Changes in some soil properties of wheat fields under conventional and reduced tillage systems in Northern Iraq

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 314 - 320, 01.10.2020

Füsun Gülser Salar Salem Coşkun Gülser

https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.780120

Cited By: 8

Öz

In this study, the effects of reduced tillage (RT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems on some soil properties of wheat fields in Northern Iraq (Duhok Province) under a hot and dry climatic condition were investigated. This study was carried out in a randomized plot design with four replications at three locations (Bardrash, Sumail, and Zakho) in the seasons 2017-2018. Four fields in each location at Duhok Province were equally separated into two groups for CT and RT systems. A group of 24 soil samples for each tillage system were taken from the locations. Soil organic matter content, pH, EC, bulk density and total porosity values were significantly (p<0.05) affected by different tillage systems. Soil pH, EC and bulk density values generally significantly reduced with the RT compared with CT. On the other hand, soil OM content and total porosity were significantly increased with the RT system in all locations under a hot and dry climatic condition. In all locations, RT system decreased bulk density and increased total porosity with conserving soil OM due to preventing from rapid mineralization. However, rapid mineralization of soil OM in the CT system under dry climate condition caused increases in EC which indicated that there were high soluble ions in soil solution.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Soil properties, conventional tillage, reduced tillage, wheat

Kaynakça

• Ali, S., Ibin-I Zamir , M.S., Farid, M.S., Farooq, M.A., Rizwan, M.A., Ahmad, R.A., Hannan, F.A., 2016. Growth and yield response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to tillage and row spacing in maize-wheat cropping system in semi-arid region. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 5(1): 53 - 61.
• Black, C.A., 1965. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Properties, Including Statistics of Measurement and Sampling, Agronomy Monograph 9.1, American Society of Agronomy (ASA), Soil Science Society of America (SSSA), Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
• Borie, F., Rubio, R., Rouanet, J.L., Morales, A., Borie, G., Rojas, C., 2006. Effects of tillage systems on soil characteristics, glomalin and mycorrhizal propagules in a Chilean Ultisol. Soil and Tillage Research 88(1-2): 253-261.
• Brunel, N., Meza, F., Ross, R., Santibáñez, F., 2011. Effects of topsoil loss on wheat productivity in dryland zones of Chile. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 11(4): 129-137.
• Candemir, F., Gülser, C., 2011. Effects of different agricultural wastes on some soil quality indexes at clay and loamy sand fields. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 42(1): 13-28.
• Christensen, L., McElyea, D., 1988. Toward a general method of estimating productivity–soil depth re¬sponse relationships. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 43(2): 199-202.
• Czyz, E., Dexter, A., 2008. Soil physical properties under winter wheat grown with different tillage systems at selected locations. International Agrophysics 22(3): 191–200
• De Neve, S., J. Van De Steene, R. Hartman, Hofman, G., 2000. Using time domain reflectometry for monitoring mineralization of nitrogen from soil organic matter. European Journal of Soil Science 51(2): 295–304.
• Demir, Z., Gülser, C., 2015. Effects of rice husk compost application on soil quality parameters in greenhouse conditions. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 4(3):185-190.
• Dexter, A.R., Czyż, E.A., Gaţe, O.P., 2004. Soil structure and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of subsoils. Soil and Tillage Research 79(2), 185-189.
• Dexter, A.R., 2004. Soil physical quality Part I. Theory, effects of soil texture, density, and organic matter, and effects on root growth. Geoderma 120(3-4): 201-214.
• Ernst, G., Emmerling, C., 2009. Impact of five different tillage systems on soil organic carbon content and the density, biomass, and community composition of earthworms after a ten year period. European Journal of Soil Biology 45(3): 247-251.
• Fenton, T.E., Kazemi, M., Lauterbach-Barrett, M., 2005. Erosional impact on organic matter content and productivity of selected Iowa soils. Soil and Tillage Research 81(2): 163-171.
• Frye, W.W., Ebelhar, S.A., Murdock, L.W., Blevins, R.L. 1982. Soil erosion effects on properties and productivity of two Kentucky Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 46(5): 1051-1055.
• Gajda, A.M., Czyż, E.A., Stanek-Tarkowska, J., Furtak, K. M., Grządziel, J., 2017. Effects of long-term tillage practices on the quality of soil under winter wheat. Plant, Soil and Environment 63(5): 236-242.
• Gollany, H.T., Schumacher, T.E., Lindstrom, M.J., Evenson, P.D., Lemme, G.D., 1992. Topsoil depth and desurfacing effects on properties and productivity of a typic argiustoll. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56(1): 220-225.
• Grant, C.A., Lafond, G.P., 1993. The effects of tillage systems and crop sequences on soil bulk density and penetration resistance on a clay soil in southern Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 73(2): 223-232.
• Gülser, C., 2006. Effect of forage cropping treatments on soil structure and relationships with fractal dimensions. Geoderma 131(1-2): 33-44.
• Gülser, C., 2004. A Comparision of some physical and chemical soil quality ındicators ınfluenced by different crop species. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 7(6): 905-911.
• Gülser, C., Candemir, F., 2012. Changes in penetration resistance of a clay field with organic waste applications. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 1(1): 16-21.
• Gülser, C., Ekberli, I., Candemir, F., Demir, Z. 2016. Spatial variability of soil physical properties in a cultivated field. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 5(3): 192-200.
• Hejazi, A., Bahrani, M. J., Kazemeini, S.A., 2010. Yield and yield components of ırrigated rapeseed-wheat rotation as ınfluenced by crop residues and nitrogen levels in a reduced tillage method. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences 8(5): 502-507.
• Horak, J., Igaz, D., Kondrlova, E., 2014. Short-term soil carbon dioxide (CO2) emission after application of conventional and reduced tillage for red clover in Western Slovakia. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 3(3): 206 - 211.
• Hussain, I., Olson, K.R., Wander, M. M., Karlen, D.L., 1999. Adaptation of soil quality indices and application to three tillage systems in southern Illinois. Soil and Tillage Research 50(3-4): 237-249.
• Izaurralde, R.C., Malhi, S.S., Nyborg, M., Solberg, E.D., Jakas, Q.M.C., 2006. Crop performance and soil properties in two artificially eroded soil in North-Central Alberta. Agronomy Journal 98(5): 1298-1311.
• Kacar, B. 1994. Chemical Analysis of Plant and Soil III. Soil Analysis. Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Educational Research and Development Foundation Publications, No. 3 Ankara, Turkey. [in Turkish].
• Larney, F.J., Janzen, H.H., Olson, B.M., Olson, A.F., 2009. Erosion–productivity–soil amendment relationships for wheat over 16 years. Soil and Tillage Research 103(1): 73-83.
• Lilienfein, J., Wilcke, W., Vilela, L., do Carmo Lima, S., Thomas, R., Zech, W., 2000. Effect of no‐tillage and conventional tillage systems on the chemical composition of soil solid phase and soil solution of Brazilian Savanna Oxisols. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 163(4): 411-419.
• Małecka-Jankowiak, I., Blecharczyk, A., Swedrzynska, D., Sawinska, Z., Piechota, T., 2016. The effect of long-term tillage systems on some soil properties and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Agricultura 15(1): 37-50.
• Malhi, S.S., Izaurralde, R.C., Nyborg, M., Solberg, E.D., 1994. Influence of topsoil removal on soil fertility and barley growth. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49(1): 96-101.
• Rasmussen, K.J., 1999. Impact of ploughless soil tillage on yield and soil quality: A Scandinavian review. Soil and Tillage Research 53(1): 3-14.
• Rhoton, F.E., Bruce, R.R., Buehring, N.W., Elkins, G.B., Langdale, C.W., Tyler, D.D., 1993. Chemical and physical characteristics of four soil types under conventional and no-tillage systems. Soil and Tillage Research 28(1): 51-61.
• Selvi, K.C., Gülser, C., Beyhan, M.A., 2019. Short Term Effects of Different Tillage Methods on Nitrate Content in Soil and Corn Yield. Malaysian Journal of Soil Science 23: 55-68.
• Six, J., Elliott, E.T., Paustian, K., 1999. Aggregate and soil organic matter dynamics under conventional and no‐tillage systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63(5): 1350-1358.
• Soil Science Division Staff, 1993. Soil Survey Manuel. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Handbook No:18, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. USA. Available at [Access date: 13.01.2020]: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcseprd1335011.pdf
• Soon, Y.K., Arshad, M.A., Haq, A., Lupwayi, N., 2007. The influence of 12 years of tillage and crop rotation on total and labile organic carbon in a sandy loam soil. Soil and Tillage Research 95(1-2): 38-46.
• USDA, 2001. Soil quality test kit guide. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Quality Institute, USA. 82p. Available at [Access date: 13.01.2020]: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_050956.pdf
• Vakali, C., Zaller, J.G., Köpke, U., 2011. Reduced tillage effects on soil properties and growth of cereals and associated weeds under organic farming. Soil and Tillage Research 111(2): 133-141.