This study investigates the relationship between governance quality and unemployment rates in South Asian countries from 2009 to 2023. Utilizing econometric methodologies, including Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), we analyze the impacts of governance factors—specifically the rule of law, government effectiveness, and voice and accountability—alongside traditional economic indicators such as GDP per capita. Our findings reveal that governance-related factors have a significant negative impact on unemployment, with improved rule of law and government effectiveness leading to lower unemployment rates. Conversely, higher political inclusiveness, as measured by voice and accountability, correlates with increased unemployment, indicating potential structural challenges associated with more democratic processes. Interestingly, GDP per capita shows a weak and statistically insignificant relationship with unemployment, suggesting that economic growth alone may not suffice in addressing unemployment issues. The study underscores the importance of effective governance and the potential trade-offs involved in political inclusiveness, providing essential insights for policymakers aiming to devise strategies that mitigate unemployment while fostering robust labor markets.
Al, J. E. (2022). Does COVID-19 affect GDP? A relationship between GDP and unemployment rate. International Journal of Advanced and Applıed Sciences, 9(7), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2022.07.002
Alvarado, R. et al. (2023). Nexuses between rent of natural resources, economic complexity, and technological innovation: The roles of GDP, human capital and civil liberties. Resources Policy, 85, 103637.
Alvarado, R. et al. (2022). Impact of natural resources on economic progress: evidence for trading blocs in Latin America using non-linear econometric methods. Resources Policy, 79, 102908.
Anggraeni, R. D., Imanuddin, I., & Ahmad, P. (2023). Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja Sepihak Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Berdasarkan Undang-Undang tentang Ketenagakerjaan. SALAM Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar I, 10(3), 727–742. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v10i3.33529
Brad, A. (2024). Deterioration of the Rule of Law and the Effects Over Economic Development - A Comparative Analysis on the United States of America, Singapore and Romania. Perspective Politice, 17(0).
https://doi.org/10.25019/perspol/24.17.0.4
Bulut, U., Apergis, N., Isik, C., & Ongan, S. (2024). A new look at the finance–environment nexus: How yield spread affects environmental quality in the United States. Business Strategy and the Environment.
Cetin, M. et al. (2023). The impact of natural resources, economic growth, savings, and current account balance on financial sector development: Theory and empirical evidence. Resources Policy, 81, 103300.
Cheng, H., Flores, G., Singh, S., & Posthuma, R. (2018). Employment discrimination laws: a country level analysis of voice and accountability. International Journal of Law and Management, 60(6), 1286–1298. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-06-2017-0129
Dogru, T. et al. (2023). Employee turnover dynamics in the hospitality industry vs. the overall economy. Tourism Management, 99, 104783.
Dogru, T. et al. (2019). The balance of trade and exchange rates: Theory and contemporary evidence from tourism. Tourism Management, 74, 12-23.
Egdell, V., & Graham, H. (2016). A Capability Approach to Unemployed Young People’s Voice and Agency in the Development and Implementation of Employment Activation Policies. Social Policy and Administration, 51(7), 1191–1209. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12262
Fakih, A., Chaar, J. E., Arissy, J. E., & Kassab, S. Z. (2024). Governance quality and the labor market in the MENA region post-Arab Spring. International Journal of Social Economics. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2022-0826
Gazi, M. a. I., Islam, H., Islam, M. A., Karim, R., Momo, S. M., & Senathirajah, A. R. B. S. (2024). Unlocking sustainable development in East Asia Pacific and South Asia: An econometric exploration of ESG initiatives. Sustainable Environment, 10(1).
Han, J. et al. (2024). Sustainable development pathways: Exploring the impact of green finance on urban metabolic efficiency. Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3081
Han, J. et al. (2023). The construction of green finance and high-quality economic development under China’s SDGs target. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(52), 111891-111902.
Hansen, M. P., Triantafillou, P., Bellò, B., Boon, J., Van Doninck, D., Downe, J., Hopkins, C., Klijn, E. H., Sarapuu, K., Stevens, V., & Verhoest, K. (2022). Accounting for what and to whom? Accountability tensions in collaborations addressing long‐term unemployment. Social Policy and Administration, 56(7), 1156–1171. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12846
Hasan, L. (2010). Rule of Law, Legal Development and Economic Growth: Perspectives for Pakistan. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1685132
Hendrik, H., Hendro, G., & Hutomo, P. (2023). Kepastıan Hukum Terhadap Tenaga Kerja Yang Mengalamı Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja Sepıhak Pasca Terbıtnya Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang cıpta kerja. Jurnal Ilmıah Global Educatıon, 4(3), 1592–1599. https://doi.org/10.55681/jige.v4i3.1124
Işık, C., Bulut, U., Ongan, S., Islam, H., & Irfan, M. (2024a). Exploring how economic growth, renewable energy, internet usage, and mineral rents influence CO2 emissions: A panel quantile regression analysis for 27 OECD countries. Resources Policy, 92, 105025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105025
Işık, C., Ongan, S., & Islam, H. (2024b). A new pathway to sustainability: Integrating economic dimension (ECON) into ESG factors as (ECON-ESG) and aligned with sustainable development goals (SDGs). Journal of Ekonomi, 34–39. https://doi.org/10.58251/ekonomi.1450860
Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., & Menegaki, A. N. (2024c). A roadmap for sustainable global supply chain distribution: Exploring the interplay of ECON-ESG factors, technological advancement and SDGs on natural resources. Resources Policy.
Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., & Sharif, A. (2024d). ECON-ESG factors on energy efficiency: Fostering sustainable development in ECON-growth-paradox countries. Gondwana Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2024.07.020
Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Jabeen, G., & Pinzon, S. (2024e). Is economic growth in East Asia pacific and South Asia ESG factors based and aligned growth? Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2910
Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Pinzon, S., & Jabeen, G. (2024f). Navigating sustainability: Unveiling the interconnected dynamics of ESG factors and SDGs in BRICS‐11. Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2977
Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Sharif, A., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2024g). Evaluating the effects of ECON-ESG on load capacity factor in G7 countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 360, 121177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121177
Işık, C., Han, J., Zhang, W., Muhammad, A., Pinzon, S., & Jabeen, G. (2024h). Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The nexus of fintech and water productivity in 11 BRICS countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 372, 123405.
Işık, C. et al., (2024i). Renewable energy, climate policy uncertainty, industrial production, domestic exports/re-exports, and CO2 emissions in the USA: a SVAR approach. Gondwana Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.08.019
Işık, C., Ongan, S., Ozdemir, D., Yan, J., & Demir, O. (2024j). The sustainable development goals: Theory and a holistic evidence from the USA. Gondwana Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2024.04.014
Işık, C., Ongan, S. &, Islam, H., (2024k). Global environmental sustainability: the role of economic, social, governance (ECON-SG) factors, climate policy uncertainty (CPU) and carbon emissions (CO2). Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-024-01675-3
Işık, C. et al., (2024l). The volatility of global energy uncertainty: renewable alternatives. Energy, 131250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.131250
Işık, C. et al. (2021). The nexus between team culture, innovative work behaviour and tacit knowledge sharing: Theory and evidence. Sustainability, 13(8), 4333.
Işık, C. (2014). Patent harcamaları ve iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye örneği. Sosyoekonomi, 21(21).
Islam, H. (2024). Nexus of economic, social, and environmental factors on sustainable development goals: The moderating role of technological advancement and green innovation. Innovation and Green Development, 4(1), 100183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2024.100183
Islam, H., Islam, M. S., Saha, S., Tarin, T. I., Soumia, L., Parven, S., & Rahman, K. (2024a). Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Performance of Banks in Bangladesh. Journal of Ekonomi. https://doi.org/10.58251/ekonomi.1467784
Islam, H., Madavarapu, J. B., Sarker, N. K., & Rahman, A. (2022). The Effects of Cyber Threats and Technical Problems on Customer’s Attitude Towards E-Banking Services. Oblik I Finansi, 2(96), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2022-2(96)-58-67
Islam, H., Rahman, J., Tanchangya, T., & Islam, M. A. (2023a). Impact of firms’ size, leverage, and net profit margin on firms’ profitability in the manufacturing sector of Bangladesh: An empirical analysis using GMM estimation. Journal of Ekonomi, 5(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.58251/ekonomi.1275742
Islam, H., Rana, M., Saha, S., Khatun, T., Ritu, M. R., & Islam, M. R. (2023b). Factors influencing the adoption of cryptocurrency in Bangladesh: an investigation using the technology acceptance model (TAM). Technological Sustainability, 2(4), 423–443. https://doi.org/10.1108/techs-07-2023-0025
Islam, H., Rana, M., Sarker, N. K., & Siddique, M. a. B. (2020). Does Bangladesh Need to be Established Derivatives Markets? Journal of Economics and Business, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1992.03.02.226
Islam, H., Soumia, L., Rana, M., Madavarapu, J. B., & Saha, S. (2024b). Nexus between perception, purpose of use, technical challenges and satisfaction for mobile financial services: theory and empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Technological Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1108/techs-10-2023-0040
Jabeen, G. et al. (2024a). Role of energy utilization intensity, technical development, economic openness, and foreign tourism in environmental sustainability. Gondwana Research, 127, 100-115.
Kalinová, E., & Kroutlová, K. (2023). The relationship between unemployment and macroeconomic indicators. SHS Web of Conferences, 160, 01008. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202316001008
Li, Y. (2023). Unraveling the Relationship Between GDP and Unemployment in China with Okuns Law. Advances in Economics Management and Political Sciences, 55(1), 218–225. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/55/20231011
Mamun, M. a. A., Islam, H., & Sarker, N. K. (2022). Affiliation between Capital Adequacy and Performance of Banks in Bangladesh. Journal of Business Studies, 03(01), 155–168. https://doi.org/10.58753/jbspust.3.1.2022.10
Pham, T. K. T. (2024). Impact of government expenditure on unemployment in Asian countries: does institutional quality matter? International Journal of Development Issues. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-05-2024-0127
Rahman, M., Islam, H., Islam, R., & Sarker, N. K. (2020). The Effect of Management by Objectives on Performance Appraisal and Employee Satisfaction in Commercial Banks. European Journal of Business and Management. https://doi.org/10.7176/ejbm/12-20-02
Rana, M., AL Mamun, A., Hossain, M. K., & Islam, H. (2023). Factors Influencing the Monetary Policy. Journal of Ekonomi. https://doi.org/10.58251/ekonomi.1374599
Ronaghi, M., & Scorsone, E. (2023). The Impact of Governance on Poverty and Unemployment Control Before and After the Covid Outbreak in the United States. Journal of Poverty, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2023.2173708
Saidova, U. (2023). Analysis of the Relatıonship between Unemployment and GDP. Economics and Education, 24(3), 59–62.
Shand, F., Duffy, L., & Torok, M. (2021). Can Government Responses to Unemployment Reduce the Impact of Unemployment on Suicide? Crisis, 43(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000750
Shiferaw, Y. A. (2023). An Understanding of How GDP, Unemployment and Inflation Interact and Change across Time and Frequency. Economies, 11(5), 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11050131
Sihombing, A. T. M., & Sitorus, R. (2024). Government Policy in Tackling Unemployment. Indonesian Journal of Applied and Industrial Sciences (ESA), 3(4), 329–340. https://doi.org/10.55927/esa.v3i4.10623
Silalahi, M. S., & Walsh, S. (2023). Analyzing Government Policies in Addressing Unemployment and Em-powering Workers: Implications for Economic Stability and Social Welfare. Law And Economics, 17(2), 92–110. https://doi.org/10.35335/laweco.v17i2.3
Triatmanto, B., & Bawono, S. (2023). The interplay of corruption, human capital, and unemployment in Indonesia: Implications for economic development. Journal of Economic Criminology, 2, 100031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconc.2023.100031
Yan, J. et al. (2024a). Analysis of green total factorproductivity in China's forestry industry: Technological, organizational, and environmental framework for sustainableeconomic development. Sustainable Development, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.308014
Yan, J. et al. (2024b). The nexus between natural resource development, trade policy uncertainty, financial technology and poverty in China: Contributing to the realization of SDG 1. Resources Policy, 95, 105154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105154
World Bank. (2024, March 3). An Evaluation of World Bank Group Support to Jobs and Labor Market Reform through International Development Association Financing. Retrieved August 6, 2024, from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/39571
Zhong, S. (2024). The Research and Forecasts on Real GDP Growth and the Unemployment Rate in the United States. Highlights in Business Economics and Management, 24, 159–165. https://doi.org/10.54097/xgaq4779
Zhu, Y. (2023). Research on the Relationship Between Inflation, GDP and Unemployment Rate. Advances in Economics Management and Political Sciences, 5(1), 361–369. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/5/20220103
Živković, A. (2022). Unemployment Rate and Gdp Growth Rate in Selected European Countrıes. Balkans Journal of Emerging Trends in Social Sciences, 5(2), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.31410/balkans.jetss.2022.
Al, J. E. (2022). Does COVID-19 affect GDP? A relationship between GDP and unemployment rate. International Journal of Advanced and Applıed Sciences, 9(7), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2022.07.002
Alvarado, R. et al. (2023). Nexuses between rent of natural resources, economic complexity, and technological innovation: The roles of GDP, human capital and civil liberties. Resources Policy, 85, 103637.
Alvarado, R. et al. (2022). Impact of natural resources on economic progress: evidence for trading blocs in Latin America using non-linear econometric methods. Resources Policy, 79, 102908.
Anggraeni, R. D., Imanuddin, I., & Ahmad, P. (2023). Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja Sepihak Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Berdasarkan Undang-Undang tentang Ketenagakerjaan. SALAM Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar I, 10(3), 727–742. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v10i3.33529
Brad, A. (2024). Deterioration of the Rule of Law and the Effects Over Economic Development - A Comparative Analysis on the United States of America, Singapore and Romania. Perspective Politice, 17(0).
https://doi.org/10.25019/perspol/24.17.0.4
Bulut, U., Apergis, N., Isik, C., & Ongan, S. (2024). A new look at the finance–environment nexus: How yield spread affects environmental quality in the United States. Business Strategy and the Environment.
Cetin, M. et al. (2023). The impact of natural resources, economic growth, savings, and current account balance on financial sector development: Theory and empirical evidence. Resources Policy, 81, 103300.
Cheng, H., Flores, G., Singh, S., & Posthuma, R. (2018). Employment discrimination laws: a country level analysis of voice and accountability. International Journal of Law and Management, 60(6), 1286–1298. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-06-2017-0129
Dogru, T. et al. (2023). Employee turnover dynamics in the hospitality industry vs. the overall economy. Tourism Management, 99, 104783.
Dogru, T. et al. (2019). The balance of trade and exchange rates: Theory and contemporary evidence from tourism. Tourism Management, 74, 12-23.
Egdell, V., & Graham, H. (2016). A Capability Approach to Unemployed Young People’s Voice and Agency in the Development and Implementation of Employment Activation Policies. Social Policy and Administration, 51(7), 1191–1209. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12262
Fakih, A., Chaar, J. E., Arissy, J. E., & Kassab, S. Z. (2024). Governance quality and the labor market in the MENA region post-Arab Spring. International Journal of Social Economics. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2022-0826
Gazi, M. a. I., Islam, H., Islam, M. A., Karim, R., Momo, S. M., & Senathirajah, A. R. B. S. (2024). Unlocking sustainable development in East Asia Pacific and South Asia: An econometric exploration of ESG initiatives. Sustainable Environment, 10(1).
Han, J. et al. (2024). Sustainable development pathways: Exploring the impact of green finance on urban metabolic efficiency. Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3081
Han, J. et al. (2023). The construction of green finance and high-quality economic development under China’s SDGs target. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(52), 111891-111902.
Hansen, M. P., Triantafillou, P., Bellò, B., Boon, J., Van Doninck, D., Downe, J., Hopkins, C., Klijn, E. H., Sarapuu, K., Stevens, V., & Verhoest, K. (2022). Accounting for what and to whom? Accountability tensions in collaborations addressing long‐term unemployment. Social Policy and Administration, 56(7), 1156–1171. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12846
Hasan, L. (2010). Rule of Law, Legal Development and Economic Growth: Perspectives for Pakistan. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1685132
Hendrik, H., Hendro, G., & Hutomo, P. (2023). Kepastıan Hukum Terhadap Tenaga Kerja Yang Mengalamı Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja Sepıhak Pasca Terbıtnya Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang cıpta kerja. Jurnal Ilmıah Global Educatıon, 4(3), 1592–1599. https://doi.org/10.55681/jige.v4i3.1124
Işık, C., Bulut, U., Ongan, S., Islam, H., & Irfan, M. (2024a). Exploring how economic growth, renewable energy, internet usage, and mineral rents influence CO2 emissions: A panel quantile regression analysis for 27 OECD countries. Resources Policy, 92, 105025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105025
Işık, C., Ongan, S., & Islam, H. (2024b). A new pathway to sustainability: Integrating economic dimension (ECON) into ESG factors as (ECON-ESG) and aligned with sustainable development goals (SDGs). Journal of Ekonomi, 34–39. https://doi.org/10.58251/ekonomi.1450860
Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., & Menegaki, A. N. (2024c). A roadmap for sustainable global supply chain distribution: Exploring the interplay of ECON-ESG factors, technological advancement and SDGs on natural resources. Resources Policy.
Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., & Sharif, A. (2024d). ECON-ESG factors on energy efficiency: Fostering sustainable development in ECON-growth-paradox countries. Gondwana Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2024.07.020
Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Jabeen, G., & Pinzon, S. (2024e). Is economic growth in East Asia pacific and South Asia ESG factors based and aligned growth? Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2910
Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Pinzon, S., & Jabeen, G. (2024f). Navigating sustainability: Unveiling the interconnected dynamics of ESG factors and SDGs in BRICS‐11. Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2977
Işık, C., Ongan, S., Islam, H., Sharif, A., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2024g). Evaluating the effects of ECON-ESG on load capacity factor in G7 countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 360, 121177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121177
Işık, C., Han, J., Zhang, W., Muhammad, A., Pinzon, S., & Jabeen, G. (2024h). Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The nexus of fintech and water productivity in 11 BRICS countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 372, 123405.
Işık, C. et al., (2024i). Renewable energy, climate policy uncertainty, industrial production, domestic exports/re-exports, and CO2 emissions in the USA: a SVAR approach. Gondwana Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.08.019
Işık, C., Ongan, S., Ozdemir, D., Yan, J., & Demir, O. (2024j). The sustainable development goals: Theory and a holistic evidence from the USA. Gondwana Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2024.04.014
Işık, C., Ongan, S. &, Islam, H., (2024k). Global environmental sustainability: the role of economic, social, governance (ECON-SG) factors, climate policy uncertainty (CPU) and carbon emissions (CO2). Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-024-01675-3
Işık, C. et al., (2024l). The volatility of global energy uncertainty: renewable alternatives. Energy, 131250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.131250
Işık, C. et al. (2021). The nexus between team culture, innovative work behaviour and tacit knowledge sharing: Theory and evidence. Sustainability, 13(8), 4333.
Işık, C. (2014). Patent harcamaları ve iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye örneği. Sosyoekonomi, 21(21).
Islam, H. (2024). Nexus of economic, social, and environmental factors on sustainable development goals: The moderating role of technological advancement and green innovation. Innovation and Green Development, 4(1), 100183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2024.100183
Islam, H., Islam, M. S., Saha, S., Tarin, T. I., Soumia, L., Parven, S., & Rahman, K. (2024a). Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Performance of Banks in Bangladesh. Journal of Ekonomi. https://doi.org/10.58251/ekonomi.1467784
Islam, H., Madavarapu, J. B., Sarker, N. K., & Rahman, A. (2022). The Effects of Cyber Threats and Technical Problems on Customer’s Attitude Towards E-Banking Services. Oblik I Finansi, 2(96), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2022-2(96)-58-67
Islam, H., Rahman, J., Tanchangya, T., & Islam, M. A. (2023a). Impact of firms’ size, leverage, and net profit margin on firms’ profitability in the manufacturing sector of Bangladesh: An empirical analysis using GMM estimation. Journal of Ekonomi, 5(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.58251/ekonomi.1275742
Islam, H., Rana, M., Saha, S., Khatun, T., Ritu, M. R., & Islam, M. R. (2023b). Factors influencing the adoption of cryptocurrency in Bangladesh: an investigation using the technology acceptance model (TAM). Technological Sustainability, 2(4), 423–443. https://doi.org/10.1108/techs-07-2023-0025
Islam, H., Rana, M., Sarker, N. K., & Siddique, M. a. B. (2020). Does Bangladesh Need to be Established Derivatives Markets? Journal of Economics and Business, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1992.03.02.226
Islam, H., Soumia, L., Rana, M., Madavarapu, J. B., & Saha, S. (2024b). Nexus between perception, purpose of use, technical challenges and satisfaction for mobile financial services: theory and empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Technological Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1108/techs-10-2023-0040
Jabeen, G. et al. (2024a). Role of energy utilization intensity, technical development, economic openness, and foreign tourism in environmental sustainability. Gondwana Research, 127, 100-115.
Kalinová, E., & Kroutlová, K. (2023). The relationship between unemployment and macroeconomic indicators. SHS Web of Conferences, 160, 01008. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202316001008
Li, Y. (2023). Unraveling the Relationship Between GDP and Unemployment in China with Okuns Law. Advances in Economics Management and Political Sciences, 55(1), 218–225. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/55/20231011
Mamun, M. a. A., Islam, H., & Sarker, N. K. (2022). Affiliation between Capital Adequacy and Performance of Banks in Bangladesh. Journal of Business Studies, 03(01), 155–168. https://doi.org/10.58753/jbspust.3.1.2022.10
Pham, T. K. T. (2024). Impact of government expenditure on unemployment in Asian countries: does institutional quality matter? International Journal of Development Issues. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-05-2024-0127
Rahman, M., Islam, H., Islam, R., & Sarker, N. K. (2020). The Effect of Management by Objectives on Performance Appraisal and Employee Satisfaction in Commercial Banks. European Journal of Business and Management. https://doi.org/10.7176/ejbm/12-20-02
Rana, M., AL Mamun, A., Hossain, M. K., & Islam, H. (2023). Factors Influencing the Monetary Policy. Journal of Ekonomi. https://doi.org/10.58251/ekonomi.1374599
Ronaghi, M., & Scorsone, E. (2023). The Impact of Governance on Poverty and Unemployment Control Before and After the Covid Outbreak in the United States. Journal of Poverty, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2023.2173708
Saidova, U. (2023). Analysis of the Relatıonship between Unemployment and GDP. Economics and Education, 24(3), 59–62.
Shand, F., Duffy, L., & Torok, M. (2021). Can Government Responses to Unemployment Reduce the Impact of Unemployment on Suicide? Crisis, 43(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000750
Shiferaw, Y. A. (2023). An Understanding of How GDP, Unemployment and Inflation Interact and Change across Time and Frequency. Economies, 11(5), 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11050131
Sihombing, A. T. M., & Sitorus, R. (2024). Government Policy in Tackling Unemployment. Indonesian Journal of Applied and Industrial Sciences (ESA), 3(4), 329–340. https://doi.org/10.55927/esa.v3i4.10623
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