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Tourism, money supply, and progressive inflation

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 38 - 45, 01.07.2022

Öz

Context and background: The relation between money supply and inflation is not always clear in tourism economic systems, due to non-economic factors, and incomplete explanation such as by the Tourism Area Life Cycle, which gives no idea of how cycles are affected by or affect price. Motivation: This study is motivated by an idea that in real life prices do not rise or fall as per Marginal Utility Theory, but rise is lump-sums, hence to present a more realistic theory of money, inflation, and tourism. The hypothesis is that inflation is often due to weakness of currency but also monetary policy, in terms of reduced supply of smaller currency, cumulative effect of price rise of some commodities, rise in wages, and inelastic demand. The method used is to demonstrate the failed Product Life Cycle concept and present the modified quantum or denomination theory of money. The results, after analysing data from UK and world figures, show that inflation is progressive. A strategy based on the theory can help less well-off people in rural areas manage better, affordable tourism.

Kaynakça

  • Adger, W.N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: Are they related? Progress in Human Geography, 24(3):347–364.
  • Altunöz, U. (2020). Pass-through effects of exchange rate on inflation: The case of Turkey. Journal of Ekonomi, 2(2): 71–75.
  • Archer, B.H. (1984). Economic impact: Misleading multiplier. Annals of Tourism Research, 11(3): 517–518.
  • BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) (2017). Weak pound sees surge in tourists visiting UK. Retrieved from www.bbc.com/news/business-40592623?SThisFB (accessed 13 July 2017).
  • BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) (2018). Making History: Coastal change: Overfishing and the death of the seaside. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/ b0b5t81t (Accessed 25 September 2021)
  • Becken, S. (2013). Developing a framework for assessing resilience of tourism sub-systems to climatic factors. Annals of Tou. Research, 43(2): 506–528.
  • Berliner, J. (1962). The feet of the natives are large: An essay on anthropology by an economist. Current Anthropology, 3(1): 47–77.
  • Biggs, D., Hall, C.M. and Stoeckl, N. (2012). The resilience of formal and informal tourism enterprises to disasters: Reef tourism in Phuket, Thailand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(5): 645–655.
  • Birchall, G. (2019). Up in Smoke: Cigarette price increase – How much does a pack cost in UK (July)? Retrieved from www.thesun.co.uk/news/6037310/
  • cigarette-price-increase-a-pack-cost-uk/ (Accessed 8 August 2019).
  • Brakke, M. (2004). International tourism, demand, and GDP implications: A background and empirical analysis. Undergraduate Economic Review, 1(1), 1–38.
  • Breaking Travel News (2013). VisitBritain India mission lands in Delhi. Retrieved from www.breakingtravelnews.com/news/article/travelnews/ tourismnews (Accessed 23 January 2015).
  • Brent Ritchie, J.R. and Crouch, G. (2003). The Competitive Destination: A Sustainable Tourism Perspective. Wallingford, UK: CABI.
  • Bullock, A., Stallybrass, O. & Trombley, S. (Eds.)(1988). Epistemology; Hermeneutics. In The Fontana Dictionary. of Modern Thought. Glasgow: William Collins.
  • Butler, R.W. (1980). The concept of a tourism area cycle of evolution: Implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 24(1): 5–12.
  • Butler, R.W. (Ed.) (2006a). The Tourism Area Life Cycle: Applications and Modifications (Vol. 1). Bristol: Channel View.
  • Butler, R.W. (Ed.) (2006b). The Tourism Area Life Cycle: Conceptual and Theoretical Issues (Vol. 2). Bristol: Channel View.
  • Chapman, A. and Light, D. (2016). Exploring the tourist destination as a mosaic: The alternative lifecycles of the seaside amusement arcade sector in Britain. Tourism Management, 52: 254–263.
  • Cho, V. (2001). Tourism forecasting and its relationship with leading economic indicators. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 25(4), 399–420.
  • Choy, D.L. (1992). Life-cycle models for Pacific tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 30(3): 26–31.
  • Cochrane, J. (2010). The sphere of tourism resilience. Tourism Recreation Research, 35(2): 173–185.
  • Crouch, G. (1992). Effect of income and price on international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 19: 643–664.
  • Crouch, G., Perdue, R., Timmermans, H., and Uysal, M. (Eds.)(2004). Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure. Vol. 3. Oxon: CABI.
  • DeKadt, E. (1979). Tourism: Passport to Development? New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Dogru, T., Işik, C, and Sirakaya-Turk, E. (2019). The balance of trade and exchange rates: Theory and contemporary evidence from tourism. Tourism Management, 74: 12–23. doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.01.014
  • Dixit, S.K. (Ed.) (2017). The Routledge Handbook of Consumer Behaviour in Hospitality and Tourism. London: Routledge.
  • Farrell, B.H. (Ed.) (1977). The Social and Economic Impact of Tourism on Pacific Communities. Santa Cruz: Center for South Pacific Studies.
  • Friedman, M. and Schwartz, A. (1965). Money and business cycles. In The State of Monetary Economics (pp. 32–78). NBER Chapters. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • George, E., King, M., Clementi, D., Budd, D., Buiter, W., Goodhart, W., Julius, D., Plenderleith, I., and Vicker, J. (1999). The Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy (pp. 1–12). Bank of England. Getz, D. (1983). Capacity to absorb tourism: Concepts and implications for strategic planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 10(1): 239–264.
  • Global Times China (2021). China’s tourism booms over Spring Festival, as tourists embrace short distance travel. Retrieved from https://www.globaltimes.cn/page (Accessed 15 February 2021).
  • Goodwin, H. (2007). Measuring and reporting the impact of tourism on poverty. In Airey, D. & Tribe, J. (Eds.), Development in Tourism Research: New Directions, Challenges and Applications (pp. 63–75). London: Elsevier.
  • Greenwood, D. (1989). Culture by the pound: An anthropological perspective on tourism as cultural commoditization. In Smith, V.L. (Ed.), Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, second edition (pp. 171–186). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Guizzardi, A. and Mazzocchi, M. (2010). Tourism demand for Italy and the business cycle. Tourism Management, 31(3): 367–77.
  • Stonier, A. and Hague, D. (1980). A Textbook of Economic Theory. London: Longman.
  • Hicks, J.R. (1959). A world inflation? In Hicks, J.R. (author), Essays in World Economics (pp. 121–157). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Holden, A. (2000). Environment and Tourism. London: Routledge.
  • IANS (2013). Russian tourists outnumber Britons in Goa. Retrieved from http://in.news.yahoo.com/Russiantourists-outnumber-Britons-in-Goa (accessed 23 January 2015).
  • Indiainfoline (2013). Goa tourism creates history at ITB Berlin. Retrieved from www.indiainfoline.com/markets/news/goa-tourism-creates-history
  • Işik, C., Dogru, T. and Sirakaya-Turk, E. (2017). A nexus of linear and non-linear relationships between tourism demand, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Theory and evidence. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(1), 38–49. doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2151
  • Işik, C., Kasimati, E. and Ongan, S. (2017). Analyzing the causalities between economic growth, financial development, international trade, tourism expenditure and/on the CO2 emissions in Greece. Energy Sources: Economics, Planning & Policy, 12(7): 665–673. doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2016.1263251.
  • In2013dollars.com (2018). Inflation rate 2009 to 2018. Retrieved from www.in2013dollars.com/2009-GBP-in-2018 (Accessed 5 July 2018).
  • In2013dollars.com (2019). Inflation rate in 2018. Retrieved from www.in2013dollars.com/UK-inflation-rate-in-2018 (Accessed 8-8-2019).
  • Johnson, H.G. and Nobay, A.R. (Eds.)(1974). Issues in Monetary Economics: Proceedings of the 1972 Money Study Group Conference. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Kotler, P., Bowen J., Makens, J. and Baloglu, S. (2018). Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism. Seventh edition. New York: Pearson.
  • Kozak, M. (2004). Destination Benchmarking: Concepts, Practices and Operations. Wallingford, UK: CABI.
  • Lamberton, D.M (Ed.) (1971). Economics of Information and Knowledge. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
  • Lanza, A., Markandya, A., and Pigliaru, F. (Eds.) (2005). The Economics of Tourism and Sustainable Development. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
  • Marx, K. (1973). Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy. Translated by M. Nicolaus. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
  • Mazanec, J.A., Crouch, G.I., Brent Ritchie, J.R. and Woodside, A.G. (Eds.)(2001). Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure. Vol. 2. Oxon: CABI.
  • McLellan, D. (1975). Marx. Fontana Modern Masters series. Glasgow: Collins.
  • Meek, R. (1976). The falling rate of profit. In Howard, M.C. and King, J.E. (Eds.), The Economics of Marx: Selected Readings of Exposition and Criticism (pp. 203−218). Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
  • Metro UK (2021). Price of pack of cigarettes doubles in ten years to ₤ 13.60. Retrieved from https://metro.co.uk/2021/10/27/budget-2021-price-of-pack-of-cigarettes-doubles-in-ten-years-to-13-60-15497785/(Accessed 15.04.2022)
  • Middleton, V.T.C. (1988). Marketing in Travel and Tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Middleton, V.T.C., and Hawkins, R. (1998). Sustainable Tourism: A Marketing Perspective. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Ministry of Tourism, India (2015). Foreign tourist arrivals. Retrieved from pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=114404 (Accessed 27 September 2015).
  • Moggridge, D.E (1976). Keynes. Fontana Modern Masters series. Glasgow: William Collins.
  • Morgan, M., Lugosi, P. and Brent Ritchie, J. R. (Eds.)(2010). The Tourism and Leisure Experience: Consumer and Managerial Perspectives. Bristol: Channel View.
  • Numbeo.com (2015). Cost of living index mid-year 2015. Retrieved from www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/rankings.jsp (Accessed 27 September 2015).
  • OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) (2008). Tourism satellite account: Recommended methodological framework. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/cfe/tourism/ tourismsatelliteaccountrecommendedmethodologicalframework.htm (Accessed 18 May, 2022)
  • Pearce, I.F. (1974). Some aspects of European monetary integration. In Johnson, H.G. and Nobay, A.R. (Eds.), Issues in Monetary Economics: Proceedings of the 1972 Money Study Group Conference (pp. 75–97). London: Oxford Uni. Press.
  • Pizam, A. and Mansfeld, Y. (Eds.) (1999). Consumer Behaviour in Travel and Tourism. New York: Haworth Hospitality Press.
  • Polanyi, K., Arensberg, C.M., and Pearson, H.W. (1957). Trade and Market in the Early Empires: Economies in History and Theory. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
  • Posner, M.V. (1961). International trade and technical change. Oxford Economic Papers, 13, 323–341.
  • PoundSterlingLive.com (2019a). Converting British Pounds into Indian rupees in 2018. Retrieved from www.poundsterlinglive.com/best-exchange-rates/best-british-pound-to-indian-rupee-history-2018 (Accessed 8 August 2019).
  • PoundSterlingLive.com (2019b). GB Pound versus the US Dollar on 12 December 2018. Retrieved from www.poundsterlinglive.com/best-exchange-rates/british-pound-to-us-dollar-exchange-rate-on-2018-12-12 (Accessed 8 August 2019).
  • Ridderstaat, J., Croes, R. and Nijkamp, P. (2013). Tourism and long-run economic growth in Aruba. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(5): 472–487. doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1941
  • Ridderstaat, J. and Croes, R. (2017). The link between money supply and tourism demand cycles: A case study of two Caribbean destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 56(2), 187–205. doi.org/10.1177/0047287515619695
  • Rifkin, J. and Howard, T. (1981). Entropy: A New World View. New York: Bantam.
  • Russell, R. (2006). Chaos theory and its applicability to the TALC model. In Butler, R.W. (Ed.), The Tourism Area Life Cycle: Conceptual and Theoretical issues (Vol. 2) (pp. 164–179). Bristol: Channel View. Silberston, A. (1973). Economies of scale in theory and practice. In Wagner, L. and Baltazziz, N. (Eds.), Readings in Microeconomics (pp. 86–114). Oxford: Open University Press.
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Tourism, money supply, and progressive inflation

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 38 - 45, 01.07.2022

Öz

Context and background: The relation between money supply and inflation is not always clear in tourism economic systems, due to non-economic factors, and incomplete explanation such as by the Tourism Area Life Cycle, which gives no idea of how cycles are affected by or affect price. Motivation: This study is motivated by an idea that in real life prices do not rise or fall as per Marginal Utility Theory, but rise is lump-sums, hence to present a more realistic theory of money, inflation, and tourism. The hypothesis is that inflation is often due to weakness of currency but also monetary policy, in terms of reduced supply of smaller currency, cumulative effect of price rise of some commodities, rise in wages, and inelastic demand. The method used is to demonstrate the failed Product Life Cycle concept and present the modified quantum or denomination theory of money. The results, after analysing data from UK and world figures, show that inflation is progressive. A strategy based on the theory can help less well-off people in rural areas manage better, affordable tourism.

Kaynakça

  • Adger, W.N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: Are they related? Progress in Human Geography, 24(3):347–364.
  • Altunöz, U. (2020). Pass-through effects of exchange rate on inflation: The case of Turkey. Journal of Ekonomi, 2(2): 71–75.
  • Archer, B.H. (1984). Economic impact: Misleading multiplier. Annals of Tourism Research, 11(3): 517–518.
  • BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) (2017). Weak pound sees surge in tourists visiting UK. Retrieved from www.bbc.com/news/business-40592623?SThisFB (accessed 13 July 2017).
  • BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) (2018). Making History: Coastal change: Overfishing and the death of the seaside. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/ b0b5t81t (Accessed 25 September 2021)
  • Becken, S. (2013). Developing a framework for assessing resilience of tourism sub-systems to climatic factors. Annals of Tou. Research, 43(2): 506–528.
  • Berliner, J. (1962). The feet of the natives are large: An essay on anthropology by an economist. Current Anthropology, 3(1): 47–77.
  • Biggs, D., Hall, C.M. and Stoeckl, N. (2012). The resilience of formal and informal tourism enterprises to disasters: Reef tourism in Phuket, Thailand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(5): 645–655.
  • Birchall, G. (2019). Up in Smoke: Cigarette price increase – How much does a pack cost in UK (July)? Retrieved from www.thesun.co.uk/news/6037310/
  • cigarette-price-increase-a-pack-cost-uk/ (Accessed 8 August 2019).
  • Brakke, M. (2004). International tourism, demand, and GDP implications: A background and empirical analysis. Undergraduate Economic Review, 1(1), 1–38.
  • Breaking Travel News (2013). VisitBritain India mission lands in Delhi. Retrieved from www.breakingtravelnews.com/news/article/travelnews/ tourismnews (Accessed 23 January 2015).
  • Brent Ritchie, J.R. and Crouch, G. (2003). The Competitive Destination: A Sustainable Tourism Perspective. Wallingford, UK: CABI.
  • Bullock, A., Stallybrass, O. & Trombley, S. (Eds.)(1988). Epistemology; Hermeneutics. In The Fontana Dictionary. of Modern Thought. Glasgow: William Collins.
  • Butler, R.W. (1980). The concept of a tourism area cycle of evolution: Implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 24(1): 5–12.
  • Butler, R.W. (Ed.) (2006a). The Tourism Area Life Cycle: Applications and Modifications (Vol. 1). Bristol: Channel View.
  • Butler, R.W. (Ed.) (2006b). The Tourism Area Life Cycle: Conceptual and Theoretical Issues (Vol. 2). Bristol: Channel View.
  • Chapman, A. and Light, D. (2016). Exploring the tourist destination as a mosaic: The alternative lifecycles of the seaside amusement arcade sector in Britain. Tourism Management, 52: 254–263.
  • Cho, V. (2001). Tourism forecasting and its relationship with leading economic indicators. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 25(4), 399–420.
  • Choy, D.L. (1992). Life-cycle models for Pacific tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 30(3): 26–31.
  • Cochrane, J. (2010). The sphere of tourism resilience. Tourism Recreation Research, 35(2): 173–185.
  • Crouch, G. (1992). Effect of income and price on international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 19: 643–664.
  • Crouch, G., Perdue, R., Timmermans, H., and Uysal, M. (Eds.)(2004). Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure. Vol. 3. Oxon: CABI.
  • DeKadt, E. (1979). Tourism: Passport to Development? New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Dogru, T., Işik, C, and Sirakaya-Turk, E. (2019). The balance of trade and exchange rates: Theory and contemporary evidence from tourism. Tourism Management, 74: 12–23. doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.01.014
  • Dixit, S.K. (Ed.) (2017). The Routledge Handbook of Consumer Behaviour in Hospitality and Tourism. London: Routledge.
  • Farrell, B.H. (Ed.) (1977). The Social and Economic Impact of Tourism on Pacific Communities. Santa Cruz: Center for South Pacific Studies.
  • Friedman, M. and Schwartz, A. (1965). Money and business cycles. In The State of Monetary Economics (pp. 32–78). NBER Chapters. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • George, E., King, M., Clementi, D., Budd, D., Buiter, W., Goodhart, W., Julius, D., Plenderleith, I., and Vicker, J. (1999). The Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy (pp. 1–12). Bank of England. Getz, D. (1983). Capacity to absorb tourism: Concepts and implications for strategic planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 10(1): 239–264.
  • Global Times China (2021). China’s tourism booms over Spring Festival, as tourists embrace short distance travel. Retrieved from https://www.globaltimes.cn/page (Accessed 15 February 2021).
  • Goodwin, H. (2007). Measuring and reporting the impact of tourism on poverty. In Airey, D. & Tribe, J. (Eds.), Development in Tourism Research: New Directions, Challenges and Applications (pp. 63–75). London: Elsevier.
  • Greenwood, D. (1989). Culture by the pound: An anthropological perspective on tourism as cultural commoditization. In Smith, V.L. (Ed.), Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, second edition (pp. 171–186). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Guizzardi, A. and Mazzocchi, M. (2010). Tourism demand for Italy and the business cycle. Tourism Management, 31(3): 367–77.
  • Stonier, A. and Hague, D. (1980). A Textbook of Economic Theory. London: Longman.
  • Hicks, J.R. (1959). A world inflation? In Hicks, J.R. (author), Essays in World Economics (pp. 121–157). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Holden, A. (2000). Environment and Tourism. London: Routledge.
  • IANS (2013). Russian tourists outnumber Britons in Goa. Retrieved from http://in.news.yahoo.com/Russiantourists-outnumber-Britons-in-Goa (accessed 23 January 2015).
  • Indiainfoline (2013). Goa tourism creates history at ITB Berlin. Retrieved from www.indiainfoline.com/markets/news/goa-tourism-creates-history
  • Işik, C., Dogru, T. and Sirakaya-Turk, E. (2017). A nexus of linear and non-linear relationships between tourism demand, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Theory and evidence. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(1), 38–49. doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2151
  • Işik, C., Kasimati, E. and Ongan, S. (2017). Analyzing the causalities between economic growth, financial development, international trade, tourism expenditure and/on the CO2 emissions in Greece. Energy Sources: Economics, Planning & Policy, 12(7): 665–673. doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2016.1263251.
  • In2013dollars.com (2018). Inflation rate 2009 to 2018. Retrieved from www.in2013dollars.com/2009-GBP-in-2018 (Accessed 5 July 2018).
  • In2013dollars.com (2019). Inflation rate in 2018. Retrieved from www.in2013dollars.com/UK-inflation-rate-in-2018 (Accessed 8-8-2019).
  • Johnson, H.G. and Nobay, A.R. (Eds.)(1974). Issues in Monetary Economics: Proceedings of the 1972 Money Study Group Conference. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Kotler, P., Bowen J., Makens, J. and Baloglu, S. (2018). Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism. Seventh edition. New York: Pearson.
  • Kozak, M. (2004). Destination Benchmarking: Concepts, Practices and Operations. Wallingford, UK: CABI.
  • Lamberton, D.M (Ed.) (1971). Economics of Information and Knowledge. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
  • Lanza, A., Markandya, A., and Pigliaru, F. (Eds.) (2005). The Economics of Tourism and Sustainable Development. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
  • Marx, K. (1973). Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy. Translated by M. Nicolaus. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
  • Mazanec, J.A., Crouch, G.I., Brent Ritchie, J.R. and Woodside, A.G. (Eds.)(2001). Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure. Vol. 2. Oxon: CABI.
  • McLellan, D. (1975). Marx. Fontana Modern Masters series. Glasgow: Collins.
  • Meek, R. (1976). The falling rate of profit. In Howard, M.C. and King, J.E. (Eds.), The Economics of Marx: Selected Readings of Exposition and Criticism (pp. 203−218). Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
  • Metro UK (2021). Price of pack of cigarettes doubles in ten years to ₤ 13.60. Retrieved from https://metro.co.uk/2021/10/27/budget-2021-price-of-pack-of-cigarettes-doubles-in-ten-years-to-13-60-15497785/(Accessed 15.04.2022)
  • Middleton, V.T.C. (1988). Marketing in Travel and Tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Middleton, V.T.C., and Hawkins, R. (1998). Sustainable Tourism: A Marketing Perspective. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Ministry of Tourism, India (2015). Foreign tourist arrivals. Retrieved from pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=114404 (Accessed 27 September 2015).
  • Moggridge, D.E (1976). Keynes. Fontana Modern Masters series. Glasgow: William Collins.
  • Morgan, M., Lugosi, P. and Brent Ritchie, J. R. (Eds.)(2010). The Tourism and Leisure Experience: Consumer and Managerial Perspectives. Bristol: Channel View.
  • Numbeo.com (2015). Cost of living index mid-year 2015. Retrieved from www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/rankings.jsp (Accessed 27 September 2015).
  • OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) (2008). Tourism satellite account: Recommended methodological framework. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/cfe/tourism/ tourismsatelliteaccountrecommendedmethodologicalframework.htm (Accessed 18 May, 2022)
  • Pearce, I.F. (1974). Some aspects of European monetary integration. In Johnson, H.G. and Nobay, A.R. (Eds.), Issues in Monetary Economics: Proceedings of the 1972 Money Study Group Conference (pp. 75–97). London: Oxford Uni. Press.
  • Pizam, A. and Mansfeld, Y. (Eds.) (1999). Consumer Behaviour in Travel and Tourism. New York: Haworth Hospitality Press.
  • Polanyi, K., Arensberg, C.M., and Pearson, H.W. (1957). Trade and Market in the Early Empires: Economies in History and Theory. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
  • Posner, M.V. (1961). International trade and technical change. Oxford Economic Papers, 13, 323–341.
  • PoundSterlingLive.com (2019a). Converting British Pounds into Indian rupees in 2018. Retrieved from www.poundsterlinglive.com/best-exchange-rates/best-british-pound-to-indian-rupee-history-2018 (Accessed 8 August 2019).
  • PoundSterlingLive.com (2019b). GB Pound versus the US Dollar on 12 December 2018. Retrieved from www.poundsterlinglive.com/best-exchange-rates/british-pound-to-us-dollar-exchange-rate-on-2018-12-12 (Accessed 8 August 2019).
  • Ridderstaat, J., Croes, R. and Nijkamp, P. (2013). Tourism and long-run economic growth in Aruba. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(5): 472–487. doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1941
  • Ridderstaat, J. and Croes, R. (2017). The link between money supply and tourism demand cycles: A case study of two Caribbean destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 56(2), 187–205. doi.org/10.1177/0047287515619695
  • Rifkin, J. and Howard, T. (1981). Entropy: A New World View. New York: Bantam.
  • Russell, R. (2006). Chaos theory and its applicability to the TALC model. In Butler, R.W. (Ed.), The Tourism Area Life Cycle: Conceptual and Theoretical issues (Vol. 2) (pp. 164–179). Bristol: Channel View. Silberston, A. (1973). Economies of scale in theory and practice. In Wagner, L. and Baltazziz, N. (Eds.), Readings in Microeconomics (pp. 86–114). Oxford: Open University Press.
  • Sinclair, M.T. and Stabler, M. (1997). The Economics of Tourism. London: Routledge.
  • Singh, S. (2015a). A twist in the tale of carrying capacity: Towards a formula for sustainable tourism? In Singh, T.V. (Ed.), Challenges in Tourism Research (pp. 273–280). Bristol: Channel View.
  • Singh, S. (2015b). Where is the host? An analytic autoethnographic inquiry in transformational tourism. In Reisinger, Y. (Ed.), Transformational Tourism: Host Perspectives (pp. 47–66). Wallingford: CABI.
  • Singh, S. (2017). Mobile money for promoting conservation and community-based tourism and ecotourism in underdeveloped regions. Tourism Recreation Research, 42(1): 108–112.
  • Singh, S. (2021). Time, tourism area life-cycle, evolution and heritage. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 16(2): 218–229.
  • Singh, S. (2022). Do indexes assess poverty? Is tourism truly pro-poor? Journal of Ekonomi, 4(1), 6-13.
  • Statista.com, (2017a). Annual number of international visitors to the UK. Retrieved from www.statista.com/statistics/287133/annual-number-of-overseas-visits-to-the-united-kingdom-uk/ (Accessed on 5 July 2018).
  • Statista.com, (2017b). UK inflation rate from May 2015 to May 2017. Retrieved from www.statista.com/statistics/1306631/inflation-rate-consumer-price-index-CPI-united-kingdom-uk-y-on-y/ (Accessed on 5 July 2018).
  • Statista.com, (2019) Number of overseas resident visits to the UK from 2002-2018. Retrieved from www.statista.com/statistics/287133/annual-number-of-overseas-visits-to-the-united-kingdom-uk/ (Accessed 8 August 2019).
  • The Guardian, (2017). British tourists tell of misery abroad with pound at eight-year low. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/politics/ 2017/aug/26/British-tourists-tell-of-misery-abroad-with-pound-at-eight-year-low?CMP=share_btn_fb (Accessed on 28 August 2017).
  • The Independent (2017). UK visited by record number of international tourists in 2017. Retrieved from www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/uk-international-tourists-record-number-visitors-2017-london-england-brexit-a8166161.html (Accessed on 5 July 2018).
  • The Telegraph (2019). Royal mint produced no £ 2 coins in 2017 as public was in rush to get rid of old £ 1 coins. Retrieved from www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/05/10/ royal-mint-produced-no-2-coins-2017-public-rush-get-rid-old/ (Accessed 22 August 2019).
  • Thimms, T. (2014). The Flamenco factor in destination marketing. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 31(6): 576-588.
  • TNN (2013). Drug mafia and police killed Scarlett: Mother. The Times of India, Lucknow, 28 February, p. 6.
  • Travelbizmonitor, (2014). Foreign tourist arrivals in India in 2013. Retrieved from www.travelbizmonitor.com (Accessed 27 September 2015).
  • Tribe, J. (1995). The Economics of Leisure and Tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Tribe, J. (2010). Strategy for Tourism. Oxford: Goodfellow.
  • Turna, Y., and Özcan, A. (2021). The relationship between foreign exchange rate, interest rate and inflation in Turkey: ARDL approach. Journal of Ekonomi, 3(1), 19–23.
  • Turner, L., Kulendran, N. and Fernando, H. (1997). The use of composite national indicators for tourism forecasting. Tourism Economics, 3(4): 309–17.
  • UNWTO (2017). Tourism highlights 2017. Retrieved from www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/ 10.18111/97892844119029 (Accessed on 5 July 2018).
  • Van Der Borg, J. (1992). Tourism and urban development: The case of Venice, Italy. Tourism Recreation Research, 17(2): 46–56.
  • VisitBritain (2018). 2018 inbound tourism forecast. Retrieved from www.visitbritain.org/ forecast (Accessed 5 July 2018).
  • VisitBritain (2019). Overview of UK visitor statistics 2018: India. Retrieved from www.visitbritain.org/markets/india (Accessed on 8 August 2019).
  • Young, G. (1973). Tourism: Blessing or Blight? Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
Toplam 93 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Sagar Singh 0000-0002-5406-1808

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Singh, S. (2022). Tourism, money supply, and progressive inflation. Journal of Ekonomi, 4(1), 38-45.

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