Hypervitaminosis A

Abstract

Since vitamin A is essential for life, it has been added to most of the convenience foods in developed countries. Just as the harmful effects of vitamin A deficiency are known and necessary steps are taken with food and medicine supplements to eliminate this deficiency, so the presence of toxicity, as well as health and well-being, should be monitored in individuals exposed to high doses of vitamin A. Furthermore, the distribution and storage of vitamin A should be examined and genetic studies should be performed to determine individual tolerances in the face of increased hypervitaminosis A problem.

Keywords

• Vitamin A,Toxication,retinoic asid

Abstract

A Vitamini yaşam için esastır ve ilk bulunan vitamindir. Büyüme, üreme, görme ve bağışıklık sistemi üzerinde birçok etkisi vardır. Son zamanlarda, gıdalarla ve ek ilaçlarla artmış A vitamini alımına bağlı zehirlenmelerle karşılaşılmaktadır. A vitamini eksikliği konusunda birçok çalışma yapılmış bu konuda gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yeterli önlemler alınmıştır. Ancak A vitamini zehirlenmesi konusunda yeterli araştırma yapılmaması ve konuyla ilgili gerekli önlemlerin alınmaması nedeniyle gelecekte ortaya çıkacak sağlık risklerini tahmin etmek zordur. Özellikle genç erişkinlerde akut zehirlenme nadiren bildirilmiştir, çünkü A vitamini akut fazda vücut tarafından oldukça tolere edilir. Çoğunlukla yüksek dozda A vitaminine kronik maruz kalmadan sonra gelişen zehirlenme birçok organı etkiler. A vitamini zehirlenmesinin, spesifik tedavisinin yapılmadığında ne kadar ciddi bir halk sağlığı problem haline gelebileceğini anlamak için ileri epidemiyolojik çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Keywords

• A vitamini,Retinoik asit,Zehirlenme

References

1. 1. Lunin N. Über die Bedeutung der anorganischen Salze für die Ernährung des Thieres. Z physiol Chemie, 1881; 5: 31-39.
2. 2. Karrer P, Morf R, Schöpp K. Zur Kenntnis des Vitamins-A aus Fischtranen. Helv. Chim. Acta, 1931; 14: 1036–1040.
3. 3. Peck, GL and DiGiovanna JJ. The Retinoids: Biology, Chemistry, and Medicine, (Sporn, M.B.; Roberts, A.B. and Goodman, D.S. Eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1994; pp 631-658.
4. 4. Hong WK, Itri LM. The Retinoids: Biology, Chemistry, and Medicine, (Sporn, M.B.; Roberts, A.B. and Goodman, D.S. Eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1994; pp. 597-630.
5. 5. Walker A, MR Zimmerman, Leakey RE. A possible case of hypervitaminosis A in Homo erectus. Nature, 1982; 296(5854): 248-250.
6. 6. Zimmerman MR. The paleopathology of the liver. Ann Clin Lab Sci, 1990; 20(5): 301-306.
7. 7. Nau H. Teratogenicity of isotretinoin revisited: species variation and the role of all-trans-retinoic acid. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2001; 45(5): 183-187.
8. 8. Wiegand UW, Hartmann S, Hummler H. Safety of vitamin A: recent results. Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 1998; 68(6): 411-416.

9. 9. Collins MD, Mao GE. Teratology of retinoids. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 1999; 39: 399-430.
10. 10. Adamson PC, Murphy RF, Godwin KA, Ulm EH, Balis FM. Pharmacokinetics of 9-cis-retinoic acid in the rhesus monkey. Cancer Res, 1995; 55(3): 482-485.
11. 11. Macapinlac MP, Olson JA. A lethal hypervitaminosis A syndrome in young monkeys (Macacus fascicularis) following a single intramuscular dose of a water-miscible preparation containing vitamins A, D2 and E. Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 1981; 51(4): 331-341.
12. 12. Allen LH, Haskell M. Estimating the potential for vitamin A toxicity in women and young children. J Nutr, 2002; 132(9): 2907S-2919S.
13. 13. Larange A, Cheroutre H. Retinoic Acid and Retinoic Acid Receptors as Pleiotropic Modulators of the Immune System. Annu Rev Immunol, 2016; 34: 369-394.
14. 14. Harrison EH. Mechanisms involved in the intestinal absorption of dietary vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2012; 1821(1): 70-77.
15. 15. Kawaguchi R, Yu J, Honda J, Hu J, Whitelegge J, Ping P, Sun H.A membrane receptor for retinol binding protein mediates cellular uptake of vitamin A. Science, 2007; 315(5813): 820- 825.
16. 16. Theodosiou M, Laudet V, Schubert M. From carrot to clinic: an overview of the retinoic acid signaling pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2010; 67(9): 1423-1445.
17. 17. Mangelsdorf DJ, Kliewer SA, Kakizuka A, Umesono K, Evans RM. Retinoid receptors. Recent Prog Horm Res, 1993; 48: 99-121.
18. 18. Olson JA. Vitamin A. In: Ziegler EE, Filer LJ Jr, eds. Present knowledge in nutrition. 7th ed. Washington, DC: International Life Sciences Institute Press, 2001:109 –119.
19. 19. Mehta NJ. Dietary intervention with dark green leafy vegetablesspinach (Spinacia oleracea) to combat subclinical vitamin A deficiency (SVAD) in slum children of Dharavi, Mumkbai, India. Sight Life Newslett 2001; 4: 32–33.
20. 20. Gerster H. Vitamin A--functions, dietary requirements and safety in humans. Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 1997; 67(2): 71-90.
21. 21. Tanumihardjo SA. Factors influencing the conversion of carotenoids to retinol: bioavailability to bioconversion to bioefficacy. Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 2002; 72(1): 40-45.
22. 22. Blomhoff R, Green MH, Berg T, Norum KR. Transport and storage of vitamin A. Science, 1990; 250(4979): 399-404.
23. 23. Scott J, Raica Jr N, Lowry L, Sauberlich HE. Vitamin A concentration in human tissues collected from five areas in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr, 1972; 25(3): 291-296.
24. 24. Blomhoff R. Vitamin A metabolism: new perspectives on absorption, transport, and storage. Physiol Rev, 1991; 71(4): 951-990.
25. 25. Moise AR. Delivery of retinoid-based therapies to target tissues. Biochemistry, 2007; 46(15): 4449-4458.
26. 26. Olson JM, Shah NA. Vitamin A Toxicity, in StatPearls. 2019: Treasure Island (FL).
27. 27. Jick H. Retinoids and teratogenicity. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1998; 39(2 Pt 3): S118-122.
28. 28. Bendich A, Langseth L. Safety of vitamin A. Am J Clin Nutr, 1989; 49(2): 358-371.
29. 29. Hathcock JN, Hattan DG, Jenkins MY, McDonald JT, Sundaresan PR, Wilkening VL. Evaluation of vitamin A toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr, 1990; 52(2): 183-202.
30. 30. Kamm JJ, Ashenfelter KO, Ehmann CW. Preclinical and clinical toxicology of selected retinoids. In: SpornMB,Roberts AB, Goodman DS, eds. The retinoids. Volume 2. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1984; 287–326.
31. 31. Sibulesky L. Safety of <7500 RE (<25000 IU) vitamin A daily in adults with retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Clin Nutr, 1999; 69(4): 656-663.
32. 32. Coghlan D, Cranswick NE. Complementary medicine and vitamin A toxicity in children. Med J Aust, 2001; 175(4): 223- 224.
33. 33. Russell RM. New views on the RDAs for older adults. J Am Diet Assoc, 1997; 97(5): 515-518.
34. 34. Hollander D, Dadufalza V. Influence of aging on vitamin A transport into the lymphatic circulation. Exp Gerontol, 1990; 25(1): 61-65.
35. 35. Carpenter TO. Severe hypervitaminosis A in siblings: evidence of variable tolerance to retinol intake. J Pediatr, 1987; 111(4): 507-512.
36. 36. Scheven BA, Hamilton NJ. Retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulate osteoclast formation by different mechanisms. Bone, 1990; 11(1): 53-59.
37. 37. Genaro Pde S, Martini LA, Vitamin A supplementation and risk of skeletal fracture. Nutr Rev, 2004; 62(2): 65-67.
38. 38. Sherman SI. Central hypothyroidism associated with retinoid X receptor-selective ligands. N Engl J Med, 1999; 340(14): 1075-1079.
39. 39. Chisholm JT, Abou-Jaoude M, Hessler AB, Sudhakar P. Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome with Resolution After Discontinuing High Vitamin A Containing Dietary Supplement: Case Report and Review. Neuroophthalmology, 2018; 42(3): 169-175.
40. 40. Cribier B, Welsch M, Heid E. Renal impairment probably induced by etretinate. Dermatology, 1992; 185(4): 266-268.
41. 41. Hunt JR. Teratogenicity of high vitamin A intake. N Engl J Med, 1996; 334(18): 1197.
42. 42. Lammer EJ. Retinoic acid embryopathy. N Engl J Med, 1985; 313(14): 837-841.
43. 43. Marshall H, Studer M, Pöpperl H, Aparicio S, Kuroiwa A, Brenner S, Krumlauf R. A conserved retinoic acid response element required for early expression of the homeobox gene Hoxb-1. Nature, 1994; 370(6490): 567-571.
44. 44. Kang S. Application of retinol to human skin in vivo induces epidermal hyperplasia and cellular retinoid binding proteins characteristic of retinoic acid but without measurable retinoic acid levels or irritation. J Invest Dermatol, 1995; 105(4): 549-556.
45. 45. Koo, J., Q. Nguyen, and C. Gambla, Advances in psoriasis therapy. Adv Dermatol, 1997. 12: p. 47-72; discussion 73.
46. 46. Duvic M, Martin AG, Kim Y, Olsen E, Wood GS, Crowley CA, Yocum RC. Phase 2 and 3 clinical trial of oral bexarotene (Targretin capsules) for the treatment of refractory or persistent early-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol, 2001; 137(5): 581-593.
47. 47. Gniadecki R. The optimal use of bexarotene in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol, 2007; 157(3): 433-440.
48. 48. Wiegand UW, Chou RC. Pharmacokinetics of acitretin and etretinate. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1998; 39(2 Pt 3): S25-33.
49. 49. Scarisbrick JJ, Morris S, Azurdia R, Illidge T, Parry E, Graham- Brown R, et al. U.K. consensus statement on safe clinical prescribing of bexarotene for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol, 2013; 168(1): 192-200.