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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 1 - 6, 01.03.2019

Erdal Yavuz

Öz

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is the most
common cause of mortality due to inhalation toxicity. CO can affect multiple
systems in the body and manifest a wide range of symptoms; thus, the diagnosis
of CO poisoning can easily be overlooked. In reality, the cases of CO poisoning
is much higher than reported, which makes it crucial to take first-step
protective measures. The most sensitive tissues to CO poisoning are vital
organs (brain, heart) with a high oxygen demand. Neuropsychiatric syndrome
which may develop in the chronic period (three to 240 days) should also be
considered. If diagnosed, the treatment of CO poisoning should be symptomatic
and aimed at removing carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) from the blood, coupled with
provision of effective basic life and advanced cardiac life support. The best
way to remove COHb is to deliver 100% oxygen. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy reduces
COHb much faster; therefore, patients with the indications of HBO therapy
should be started on this treatment without delay.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Carbon monoxide poisoning hyperbaric oxygen

Kaynakça

  • 1- Akköse S, Türkmen N, Bulut M, Akgöz S, Işcimen R, Eren B. An analysis of carbon monoxide poisoning cases in Bursa, Turkey. East Mediterr Health J. 2010; 16(1): 101-106.
  • 2- Cobb N, Etzel RA. Unintentional carbon monoxide-related deaths in the United States, 1979 through 1988. JAMA. 1991; 266(5) :659-663.
  • 3- Sever H, İkizceli İ, Avşaroğulları L, Sözüer ME, Özkan S, Yürümez Y, Yavuz Y. Nonspesifik Semptomlarla Acil Servise Başvuran Hastalarda Karbonmonoksit Zehirlenmesi. Türkiye Acil Tıp Dergisi. 2005; 5(1): 18-21.
  • 4- Kandiş H, Katırcı Y, Çakır Z, Aslan Ş, Uzkeser M, Bilir Ö. Acil Servise Karbonmonoksit Entoksikasyonu İle Başvuran Olguların Geriye Dönük Analizi. Akademik Acil Tıp Dergisi. 2007; 6(3): 21-25.
  • 5- Hampson NB, Weaver KL. Carbon monoxide poisoning: a new incidence for an old disease. Undersea Hyper Med. 2007; 34(3): 163-168.
  • 6- S.Metin, S.Yıldız, T. Çakmak, S.Demirbas, 2010 Yılında Türkiye’de Karbonmonoksit Zehirlenmesinin Sıklığı- TAF Prev Med Bull 2011; 10(5): 587-59
  • 7- Song KJ, Shin SD, Cone DC. Socioeconomic status and severity-based incidence of poisoning: a nationwide cohort study. Clinical toxicology. 2009; 47(8) :818-826.
  • 8- Salameh S, Amitai Y, Antopolsky M, Rott D, Stalnicowicz R. Carbon monoxide poisoning in Jerusalem: epidemiology and risk factors. Clinical Toxicology. 2009; 47(2): 137-141.
  • 9- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Carbon monoxide--related deaths--United States, 1999-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007; 56(50): 1309-1312.
  • 10- Hampson NB. Pulse oximetry in severe carbon monoxide poisoning. Chest. 1998;114:1036-1041.
  • 11- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Unintentional nonfire-related carbon monoxide exposures—United States, 2001-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:36-39.
  • 12- Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Chan KJ, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1057-1067.
  • 13- F. T. Sönmez, H, Güneş, A. Saritaş, H. Kandiş- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Clinical Manifestations, Consequences, Monitoring, Diagnosis and Treatment of Toxicity. Konuralp Tıp Dergisi 2015;7(3):192-198
  • 14- Rajiah K, Mathew EM. Clinical manifestation, effects, diagnosis, monitoring of carbon monoxide poisoning and toxicity. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011;5:259-64.
  • 15- Thorn SR, Keim LW. Carbon monoxide poisoning: a review epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical findings, and treatment options including hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology. 1989;27(3):141-56.
  • 16- Sato K, Tamaki K, Hattori H, Moore CM, Tsutsumi H, Okajima H, et al. Determination of total hemoglobin in forensic blood samples with special reference to carboxyhemoglobin analysis. Forensic science international. 1990;48(1):89-96.
  • 17- Keith W, Van Meter. Carbon monoxide Poisoning. In Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS (eds). Emergency Medicine A Comprehensive Study Guide, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000:1302-06.
  • 18- Finck PA. Exposure to carbon monoxide: review of the literature and 567 autopsies. Military medicine. 1966;131(12):1513-39.
  • 19- Çıkman M, Kandiş H, Sarıtaş A, Çandar M, Kahriman Ç. Kronik karbonmonoksit maruziyeti ve nöropsikiyatrik semptomlar. Journal of Harran University Medical Faculty. 2013;10(1).
  • 20- Sebbane M, Claret P, Mercier G, et al. Emergency department management of suspected carbon monoxide poisoning: role of pulse CO-oximetry. Respir Care. 2013;58:1614-1620.
  • 21- Peter F Clardy, MD, Scott Manaker, MD, PhD, Holly Perry, MD. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Literature review current through: Jul 2016. | This topic last updated: Aug 18, 2015.
  • 22- Coulange M, Barthelemy A, Hug F, et al. Reliability of new pulse COoximeter in victims of carbon monoxide poisoning. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2008;35:107-111.
  • 23- Parkinson RB, Hopkins RO, Cleavinger HB, et al. White matter hyperintensities and neuropsychological outcome following carbon monoxide poisoning. Neurology. 2002;58:1525-1532.
  • 24- Raphael JC, Elkharrat D, Jars-Guincestre MC, et al. Trial of normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide intoxication. Lancet. 1989;2:414-419.
  • 25- Thom SR, Taber RL, Mendiguren II, et al. Delayed neuropsychologic sequelae after carbon monoxide poisoning: prevention by treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:474-480.
  • 26- Deschamps D, Geraud C, Julien H, et al. Memory one month after acute carbon monoxide intoxication: a prospective study. Occup Environ Med. 2003;60:212-216.
  • 27- Mathieu D, Wattel F, Mathieu-Nolf M, et al. Randomized prospective study comparing the effect of HBO versus 12 hours of NBO in non comatose CO poisoned patients: results of the interim analysis [abstract]. 1996. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society Annual Meeting Abstracts. Available at: http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/
  • 28- Henry CR, Satran D, Lindgren B, et al. Myocardial injury and long-term mortality following moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. JAMA. 2006;295:398-402.
  • 29- Kwon OY, Chung SP, Ha YR, et al. Delayed postanoxic encephalopathy after carbon monoxide poisoning. Emerg Med J 2004; 21:250.
  • 30- Hampson NB, Little CE. Hyperbaric treatment of patients with carbon monoxide poisoning in the United States. Undersea Hyperb Med 2005; 32:21.
  • 31- Tunçok Y, Kalyoncu K. TC Sağlık Bakanlığı birinci basamağa yönelik zehirlenmeler tanı ve tedavi rehberleri. SB, RSHMB, Hıfzısıhha Mektebi Müdürlüğü. 2007;14:35-8.
  • 32- Katirci Y, Kandiş H, Aslan Ş, Kirpinar İ. Neuropsychiatric disorders and risk factors in carbon monoxide intoxication. Toxicology and industrial health. 2010:0748233710387632.
  • 33- Pace N, Strajman E, Walker EL. Acceleration of carbon monoxide elimination in man by high pressure oxygen. Science 1950; 111:652.
  • 34- Ernst A, Zibrak JD. Carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1603.
  • 35- Gill AL, Bell CN. Hyperbaric oxygen: its uses, mechanisms of action and outcomes. QJM 2004; 97:385.
  • 36- Leach RM, Rees PJ, Wilmshurst P. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. BMJ 1998; 317:1140.
  • 37- Undersea & Hyperbaric Medical Society. www.uhms.org (Accessed on August 09, 2005).
  • 38- Medicare Coverage Issues Manual. Publication no. HCFA-Pub6 Transmittal 129, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), 2000. www.cms.hhs.gov/manuals/pm_trans/R129CIM.pdf.
  • 39- Mathieu D, Marroni A, Kot J. Tenth European Consensus Conference on Hyperbaric Medicine: recommendations for accepted and non-accepted clinical indications and practice of hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Diving Hyperb Med 2017; 47:24.
  • 40- Prockop LD, Chichkova RI. Carbon monoxide intoxication: an updated review. J Neurol Sci 2007;262(1- 2):122-30.
  • 41- Y. İncekaya, H. Feyizi, S. Bayraktar, İ. Ali, C. Topuz, S. Karacalar, N. Turgut. Karbonmonoksit Zehirlenmesi ve Hiperbarik Oksijen Tedavisi. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi 33(2):114-118, 2017
  • 42- Jokinen-Gordon, H., et al., A Retrospective Analysis of Adverse Events in Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (2012-2015): Lessons Learned from 1.5 Million Treatments. Adv Skin Wound Care, 2017. 30(3): p. 125–129.
  • 43- Stephen J. Wolf, Gerald E. Maloney, Richard D. Shih, Bradley D. Shy, Michael D. Brown. Clinical Policy: Critical Issues in the Evaluation and Management of Adult Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.11.003
  • 44- Shu-Chen Liao, Yan-Chiao Mao, Kun-Ju Yang, Kuo-Cheng Wang, Li-Ying Wu, C.C. Yang. Targeting optimal time for hyperbaric oxygen therapy following carbon monoxide poisoning for prevention of delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae: A retrospective study. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 396 (2019) 187–192
  • 45- Al B, Yildirim C, Zengin S, Cavdar M, Togun I. The effect of chronic carbon-monoxide exposure on the peak expiratory flow values of grill-kebab chefs. Saudi Med J. 2009 Jun;30(6):788-92.
  • 46- J.L. Ducasse, P. Celsis, J.P. Marc-Vergnes, Non-comatose patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning: hyperbaric or normobaric oxygenation? Undersea Hyperb Med 22 (1) (1995) 9–15.
  • 47- Wilson RC, Saunders PJ, Smith G. An epidemiological study of acute carbon monoxide poisoning in the West Midlands. Occup Environ Med. 1998; 55: 723-728.
  • 48- Peter E. Wu MD, David N. Juurlink MD PhD. Carbon monoxide poisoning. CMAJ, May 13, 2014, 186(8)
  • 49- S. Zengin, M. Yılmaz, B. Al, C. Yildirim, E. Yavuz, A. Akcali. Therapeutic red cell exchange for severe carbon monoxide poisoning. J Clin Apher. 2013 Oct;28(5):337-40. doi: 10.1002/jca.21282. Epub 2013 Jun 8.
  • 50- Celikdemir A, Gokel Y, Guvenc B, Tekinturan F. Treatment of acute carbon-monoxide poisoning with therapeutic erythrocytapheresis: clinical effects and results in 17 victims. Transfus Apher Sci. 2010 Dec;43(3):327-9. doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2010.10.007. Epub 2010 Oct 25.

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 1 - 6, 01.03.2019

Erdal Yavuz

Öz

Karbonmonoksit (CO) zehirlenmesi; İnhalasyon zehirlenmelerine bağlı ölümlerin en sık sebebidir. CO, Birçok sistemi etkileyerek çok çeşitli semptomlar gösterebilir ve CO zehirlenmesi tanısı atlanabilir. Toplumda karbonmonoksit zehirlenmesi olguları, kayıtlarda bildirildiğinden daha fazladır. CO zehirlenmesi ile
mücadele etmede ilk adım koruyucu tedbirler olmalıdır. CO zehirlenmesine en duyarlı dokular oksijen ihtiyacı yüksek olan hayati organlardır (beyin, kalp).
Akut dönemde görülebilen nörolojik, kardiyak durumlar haricinde kronik dönemde (3-240 gün) gelişebilecek nöropsikayatrik sendrom unutulmamalıdır.
Teşhis edilmesi halinde tedavi semptomatik ve kandan karboksihemoglobini (COHb) uzaklaştırmaya yönelik olmalıdır. Aynı zamanda etkili bir temel yaşam
desteği ve ileri kardiyak yaşam desteği sunulmalıdır. COHb’yi uzaklaştırmanın en iyi yolu %100 oksijen verilm

Anahtar Kelimeler

karbon monoksit zehirlenme hiperbarik oksijen karboksihemoglobin

Kaynakça

  • 1- Akköse S, Türkmen N, Bulut M, Akgöz S, Işcimen R, Eren B. An analysis of carbon monoxide poisoning cases in Bursa, Turkey. East Mediterr Health J. 2010; 16(1): 101-106.
  • 2- Cobb N, Etzel RA. Unintentional carbon monoxide-related deaths in the United States, 1979 through 1988. JAMA. 1991; 266(5) :659-663.
  • 3- Sever H, İkizceli İ, Avşaroğulları L, Sözüer ME, Özkan S, Yürümez Y, Yavuz Y. Nonspesifik Semptomlarla Acil Servise Başvuran Hastalarda Karbonmonoksit Zehirlenmesi. Türkiye Acil Tıp Dergisi. 2005; 5(1): 18-21.
  • 4- Kandiş H, Katırcı Y, Çakır Z, Aslan Ş, Uzkeser M, Bilir Ö. Acil Servise Karbonmonoksit Entoksikasyonu İle Başvuran Olguların Geriye Dönük Analizi. Akademik Acil Tıp Dergisi. 2007; 6(3): 21-25.
  • 5- Hampson NB, Weaver KL. Carbon monoxide poisoning: a new incidence for an old disease. Undersea Hyper Med. 2007; 34(3): 163-168.
  • 6- S.Metin, S.Yıldız, T. Çakmak, S.Demirbas, 2010 Yılında Türkiye’de Karbonmonoksit Zehirlenmesinin Sıklığı- TAF Prev Med Bull 2011; 10(5): 587-59
  • 7- Song KJ, Shin SD, Cone DC. Socioeconomic status and severity-based incidence of poisoning: a nationwide cohort study. Clinical toxicology. 2009; 47(8) :818-826.
  • 8- Salameh S, Amitai Y, Antopolsky M, Rott D, Stalnicowicz R. Carbon monoxide poisoning in Jerusalem: epidemiology and risk factors. Clinical Toxicology. 2009; 47(2): 137-141.
  • 9- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Carbon monoxide--related deaths--United States, 1999-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007; 56(50): 1309-1312.
  • 10- Hampson NB. Pulse oximetry in severe carbon monoxide poisoning. Chest. 1998;114:1036-1041.
  • 11- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Unintentional nonfire-related carbon monoxide exposures—United States, 2001-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:36-39.
  • 12- Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Chan KJ, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1057-1067.
  • 13- F. T. Sönmez, H, Güneş, A. Saritaş, H. Kandiş- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Clinical Manifestations, Consequences, Monitoring, Diagnosis and Treatment of Toxicity. Konuralp Tıp Dergisi 2015;7(3):192-198
  • 14- Rajiah K, Mathew EM. Clinical manifestation, effects, diagnosis, monitoring of carbon monoxide poisoning and toxicity. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011;5:259-64.
  • 15- Thorn SR, Keim LW. Carbon monoxide poisoning: a review epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical findings, and treatment options including hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology. 1989;27(3):141-56.
  • 16- Sato K, Tamaki K, Hattori H, Moore CM, Tsutsumi H, Okajima H, et al. Determination of total hemoglobin in forensic blood samples with special reference to carboxyhemoglobin analysis. Forensic science international. 1990;48(1):89-96.
  • 17- Keith W, Van Meter. Carbon monoxide Poisoning. In Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS (eds). Emergency Medicine A Comprehensive Study Guide, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000:1302-06.
  • 18- Finck PA. Exposure to carbon monoxide: review of the literature and 567 autopsies. Military medicine. 1966;131(12):1513-39.
  • 19- Çıkman M, Kandiş H, Sarıtaş A, Çandar M, Kahriman Ç. Kronik karbonmonoksit maruziyeti ve nöropsikiyatrik semptomlar. Journal of Harran University Medical Faculty. 2013;10(1).
  • 20- Sebbane M, Claret P, Mercier G, et al. Emergency department management of suspected carbon monoxide poisoning: role of pulse CO-oximetry. Respir Care. 2013;58:1614-1620.
  • 21- Peter F Clardy, MD, Scott Manaker, MD, PhD, Holly Perry, MD. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Literature review current through: Jul 2016. | This topic last updated: Aug 18, 2015.
  • 22- Coulange M, Barthelemy A, Hug F, et al. Reliability of new pulse COoximeter in victims of carbon monoxide poisoning. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2008;35:107-111.
  • 23- Parkinson RB, Hopkins RO, Cleavinger HB, et al. White matter hyperintensities and neuropsychological outcome following carbon monoxide poisoning. Neurology. 2002;58:1525-1532.
  • 24- Raphael JC, Elkharrat D, Jars-Guincestre MC, et al. Trial of normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide intoxication. Lancet. 1989;2:414-419.
  • 25- Thom SR, Taber RL, Mendiguren II, et al. Delayed neuropsychologic sequelae after carbon monoxide poisoning: prevention by treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:474-480.
  • 26- Deschamps D, Geraud C, Julien H, et al. Memory one month after acute carbon monoxide intoxication: a prospective study. Occup Environ Med. 2003;60:212-216.
  • 27- Mathieu D, Wattel F, Mathieu-Nolf M, et al. Randomized prospective study comparing the effect of HBO versus 12 hours of NBO in non comatose CO poisoned patients: results of the interim analysis [abstract]. 1996. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society Annual Meeting Abstracts. Available at: http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/
  • 28- Henry CR, Satran D, Lindgren B, et al. Myocardial injury and long-term mortality following moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. JAMA. 2006;295:398-402.
  • 29- Kwon OY, Chung SP, Ha YR, et al. Delayed postanoxic encephalopathy after carbon monoxide poisoning. Emerg Med J 2004; 21:250.
  • 30- Hampson NB, Little CE. Hyperbaric treatment of patients with carbon monoxide poisoning in the United States. Undersea Hyperb Med 2005; 32:21.
  • 31- Tunçok Y, Kalyoncu K. TC Sağlık Bakanlığı birinci basamağa yönelik zehirlenmeler tanı ve tedavi rehberleri. SB, RSHMB, Hıfzısıhha Mektebi Müdürlüğü. 2007;14:35-8.
  • 32- Katirci Y, Kandiş H, Aslan Ş, Kirpinar İ. Neuropsychiatric disorders and risk factors in carbon monoxide intoxication. Toxicology and industrial health. 2010:0748233710387632.
  • 33- Pace N, Strajman E, Walker EL. Acceleration of carbon monoxide elimination in man by high pressure oxygen. Science 1950; 111:652.
  • 34- Ernst A, Zibrak JD. Carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1603.
  • 35- Gill AL, Bell CN. Hyperbaric oxygen: its uses, mechanisms of action and outcomes. QJM 2004; 97:385.
  • 36- Leach RM, Rees PJ, Wilmshurst P. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. BMJ 1998; 317:1140.
  • 37- Undersea & Hyperbaric Medical Society. www.uhms.org (Accessed on August 09, 2005).
  • 38- Medicare Coverage Issues Manual. Publication no. HCFA-Pub6 Transmittal 129, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), 2000. www.cms.hhs.gov/manuals/pm_trans/R129CIM.pdf.
  • 39- Mathieu D, Marroni A, Kot J. Tenth European Consensus Conference on Hyperbaric Medicine: recommendations for accepted and non-accepted clinical indications and practice of hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Diving Hyperb Med 2017; 47:24.
  • 40- Prockop LD, Chichkova RI. Carbon monoxide intoxication: an updated review. J Neurol Sci 2007;262(1- 2):122-30.
  • 41- Y. İncekaya, H. Feyizi, S. Bayraktar, İ. Ali, C. Topuz, S. Karacalar, N. Turgut. Karbonmonoksit Zehirlenmesi ve Hiperbarik Oksijen Tedavisi. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi 33(2):114-118, 2017
  • 42- Jokinen-Gordon, H., et al., A Retrospective Analysis of Adverse Events in Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (2012-2015): Lessons Learned from 1.5 Million Treatments. Adv Skin Wound Care, 2017. 30(3): p. 125–129.
  • 43- Stephen J. Wolf, Gerald E. Maloney, Richard D. Shih, Bradley D. Shy, Michael D. Brown. Clinical Policy: Critical Issues in the Evaluation and Management of Adult Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.11.003
  • 44- Shu-Chen Liao, Yan-Chiao Mao, Kun-Ju Yang, Kuo-Cheng Wang, Li-Ying Wu, C.C. Yang. Targeting optimal time for hyperbaric oxygen therapy following carbon monoxide poisoning for prevention of delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae: A retrospective study. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 396 (2019) 187–192
  • 45- Al B, Yildirim C, Zengin S, Cavdar M, Togun I. The effect of chronic carbon-monoxide exposure on the peak expiratory flow values of grill-kebab chefs. Saudi Med J. 2009 Jun;30(6):788-92.
  • 46- J.L. Ducasse, P. Celsis, J.P. Marc-Vergnes, Non-comatose patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning: hyperbaric or normobaric oxygenation? Undersea Hyperb Med 22 (1) (1995) 9–15.
  • 47- Wilson RC, Saunders PJ, Smith G. An epidemiological study of acute carbon monoxide poisoning in the West Midlands. Occup Environ Med. 1998; 55: 723-728.
  • 48- Peter E. Wu MD, David N. Juurlink MD PhD. Carbon monoxide poisoning. CMAJ, May 13, 2014, 186(8)
  • 49- S. Zengin, M. Yılmaz, B. Al, C. Yildirim, E. Yavuz, A. Akcali. Therapeutic red cell exchange for severe carbon monoxide poisoning. J Clin Apher. 2013 Oct;28(5):337-40. doi: 10.1002/jca.21282. Epub 2013 Jun 8.
  • 50- Celikdemir A, Gokel Y, Guvenc B, Tekinturan F. Treatment of acute carbon-monoxide poisoning with therapeutic erythrocytapheresis: clinical effects and results in 17 victims. Transfus Apher Sci. 2010 Dec;43(3):327-9. doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2010.10.007. Epub 2010 Oct 25.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Acil Tıp
Bölüm Review Article
Yazarlar

Erdal Yavuz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yavuz, E. (2019). Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Eurasian Journal of Toxicology, 1(1), 1-6.
AMA Yavuz E. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Eurasian J Tox. Mart 2019;1(1):1-6.
Chicago Yavuz, Erdal. “Carbon Monoxide Poisoning”. Eurasian Journal of Toxicology 1, sy. 1 (Mart 2019): 1-6.
EndNote Yavuz E (01 Mart 2019) Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Eurasian Journal of Toxicology 1 1 1–6.
IEEE E. Yavuz, “Carbon Monoxide Poisoning”, Eurasian J Tox, c. 1, sy. 1, ss. 1–6, 2019.
ISNAD Yavuz, Erdal. “Carbon Monoxide Poisoning”. Eurasian Journal of Toxicology 1/1 (Mart 2019), 1-6.
JAMA Yavuz E. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Eurasian J Tox. 2019;1:1–6.
MLA Yavuz, Erdal. “Carbon Monoxide Poisoning”. Eurasian Journal of Toxicology, c. 1, sy. 1, 2019, ss. 1-6.
Vancouver Yavuz E. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Eurasian J Tox. 2019;1(1):1-6.
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