Development of Onion Hybrids using Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility

Abstract

Onion (Allium cepa) is an important vegetable/spice crop worldwide. It is an open pollinated crop; therefore, development of onion hybrids is most sought out option to boost onion productivity. Use of cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS) is most pragmatic method ofonion hybrid development. This includes use of three lines, i.e., cytoplasmic male sterile line (A), its isogenic fertile maintainer line (B) and fertility restorer line (R). The conventional method of hybrid development is less efficient as compared to molecular marker assisted methods for identification of S, T, N cytoplasm, maintainer lines and fertility restorer genes with high heterosis. Various molecular marker systems have been established for commercial hybrid seed production. This review examines the development and identification of male sterile and its maintainer lines as well as restorer lines for hybrid seed production using conventional and molecular marker assisted methods.

Keywords

• Allium cepa
• hybrids
• cytoplasmic genetic male sterility
• molecular marker
• restorer lines

References

1. Aghora TS, (1985). The heterosis and combining ability studies in onion (Allium cepa L.) using line×tester analysis. M.Sc.Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India.
2. Aghora TS and Pathak CS, (1991). Heterosis and combining ability in a line x tester cross of onion (Allium cepa L.). Veg. Sci., 18:53-58
3. Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, (2021). Government of India Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Directorate of Economics & Statistics, p-94.
4. Ahmad, R, Hassand MU, Akhtar GB, Saeed S, Khan SA, Shah MKN, and Khan N, (2020). Identification and characterization of important sterile and maintainer lines from various genotypes for advanced breeding programmes of onion (Allium cepa L). Plant Breeding, 139, 988–995. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12844
5. Andrasfalvy A, (1971). Data on the evaluation of onion varieties and hybrids for one year cultivation. Zoldsegtermesztes, 5: 31-46 (cf. Plant Breeding Abstract, 44: 4069).
6. Banga O and Peitet J, (1958). Breeding male sterile line of Dutch onion varieties as a preliminary to the breeding of hybrid varieties. Euphytica, 7:21-30. Berninger E, (1965). Contribution al’etude de la sterilite de male de l’oignon (Allium cepa L.). Ann. Ame´lior. Plant, 15: 183–99.
7. Cho KS, Hong SY, Kwon YS and Woo JG, (2005). Selection of maintainer line in open pollinated onion (Allium cepa L. cv. “Manchuhwang”) using SCAR marker linked to cytoplasmic male sterile factor. Korean Journal of Breeding, 37(3): 133- 137.
8. Davis EW, (1957). The Distribution of male sterility gene in onion. Proceedings of American Society for Horticultural Science, 70: 316-318.

9. Dehghani R, Abbasi Z, Talebi M, Shahmansouri E and Tabatabaei, Sayed BE, (2021). Identification of male sterile (T, S) of fertility (N) cytoplasm by PCR-based molecular markers to access maintainer lines in onion. Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research. 4(3), 277-288.
10. Divarkar DS, (2001). Heterosis and combining ability studies for bulb yield, its components and quality parameters in onion. M.Sc. (Agri) thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
11. Doruchowsk RW, (1986). Variability, heterosis, inheritance, heritability and inter dependence of some economic characters in the parental forms of F 1 and F2 generations in onion (Allium cepa L.). Plant Breeding Abstract, 156:9135.
12. Doruchowski RW, (1971). Studies on the combining ability of parental forms of heterotic hybrids of onion (Allium cepa L.) for breeding of Polish conditions. Biuletyn Warzywniczy, 12: 131-141. (cf. Plant Breeding Abstract, 43: 8267).
13. Dyki B, (1973). Cytological investigation of male sterile onion (Allium cepa L.) plants of varieties Wolska and Rawska. Biuletyn Warzwniczy Poland, 14: 139-148.
14. Engelke T, Terefe D and Tatlioglu T, (2003). A PCRbased marker system monitoring CMS-(S), MS- (T) and (N)-cytoplasm in the onion (Allium cepa L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 107: 162-167. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00122-003-1230-3.
15. Ershov II and Vorobeva AA, (1979). Experimental production of first-generation heterotic hybrids using cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in onion. Referativnyi Zhurnal, 9: 27- 37. (cf. Plant Breeding Abstract, 51: 5558).
16. Ferreira RR, Santos CAF and Oliveira VR, (2017). Fertility restoration locus and cytoplasm types in onion. Genetics and Molecular Research, 16(3), 1-12. DOI: 10.4238/gmr16039766
17. Gazendam I, Greyling Maria M and Laurie SM, (2018). The Application of Molecular Markers to Accelerate the Recovery of Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Male Sterility in South African Onion (Allium cepa L.) Hybrid Parental Lines. Journal of Agricultural Science; 10(7): 95-109.
18. Genejdi GS, (1970). Some biochemical properties of cultivare and hybrids of onion (Allium cepa L.) in conection with heterosis. Plant breeding abstract, 41: 9034.
19. Gikalo EA, (1972). Study of cytoplasmic sterility in onion under conditions at the Maikop Experimental Station. 5: 50-56
20. Gowda RV, (1988). Studies on the genetics of yield and quality characters in bulb and seed crop of onion (Allium cepa L.). Ph.D. thesis, University of Agriculture Science, Bangalore, India.
21. Haishan Z, Zhengan Y and Zhang H, (2006). Advances in research on cytoplasmic male sterility in onion (Allium cepa L.) and its applications. Journal of Yunnan Agriculture University, 21(2):169-171.
22. Havey MJ, (1993). A putative donor of S-cytoplasm and its distribution among open pollinated population of onion. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 86: 128-134.
23. Havey MJ, (2000). Diversity among male sterility inducing and male fertile cytoplasms of onion. Theoretical and Applied genetics, 101(5-6): 778- 782
24. Havey MJ, (2004). The use of cytoplasmic male sterility for hybrid seed production. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Plant Organelles, pp 623-634.
25. Havey MJ, (2006). Diversity among male-sterilityinducing and male fertile cytoplasms of onion. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 101(5): 778- 782.
26. Havey MJ and Kim S, (2021). Molecular Marker Characterization of Commercially Used Cytoplasmic Male Sterilities in Onion. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 146(5):351–355. 2021. https:// doi.org/10.21273/JASHS05083-21
27. Holford P, Croft JH and Newbury HJ, (1991a). Difference between, and possible origin of, the cytoplasms found in fertile and male-sterile onions (Allium cepa L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 82: 737-744.
28. Holford, P., Croft, J.H. and Newbury, H.J. (1991b). Structural studies of microsporogenesis in fertile and male-sterile onions (Allium cepa L.) containing the cms-S cytoplasm. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 82: 745-755.
29. Hosfield, G.L., Vest, G and Peterson, C.E. (1977). Heterosis and combining abilty in diallel cross of onions. Journal of American society for Horticultural Science, 102: 355-360
30. Jingfan SJ, (2009). Identification and analysis of cytoplasmic male sterility in onion (Allium cepa L.) origin from Chinese cultivars. Acta Hortculture, 36(5): 723-726.
31. Jones HA and Clarke AE, (1943). Inheritance of male sterility in the onion and production of hybrid seed. Proceeding of America Society for Horticultural Science, 43: 189-194.
32. Jones HA and Mann LK, (1963). Onions and Their Allies. Leonard Hill Book Co., London. p. 286.
33. Joshi HC and Tandon JP, (1976).Heterosis for yield and its genetic basis in onion. Indian Journal of Agriculture Science, 46(2): 88- 92
34. Kazakova AA and Yakovlev GV, (1973). Expression of heterosis in onion hybrid produced on male sterility basis. Proceeding of Botanical Genetics, 49(2): 268-280.
35. Khaisin MF, (1988). Hybrid seed production of onion using cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). Referativnyi Zhurnal, 3(65): 260.
36. Kim B and Kim S, (2019) Identification of a variant of CMS-T cytoplasm and development of high resolution melting markers for distinguishing cytoplasm types and genotyping a restorerof-fertility locus in onion (Allium cepa L.). Euphytica, 215:164
37. Kim B, Kim C and Kim S, (2019) Inheritance of fertility restoration of male sterility conferred by cytotype Y and identification of instability of male fertility phenotypes in onion (Allium cepa L.). J Hort Sci Bio technol, 94:341-348.
38. Kim S, (2014). A codominant molecular marker in linkage disequilibrium with a restorer-of-fertility gene Ms and its application in reevaluation of inheritance of fertility restoration in onions. Mol. Breed. 34: 769-778. https://doi. org/10.1007/ s11032-014-0073-8.
39. Kim S, Kim C, Park M and Choi D, (2015a). Identification of candidate genes associated with fertility restoration of cytoplasmic male sterility in onion (Allium cepa L.) using a combination of bulked segregant analysis and RNA-seq. Theor Apple Genet, 128:2289-2299.
40. Kim S, Lee E, Kim C and Yoon M, (2009a) Distribution of three cytoplasm types in onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars bred in Korea and Japan. Kor J Hort Sci Technol, 27:275-279.
41. Kim S, Lee ET, Cho DY, Han T, et al., (2009b). Identification of a novel chimeric gene, orf725, and its use in development of a molecular marker for distinguishing among three cytoplasm types in onion (Allium cepa L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 118: 433-441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122- 008-0909-x.
42. Kim CW, Lee ET, Park HJ, Jang YS, Choi IH, Bang JK, Ahn SJ and Chung GC, (2007). Evaluation of cytoplasm types by PCR-marker in male sterility of onion (Allium cepa L.). Korean Journal of Breeding Science, 39(2): 201-205.
43. Kim S, Park J, and Yang T, (2015b). Comparative analysis of the complete chloroplast genome sequences of a normal male-fertile cytoplasm and two different cytoplasms conferring cytoplasmic male sterility in onion (Allium cepa L.). Journal Horticulture Science and Biotechnology, 90: 459-468. https:// doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2015.11513210.
44. Kozlova, (1963). Preliminary results from studies of heterosis in tomato, cucumber and onion. Proceeding Application of Heterosis in Vegetables Growing. Inst Plant IndKrannodaruSSR pp 229- 235.
45. Kumar JC and Dhaliwal MS, (1990). Techniques of Developing Hybrids in Vegetable Crops. AgroBotanical Publishers, Bikaner, Rajasthan. Leite DL, (1999). Molecular characterization of cytoplasmic diversity in leek and South American onion cultivars and sequencing of onion cDNAs. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA. 120p.
46. Liu B, Huo Y, Yang Y, Gao L, Yang Y. and Wu X, (2019). Development of a genotyping method for onion (Allium cepa L.) male-fertility based on multiplex PCR. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 95(2): 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2019.1656113
47. Madalagiri BB, (1983). Studies on heterosis, combining ability and gene action for quantitative characters in bulb onions (Allium cepa L var. cepa). A Ph.D. Thesis submitted to the Gandhi KrishiVignana Kendra, Bangalore, India.
48. Malik G, Dhatt AS, and Malik AA, (2017). Isolation of male sterile and maintainer lines from north–Indian onion (Allium cepa L.) populations with the aid of PCR–based molecular marker. Vegetos, 30(2), 94–99. https:// doi.org/10.5958/2229-4473.2017.00142.2
49. Manjunathagowda DC, and Anjanappa M, (2020). Identification and development of male sterile and their maintainer lines in short–day onion (Allium cepa L.) genotypes. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 67, 357–365. https://doi. org/10.1007/s1072 2-019- 00879-2
50. Manjunathagowda DC, (2021). Perspective and application of molecular markers linked to the cytoplasm types and male-fertility restorer locus in onion (Allium cepa). Plant Breeding. 2021; 00:1-13.
51. McCollum GD, (1968). Heritability and genetic correlation of soluble solid, bulb size and shape in white sweet Spanish onion. Canadian Journal of Genetic Cytology, 19: 508- 514.
52. Melo PC and Boiteux LS, (2001). Analise retrospective do melhoramento genetico de cebola (Allium cepa L.) no Brasil e potencial aplicacao de novas estrategias biotecnologicas. In: Congresso Brasileiro de Melhoramento de Plantas 1. 1, Anais, Goiânia: ABH (CD ROM). UFG/SBMP, Goiania, GO, Brazil.
53. Mohsin GM, Ahmed F, Rahman MS and Islam MS, (2016). Use of Male sterility and synthesis of maintainer Line for hybrid seed production in onion (Allium cepa L.). Bangladesh J. Pl. Breed. Genet., 29(1): 31-38
54. Netra Pal, (1980). Heterosis breeding in relation to processing qualities in onion (Al1ium cepa L.). A Ph.D. Thesis submitted to the Post Graduate School, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
55. Netra Pal, (1988). Heterosis for yield and storage parameters in onion. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 69(12): 826- 829.
56. Netra Pal and Singh N, (1986). Diallel analysis for maturity, yield and its contributing characters in onion. South Indian Horticulture, 34(6): 391-394.
57. Netra Pal, Singh N and Choudhury B, (1988). Heterosis for yield and its components, dehydration qualities and storage in onion (Allium cepa L.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 58(9): 687-692.
58. Netrapal, Singh N, Choudhury and Bhagchandani PM, (1986). Isolation of male sterile and maintainer lines in Indian cultivars of onion (Allium cepa L.). South Indian Horticulture, 34(3): 189-190.
59. Orlova KB, (1969). The use of heterosis in growing onions. In: Transaction volgagrad experiment station, All Union Institute of Plant Industry, No. 6: 47-52 (cf. Plant Breeding Abstract, 44: 1143).
60. Padda DS, Singh G and Saimbhi MS, (1973). Genetic variability and correlation studies in onion. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 30: 391-393.
61. Pandian IRS and Muthukrishnan CR, (1979). Heterosis and combining ability in onion (Al1ium cepa L. var. aggregatum Don.). Madras Agricultural Journal, 66(11): 707- 718.
62. Pathak CS, Aghora CS, Singh DP and Deshpande AA, (1987). Exploitation of heterosis in onion (Allium cepa L.) by using indigenous sources of male sterility. National Symposium on heterosis exploitation: Accomplishments and prospects. Marathwada Agriculture University, Parbhani, India. Abstract, p. 53.
63. Pathak CS, and Gowda RV, (1994). Breeding for the development of onion hybrids in India: Problems and prospectus. Acta Horticulture, 358: 239-242. Pathak CS, (1997). A possible new source of male sterility in onion. Acta Horticulture, 433: 313- 316.
64. Poljanskij AM, (1963). Some results of investigation on KutatoIntezetKozlemenyii, No. 3: 179-193 (cf. Plant Breeding Abstract, 43: 2347).
65. Ren Feiyue and Zhou, Sumei, (2021). Phenolic components and health beneficial properties of onions. Agriculture 2021, 11 (9), 872; https://doi. org/10.3390/agriculture11090872
66. Satyanarayana P, (2014). Heterosis and combining ability studies for yield and quality traits in onion (Allium cepa L.). M.Sc. (Vegetable crop) Thesis, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
67. Sayed AM, Atia AM, Hak SHG, Azab AM and Mohamed MY, (1999). Studies on heterosis, gene action and combining ability of some traits in onion. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture, 26:85-95.
68. Sharma PK, (2018). Isolation of male sterility and its maintenance in onion (Allium cepa var. cepa L.). Ph.D thesis, CCSHAU, Hisar, India Sharma PK, (2022). Studies on General and Specific Combining Ability Effects in Onion Using Male Sterile, Maintainer and Restorer Lines and Hybrids. Ekin Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics, 8(2):77-85.
69. Shashikanth E, Veeregowda R, Gangappa E and Krisnamonohar R, (2007).Heterosis and combining ability studies for bulb yield, its components and quality parameters in onion. Karnataka Journal Agricultural Science, 20(4): 813-815.
70. Shull GH, (1914). Duplicate genes for capsule form in Bursa bursapastoris. In: Heterosis. Iowa State College, Iowa, USA.
71. Sidhu S, Bal SS and Rani M, (2005): Current Trends in Onion Breeding, Journal of New Seeds, 6:2- 3, 223-245.
72. Singh BD, (2021). Plant Breeding Principles and Methods 12th Edition. MedTech Science Pres.
73. Singh Hira and Khar Anil, (2021). Perspectives of onion hybrid breeding in India: An overview. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 91(10): 1426–32.
74. Vadivel B, Muthurkrishana CR and Irulappan I, (1981). A study of combining ability for yield and its components in aggregatum onion (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum Don.). Madras Agricultural Journal, 68(1): 52-60.
75. Vadivel B, Muthurkrishana CR and Irulappan I, (1982). Line x tester analysis in Aggregatum onion (Allium cepa L. var aggregatum Don.). I. Heterosis in seed to bulb generations. South Indian Horticulture, 29(4): 187-191.
76. Vavilov NI, (1951). The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants. Chronica Botanica, Waltham, Mass, New York, USA. Stechert- Hafner, 1951, 364 p.
77. Whaley WG, (1944). Heterosis. Botanical Review, 10: 461-498.
78. Yamashita K and Tashiro Y, (2004). Seed productivity test of CMS lines of Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.) possessing the cytoplasm of a wild species, A. galanthum Kar. Et Kir. Euphytica, 136: 327-331
79. Yamashita K, Takatori Y and Tashiro Y, (2005). Chromosomal location of a pollen fertilityrestoring gene. Rf, for CMS in Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.) possessing the cytoplasm of A. galanthum Kar. Et Kir revelaled by genomic in situ hybridization. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 111: 15-22.
80. Yu N and Kim S, (2021). Identification of Ms2, a novel locus controlling male-fertility restoration of cytoplasmic male sterility in onion (Allium cepa L.), and development of tightly linked molecular markers. Euphytica, 217:19