3): 409-420. Jaillard, B., Guyon, A., Maurin, A.F., 1991. Structure and composition of calcified roots, and their identification in calcareous soils. Geoderma 50(3): 197–210.
  • Johns, W.D., Grim, R.E., Bradley, F., 1954. Quantitative estimation of clay minerals by diffraction methods. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 24(4): 242-251.
  • Khademi, H., Mermut, A.R., 2003. Micromorphology and classification of Argids and associated gypsiferous Aridisols from central Iran. Catena 54(3): 439–455.
  • Khormali, F., Abtahi, A., 2003. Origin and distribution of clay minerals in calcareous arid and semi-arid soils of Fars Province. Clay Minerals 38(4): 511-527.
  • Khormeli, F., Abtahi, A., Stoops, G., 2006. Micromorphology of calcitic features in highly calcareous soils of Fars Province, Southern Iran. Catena 132(1-2): 31-46.
  • Khresat, S.A., Qudah, E.A., 2006. Formation and properties of aridic soils of Azraq Basin in northeastern Jordan. Journal of Arid Environments 64(1): 116-136.
  • Kittrick, J.A., Hope, E.W., 1963. A procedure for the particle size separation of soils for X-ray diffraction analysis. Soil Science 96(5): 319–325.
  • Lark, R.M., 1999. Soil–landform relationships at within-field scales: an investigation using continuous classification. Geoderma 92(3-4): 141-165.
  • Liu, F., Colombo, C., Adamo, P., He, J.Z., Violante, A., 2002. Trace elements in manganese–iron nodules from a Chinese Alfisol. Soil Science Society of America Journal 66(2): 661–670.
  • Mahjoory, R.A., 1975. Clay mineralogy, physical and chemical properties of some soils in arid regions of Iran. Soil Science Society of America Journal 39(6): 1157-1164.
  • Mahmoodi, Sh. 1979. Genesis and characterization of some soils from the Karaj Basin Iran [Ph.D. thesis]. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
  • McBratney, A.B., Odeh, I.O.A., Bishop, T.F.A., Dunbar, M.S. Shatar, T.M., 2000. An overview of pedometric techniques for use in soil survey. Geoderma 97(3-4): 293-327.
  • McKenzie, RM., 1989. Manganese oxides and hydroxides. In: Minerals in soil environments. Dixon, J.B., Weeds, S.B. (Eds.). Soil Science Society of America, Book Series No. 1, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 439-465.
  • Moazallahi, M., Farpoor, M.H., 2009 Soil micromorphology and genesis along a lithotoposequence in Kerman Province, central Iran. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 3(4): 4078-4084.
  • Moazallahi, M., Farpoor, M.H., 2011. Soil genesis and clay mineralogy along the xeric–aridic climotoposequence, south central Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 14(3): 683-696.
  • Monger, H.C., 2002. Pedogenic carbonate: links between biotic and abiotic CaCO3. Proceedings of 17th World Conference of Soil Science, Paper No 897. 14–21 August 2002, Bangkok, Thailand.
  • Monger, H.C., Daugherty, L.A., 1991. Neoformation of palygorskite in a southern New Mexico Aridisol. Soil Science Society of America Journal 55(6):1646–1650.
  • Moore, D.M., Reynolds, R.C.J., 1997. X-Ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals. Oxford University Press, USA. 400p.
  • Murphy, C.P., 1986. Thin section preparation of soils and sediments. AB Academic. Berkhamsted, USA. 149p.
  • Nadimi, M, Farpoor, M.H., 2013. Genesis and clay mineralogy of soils on different geomorphic surfaces in Mahan-Joupar area, central Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6(3): 825-833.
  • Nettleton, W.D., Flash, K.W., Brasher, B.R., 1969. Argillic horizons without clay skins. Soil Science Society of America Journal 33(1): 121–125.
  • Nettleton, W.D., Peterson, F.F., 1983. Aridisols. In: Pedogenesis and soil taxonomy: II. The soil orders. Wilding, L.P., Smeck, N.E., Hall, G.F., (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp.165–215.
  • Nooraie, K., 2010. Soil genesis and classification in Sirch–Kaleshoor toposequence, Loot watershed, Kerman. M.Sc. thesis, Kerman University, Iran, 127 pp [in Persian].
  • Owliaie, H.R., 2012. Micromorphology of Pedogenic Carbonate Features in Soils of Kohgilouye, Southwestern Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 14(1): 225–239.
  • Owliaie, H.R., 2014. Soil genesis along a Catena in Southwestern Iran: A micromorphological approach. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 60(4): 471-486.
  • Owliaie, H.R., Abtahi, A., Heck, R.J. 2006. Pedogenesis and clay mineralogical investigation of soils formed on gypsiferous and calcareous materials, on a transect, Southwestern Iran. Geoderma 134(1-2): 62–81.
  • Pletsch, T., Daoudi, L., Chamley, H., Deconinck, J.F., Charroud, M., 1996. Palaeogeographic controls on palygorskite occurrence in mid-Cretaceous sediments of Morocco and adjacent basins. Clay Minerals 31(3): 403–416.
  • Rezapour, S., 2014. Response of some soil attributes to different land use types in calcareous soils with Mediterranean type climate in north-west of Iran. Environmental Earth Science 71(5): 2199- 2210.
  • Rezapour, S., Samadi, A., Khodaverdiloo, H., 2012. Impact of long-term wastewater irrigation on variability of soil attributes along a landscape in semi-arid region of Iran. Environmental Earth Science 67(6): 1731-1723.
  • Salehi, M.H., Khademi, H., Eghbal, M.K., 2002. Genesis of clay minerals in soils from Chaharmehal Bakhtiari Province, Iran. Conference on Sustainable Use and Management of Soils in Arid and Semiarid Region. September 2002. Cartagena, Spain. Book of Abstracts. pp. 47–48.
  • Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Unıted States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 60. Washington DC, USA. 160p.
  • Sangüesa, F.J., Arostegui, J., Suarez-Ruiz, I., 2000. Distribution and origin of clay minerals in the Lower Cretaceous of the Alava Block (Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Spain). Clay Minerals 35(2): 393-410.
  • Sanjari, S., Farpoor, M.H., Eghbal, M.K., Boroujeni, E.I., 2011. Genesis, micromorphology and clay mineralogy of soils located on different geomorphic surfaces in Jiroft area. Journal of Water and Soil 25(2): 411–425 [In Persian].
  • Sarmast, M., Farpoor, M.H., Boroujeni, E.I., 2016. Comparing Soil Taxonomy (2014) and updated WRB (2015) for describing calcareous and gypsiferous soils, Central Iran. Catena 145: 85-91.
  • Sarmast, M., Farpoor, M.H., Boroujeni, E.I., 2017. Soil and desert varnish development as indicators of landform evolution in central Iranian deserts. Catena 149(1): 98-109.
  • Schaetzl, R., Anderson, S., 2005. Soils: genesis and geomorphology. Cambridge University Press. New York, USA. 656p.
  • Singer, A., 1989. Palygorskite and sepiolite group minerals. In: Minerals in soil environments. Dixon, J.B., Weeds, S.B. (Eds.). Soil Science Society of America, Book Series No. 1, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA. pp. 829– 872.
  • Singer, A., 1984. Clay formation in saprolites of igneous rocks under semi-arid to arid conditions, Negev, Southern Israel. Soil Science 137: 332-340.
  • Soil Survey Staff, 2014. Keys to soil taxonomy. 12th Edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Washington DC, USA.
  • Stoops, G., 2003. Guidelines for the analysis and description of soil and regolith thin sections. Soil Science Society of America. Madison, WI, USA. 184p.
  • Stoops, G., Delvigne, J., 1990. Morphology of mineral weathering and neoformation. II. Neoformations. In: Soil micromorphology: a basic and applied science, developments in soil science. Douglas, L.A., (Ed.). Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp.329–350.
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  • Verrecchia, E.P., Verrecchia, K.E., 1994. Needle-fiber calcite: a critical review and a proposed classification. Journal of Sedimentary Research 64(3a): 650–664.
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  • Wright, V.P., 1984. The significance of needle-fibre calcite in a Lower Carboniferous palaeosol. Geology Journal 19(1): 23–32.
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  • Zhang, M., Karathanasis, A.D., 1997. Characterization of iron–manganese concretions in Kentucky Alfisols with perched water tables. Clays and Clay Minerals 45(3): 428–439.
Toplam 75 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Hamidreza Owliaie Bu kişi benim

Mahdi Najafi Ghiri Bu kişi benim

Sirous Shakeri Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Owliaie, H., Ghiri, M. N., & Shakeri, S. (2018). Soil-landscape relationship as indicated by pedogenesis data on selected soils from Southwestern, Iran. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 7(2), 167-180. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.376284