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Loan growth drivers in state-owned banks: A fixed effects model approach

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 28 - 39
https://doi.org/10.58251/ekonomi.1560944

Abstract

Loan growth is a critical driver for economic development, and comprehending the determinants affecting lending in state-owned banks is vital for enhancing financial sector stability and performance. This paper examines the factors that affect loan growth in state-owned banks in Bangladesh. We collected data over a 11-year period from 2012 to 2022. We applied ordinary least square method primarily followed by fixed effect estimation. To check the validity of the regression models of the study, we have considered several diagnostic tests. Our findings indicate that loan growth in state-owned banks is influenced by several industry-dependent variables i.e. size, liquidity, efficiency, non-performing loans, etc. The influence of bank size, income, liquidity, non-performing loan ratio, and cost-to-income ratio is the main emphasis of this study's investigation into the factors influencing bank lending. According to the statistics, there is a significant positive correlation between size and lending. Bank liquidity and lending show a strong negative correlation. The study also found higher lending is associated with higher non-performing loans significantly. The efficiency ratio shows a substantial negative impact on lending. To improve bank performance and stability, policymakers and bank management may benefit greatly from these results. Policymakers need to integrate various macroeconomic and qualitative elements into regulatory frameworks to bolster financial stability while facilitating sustainable loan expansion. Bank management can enhance efficiency by decreasing the cost-to-income ratio and strengthening credit risk management, while utilizing bank size for strategic expansions to increase lending capacity.

References

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  • Allen, F., & Gale, D. (2004). Financial intermediaries and markets. Econometrica, 72(4), 1023-1061.
  • Allison, P. D. (1999). Multiple regression: A primer. Pine Forge Press.
  • Amador, J. S. G., José E Pabón & Andrés Murcia (2013). Loan growth and bank risk: new evidence. Fin. Markets Portfolio M., 27(4), 365-379.
  • Athanasoglou, P. P., Brissimis, S. N., & Delis, M. D. (2008). Bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 18(2), 121-136.
  • Baltagi, B. H., & Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data (Vol. 4, pp. 135-145). Chichester: Wiley.
  • Baoko, G., Acheampong, I. A., & Ibrahim, M. (2017). Determinants of bank credit in Ghana: A bounds-testing cointegration approach. African Review of Economics and Finance, 9(1), 33-61. DOI: 10.11588/aref.2017.1.162143
  • Beck, N., & Katz, J. N. (1995). What To Do (and Not To Do) with Time-Series Cross-Section Data. American Pol. Science R, 89(3), 634-647.
  • Beck, T., & Levine, R. (2004). Stock markets, banks, and growth: Panel evidence. Journal of Banking & Finance, 28(3), 423-442.
  • Berger, A. N., & Bouwman, C. H. (2009). Bank liquidity creation. The review of financial studies, 22(9), 3779-3837.
  • Berger, A. N., & Mester, L. J. (1997). Inside the black box: What explains differences in the efficiencies of financial institutions?. Journal of Banking & Finance, 21(7), 895-947.
  • Berger, A. N., & Udell, G. F. (2006). A more complete conceptual framework for SME finance. Banking & Finance, 30(11), 2945-2966.
  • Berrospide, J. M. (2011). Effects of Bank Capital on Lending: What Do We Know, and What Does It Mean? DIANE Publishing. International Journal of Central Banking, 6(4), 5–54. https:// doi.org/10.17016/feds.2010.44
  • Bhowmik, P. K., & Sarker, N. (2021). Loan growth and bank risk: empirical evidence from SAARC countries. Heliyon, 7(5).
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Broner, F., Erce, A., Martin, A., & Ventura, J. (2014). Sovereign debt markets in turbulent times: Creditor discrimination and crowding-out effects. Journal of Monetary Economics, 61, 114-142.
  • Bustamante, J., Cuba, W., & Nivin, R. (2019). Determinants of credit growth and the bank-lending channel in Peru: A loan level analysis.
  • Cahyo, C., Harjanto, S., & Sulastri, P. (2023). Analisis Pengaruh Non-Performing Loan (NPL) Dan Struktur Modal Terhadap Profitabillitas Yang Dimediasi Oleh Pertumbuhan Kredit (Studi pada BPR di Provinsi Jawa Tengah Periode Tahun 2019-2021). Akuntan Publik, 1(1), 66-89.
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  • Duican, E. R., & Pop, A. (2015). The implications of credit activity on economic growth in Romania. P. Economics and Finance, 30, 195-201.
  • Everaert, G., Che, M. N. X., Geng, M. N., Gruss, B., Impavido, G., Lu, Y., ... & Zeng, M. L. (2015). Does supply or demand drive the credit cycle? Evidence from Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. International Monetary Fund.
  • Fahlenbrach, R., Prilmeier, R., & Stulz, R. M. (2018). Why does fast loan growth predict poor performance for banks?. The Review of Financial Studies, 31(3), 1014-1063.
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Foos, D. N., Lars Weber, Martin. (2010). Loan growth and riskiness of banks. Journal of Banking Finance, 34(12), 2929-2940.
  • Gennaioli, N., Martin, A., & Rossi, S. (2014). Sovereign default, domestic banks, and financial institutions. The J. of Finance, 69(2), 819-866.
  • Ghosh, A. (2015). Banking-industry specific and regional economic determinants of non-performing loans: Evidence from US states. Journal of Financial Stability, 20, 93-104.
  • Greene, W. H. (2012). Econometric analysis (7th ed., International ed. ed.). Boston: Pearson.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: Pearson College division. Person: London, UK.
  • Hasan, I., Jackowicz, K., Kowalewski, O., & Kozłowski, Ł. (2017). Do local banking market structures matter for SME financing and performance? New evidence from an emerging economy. Journal of Banking & Finance, 79, 142-158.
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1251-1271.
  • Heath, R. (2013). Modifications to the current list of financial soundness indicators. International Monetary Fund. Hess, K., Grimes, A., & Holmes, M. (2009). Credit losses in Australasian banking. Economic Record, 85(270), 331-343.
  • Holmstrom, B., & Tirole, J. (1997). Financial intermediation, loanable funds, and the real sector. the Quarterly J Economics, 112(3), 663-691.
  • Hou, K., Xue, C., & Zhang, L. (2015). Digesting anomalies: An investment approach. The Review of Financial Studies, 28(3), 650-705.
  • Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of Panel Data (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Işık, C., Bulut, U., Ongan, S., Islam, H., & Irfan, M. (2024a). Exploring how economic growth, renewable energy, internet usage, and mineral rents influence CO2 emissions: A panel quantile regression analysis for 27 OECD countries. Resources Policy, 92, 105025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105025
  • Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., & Menegaki, A. N. (2024b). A roadmap for sustainable global supply chain distribution: Exploring the interplay of ECON-ESG factors, technological advancement and SDGs on natural resources. Resources Policy.
  • Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., & Sharif, A. (2024c). ECON-ESG factors on energy efficiency: Fostering sustainable development in ECON-growth-paradox countries. Gondwana Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2024.07.020
  • Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Jabeen, G., & Pinzon, S. (2024d). Is economic growth in East Asia pacific and South Asia ESG factors based and aligned growth? Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2910
  • Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Pinzon, S., & Jabeen, G. (2024e). Navigating sustainability: Unveiling the interconnected dynamics of ESG factors and SDGs in BRICS‐11. Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2977
  • Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Sharif, A., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2024f). Evaluating the effects of ECON-ESG on load capacity factor in G7 countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 360, 121177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121177
  • Işık, C., Ongan, S., & Islam, H. (2024g). A new pathway to sustainability: Integrating economic dimension (ECON) into ESG factors as (ECON-ESG) and aligned with sustainable development goals (SDGs). Journal of Ekonomi, 6(1), 34-39. https://doi.org/10.58251/ekonomi.1450860
  • Islam, H., Islam, M. S., Saha, S., Tarin, T. I., Soumia, L., Parven, S., & Rahman, K. (2024a). Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Performance of Banks in Bangladesh. Journal of Ekonomi. https://doi.org/10.58251/ekonomi.1467784
  • Islam, H., Soumia, L., Rana, M., Madavarapu, J. B., & Saha, S. (2024b). Nexus between perception, purpose of use, technical challenges and satisfaction for mobile financial services: theory and empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Technological Sustainability.
  • Islam, H. (2024c). Nexus of economic, social, and environmental factors on sustainable development goals: The moderating role of technological advancement and green innovation. Innovation and Green Development, 4(1), 100183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2024.100183
  • Islam, H., Rana, M., Saha, S., Khatun, T., Ritu, M. R., & Islam, M. R. (2023b). Factors influencing the adoption of cryptocurrency in Bangladesh: an investigation using the technology acceptance model (TAM). Technological Sustainability, 2(4), 423–443.
  • Islam, H., Madavarapu, J. B., Sarker, N. K., & Rahman, A. (2022). The Effects of Cyber Threats and Technical Problems on Customer’s Attitude Towards E-Banking Services. Oblik I Finansi, 2(96), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2022-2(96)-58-67
  • Islam, H., Rana, M., Sarker, N. K., & Siddique, M. a. B. (2020). Does Bangladesh Need to be Established Derivatives Markets? Journal of Economics and Business, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1992.03.02.226
  • Karmakar, G., & Paul, S. C. (2024). Analyzing the Impact of Industry-Specific Loan Disbursement on Profitability in the Banking Sector of Bangladesh. International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies, 13(2).
  • Kashif, A. R., Zafar, N., & Arzoo, F. (2016). Impact of agricultural credit and its nature on agricultural productivity: A study of agriculture sector of Pakistan. Journal of Environmental & Agricultural Sciences, 9, 59-68.
  • Klein, N. (2013). Non-performing loans in CESEE: Determinants and impact on macroeconomic performance. International Monetary Fund.
  • Laidroo, L. (2012). Lending growth determinants and cyclicality: Evidence from CEE Banks. In 4th International Conference “Economic Challenges in Enlarged Europe” Conference Proceedings.
  • Laidroo, L., & Männasoo, K. (2014). Perils of excessive credit growth: evidence from 11 new EU member states. Baltic Econ. 14(1-2), 17-34.
  • Mankiw, N. G. (1986). The allocation of credit and financial collapse. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 101(3), 455-470.
  • Montgomery, D. C., Peck, E. A., & Vining, G. G. (2021). Introduction to linear regression analysis. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Mushinski, D. W. (1999). An analysis of offer functions of banks and credit unions in Guatemala. The J. Development Studies, 36(2), 88-112.
  • Nier, E., & Zicchino, L. (2006). Bank weakness, loan supply and monetary policy. In IMF Seminar Series No (Vol. 11).
  • Norawati, S.et al. (2022). The effectiveness of the determinants of banking credit growth. Accounting, 8(3), 287-292.
  • O’brien, R. M. (2007). A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Quality & Quantity, 41, 673-690.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2021). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. Empirical Economics, 60(1), 13-50.
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Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 28 - 39
https://doi.org/10.58251/ekonomi.1560944

Abstract

References

  • Adesina, K. S. (2019). Basel III liquidity rules: The implications for bank lending growth in Africa. Economic Systems, 43(2), 100688. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecosys.2019.100688
  • Ahamed, F. (2021). Determinants of liquidity risk in the commercial banks in Bangladesh. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 6(1), 164-169
  • Allen, F., & Gale, D. (2004). Financial intermediaries and markets. Econometrica, 72(4), 1023-1061.
  • Allison, P. D. (1999). Multiple regression: A primer. Pine Forge Press.
  • Amador, J. S. G., José E Pabón & Andrés Murcia (2013). Loan growth and bank risk: new evidence. Fin. Markets Portfolio M., 27(4), 365-379.
  • Athanasoglou, P. P., Brissimis, S. N., & Delis, M. D. (2008). Bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 18(2), 121-136.
  • Baltagi, B. H., & Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data (Vol. 4, pp. 135-145). Chichester: Wiley.
  • Baoko, G., Acheampong, I. A., & Ibrahim, M. (2017). Determinants of bank credit in Ghana: A bounds-testing cointegration approach. African Review of Economics and Finance, 9(1), 33-61. DOI: 10.11588/aref.2017.1.162143
  • Beck, N., & Katz, J. N. (1995). What To Do (and Not To Do) with Time-Series Cross-Section Data. American Pol. Science R, 89(3), 634-647.
  • Beck, T., & Levine, R. (2004). Stock markets, banks, and growth: Panel evidence. Journal of Banking & Finance, 28(3), 423-442.
  • Berger, A. N., & Bouwman, C. H. (2009). Bank liquidity creation. The review of financial studies, 22(9), 3779-3837.
  • Berger, A. N., & Mester, L. J. (1997). Inside the black box: What explains differences in the efficiencies of financial institutions?. Journal of Banking & Finance, 21(7), 895-947.
  • Berger, A. N., & Udell, G. F. (2006). A more complete conceptual framework for SME finance. Banking & Finance, 30(11), 2945-2966.
  • Berrospide, J. M. (2011). Effects of Bank Capital on Lending: What Do We Know, and What Does It Mean? DIANE Publishing. International Journal of Central Banking, 6(4), 5–54. https:// doi.org/10.17016/feds.2010.44
  • Bhowmik, P. K., & Sarker, N. (2021). Loan growth and bank risk: empirical evidence from SAARC countries. Heliyon, 7(5).
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Broner, F., Erce, A., Martin, A., & Ventura, J. (2014). Sovereign debt markets in turbulent times: Creditor discrimination and crowding-out effects. Journal of Monetary Economics, 61, 114-142.
  • Bustamante, J., Cuba, W., & Nivin, R. (2019). Determinants of credit growth and the bank-lending channel in Peru: A loan level analysis.
  • Cahyo, C., Harjanto, S., & Sulastri, P. (2023). Analisis Pengaruh Non-Performing Loan (NPL) Dan Struktur Modal Terhadap Profitabillitas Yang Dimediasi Oleh Pertumbuhan Kredit (Studi pada BPR di Provinsi Jawa Tengah Periode Tahun 2019-2021). Akuntan Publik, 1(1), 66-89.
  • Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K. (2009). Microeconometrics using stata stata press. College Station, Texas.
  • Chamberlain, G. (1984). Panel data. Handbook of Econometrics, 2.
  • Chen, X., & Wohlfarth, P. (2019). Drivers of bank loan growth in China: government or market.
  • Cooper, M. J., Gulen, H., & Schill, M. J. (2008). Asset growth and the cross‐section of stock returns. The Journal of Finance, 63(4), 1609-1651.
  • Cornett, M. M., McNutt, J. J., Strahan, P. E., & Tehranian, H. (2011). Liquidity risk management and credit supply in the financial crisis. Journal of financial economics, 101(2), 297-312.
  • Dell'Ariccia, G., & Marquez, R. (2006). Lending booms and lending standards. The Journal of Finance, 61(5), 2511-2546.
  • Demid, E. (2021). Heterogeneity in the relationship between NPLs and real economy: Evidence from the Mongolian banking system. Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice, 10(2), 133-155.
  • Duican, E. R., & Pop, A. (2015). The implications of credit activity on economic growth in Romania. P. Economics and Finance, 30, 195-201.
  • Everaert, G., Che, M. N. X., Geng, M. N., Gruss, B., Impavido, G., Lu, Y., ... & Zeng, M. L. (2015). Does supply or demand drive the credit cycle? Evidence from Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. International Monetary Fund.
  • Fahlenbrach, R., Prilmeier, R., & Stulz, R. M. (2018). Why does fast loan growth predict poor performance for banks?. The Review of Financial Studies, 31(3), 1014-1063.
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Foos, D. N., Lars Weber, Martin. (2010). Loan growth and riskiness of banks. Journal of Banking Finance, 34(12), 2929-2940.
  • Gennaioli, N., Martin, A., & Rossi, S. (2014). Sovereign default, domestic banks, and financial institutions. The J. of Finance, 69(2), 819-866.
  • Ghosh, A. (2015). Banking-industry specific and regional economic determinants of non-performing loans: Evidence from US states. Journal of Financial Stability, 20, 93-104.
  • Greene, W. H. (2012). Econometric analysis (7th ed., International ed. ed.). Boston: Pearson.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: Pearson College division. Person: London, UK.
  • Hasan, I., Jackowicz, K., Kowalewski, O., & Kozłowski, Ł. (2017). Do local banking market structures matter for SME financing and performance? New evidence from an emerging economy. Journal of Banking & Finance, 79, 142-158.
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1251-1271.
  • Heath, R. (2013). Modifications to the current list of financial soundness indicators. International Monetary Fund. Hess, K., Grimes, A., & Holmes, M. (2009). Credit losses in Australasian banking. Economic Record, 85(270), 331-343.
  • Holmstrom, B., & Tirole, J. (1997). Financial intermediation, loanable funds, and the real sector. the Quarterly J Economics, 112(3), 663-691.
  • Hou, K., Xue, C., & Zhang, L. (2015). Digesting anomalies: An investment approach. The Review of Financial Studies, 28(3), 650-705.
  • Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of Panel Data (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Işık, C., Bulut, U., Ongan, S., Islam, H., & Irfan, M. (2024a). Exploring how economic growth, renewable energy, internet usage, and mineral rents influence CO2 emissions: A panel quantile regression analysis for 27 OECD countries. Resources Policy, 92, 105025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105025
  • Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., & Menegaki, A. N. (2024b). A roadmap for sustainable global supply chain distribution: Exploring the interplay of ECON-ESG factors, technological advancement and SDGs on natural resources. Resources Policy.
  • Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., & Sharif, A. (2024c). ECON-ESG factors on energy efficiency: Fostering sustainable development in ECON-growth-paradox countries. Gondwana Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2024.07.020
  • Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Jabeen, G., & Pinzon, S. (2024d). Is economic growth in East Asia pacific and South Asia ESG factors based and aligned growth? Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2910
  • Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Pinzon, S., & Jabeen, G. (2024e). Navigating sustainability: Unveiling the interconnected dynamics of ESG factors and SDGs in BRICS‐11. Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2977
  • Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Sharif, A., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2024f). Evaluating the effects of ECON-ESG on load capacity factor in G7 countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 360, 121177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121177
  • Işık, C., Ongan, S., & Islam, H. (2024g). A new pathway to sustainability: Integrating economic dimension (ECON) into ESG factors as (ECON-ESG) and aligned with sustainable development goals (SDGs). Journal of Ekonomi, 6(1), 34-39. https://doi.org/10.58251/ekonomi.1450860
  • Islam, H., Islam, M. S., Saha, S., Tarin, T. I., Soumia, L., Parven, S., & Rahman, K. (2024a). Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Performance of Banks in Bangladesh. Journal of Ekonomi. https://doi.org/10.58251/ekonomi.1467784
  • Islam, H., Soumia, L., Rana, M., Madavarapu, J. B., & Saha, S. (2024b). Nexus between perception, purpose of use, technical challenges and satisfaction for mobile financial services: theory and empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Technological Sustainability.
  • Islam, H. (2024c). Nexus of economic, social, and environmental factors on sustainable development goals: The moderating role of technological advancement and green innovation. Innovation and Green Development, 4(1), 100183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2024.100183
  • Islam, H., Rana, M., Saha, S., Khatun, T., Ritu, M. R., & Islam, M. R. (2023b). Factors influencing the adoption of cryptocurrency in Bangladesh: an investigation using the technology acceptance model (TAM). Technological Sustainability, 2(4), 423–443.
  • Islam, H., Madavarapu, J. B., Sarker, N. K., & Rahman, A. (2022). The Effects of Cyber Threats and Technical Problems on Customer’s Attitude Towards E-Banking Services. Oblik I Finansi, 2(96), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2022-2(96)-58-67
  • Islam, H., Rana, M., Sarker, N. K., & Siddique, M. a. B. (2020). Does Bangladesh Need to be Established Derivatives Markets? Journal of Economics and Business, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1992.03.02.226
  • Karmakar, G., & Paul, S. C. (2024). Analyzing the Impact of Industry-Specific Loan Disbursement on Profitability in the Banking Sector of Bangladesh. International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies, 13(2).
  • Kashif, A. R., Zafar, N., & Arzoo, F. (2016). Impact of agricultural credit and its nature on agricultural productivity: A study of agriculture sector of Pakistan. Journal of Environmental & Agricultural Sciences, 9, 59-68.
  • Klein, N. (2013). Non-performing loans in CESEE: Determinants and impact on macroeconomic performance. International Monetary Fund.
  • Laidroo, L. (2012). Lending growth determinants and cyclicality: Evidence from CEE Banks. In 4th International Conference “Economic Challenges in Enlarged Europe” Conference Proceedings.
  • Laidroo, L., & Männasoo, K. (2014). Perils of excessive credit growth: evidence from 11 new EU member states. Baltic Econ. 14(1-2), 17-34.
  • Mankiw, N. G. (1986). The allocation of credit and financial collapse. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 101(3), 455-470.
  • Montgomery, D. C., Peck, E. A., & Vining, G. G. (2021). Introduction to linear regression analysis. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Mushinski, D. W. (1999). An analysis of offer functions of banks and credit unions in Guatemala. The J. Development Studies, 36(2), 88-112.
  • Nier, E., & Zicchino, L. (2006). Bank weakness, loan supply and monetary policy. In IMF Seminar Series No (Vol. 11).
  • Norawati, S.et al. (2022). The effectiveness of the determinants of banking credit growth. Accounting, 8(3), 287-292.
  • O’brien, R. M. (2007). A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Quality & Quantity, 41, 673-690.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2021). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. Empirical Economics, 60(1), 13-50.
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There are 74 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Monetary-Banking
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Probir Kumar Bhowmik This is me

Gopal Karmakar 0009-0003-8078-6153

Early Pub Date November 9, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date October 3, 2024
Acceptance Date November 9, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bhowmik, P. K., & Karmakar, G. (2024). Loan growth drivers in state-owned banks: A fixed effects model approach. Journal of Ekonomi, 7(1), 28-39. https://doi.org/10.58251/ekonomi.1560944

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