<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>ekuad</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Journal of Education, Theory and Practical Research</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2149-7702</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2587-0718</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Sabri SİDEKLİ</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.38089/ekuad.2026.255</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Scale Development</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Ölçek Geliştirme</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Veli–Okul Algısı Ölçeği: Psikometrik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Parent–School Perception Scale: An Examination of Its Psychometric Properties</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7854-1494</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Yaşar</surname>
                                    <given-names>Metin</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>PAMUKKALE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260430">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>12</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>54</fpage>
                                        <lpage>76</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20260112">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>12</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260302">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>02</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015, Eğitim Kuram ve Uygulama Araştırmaları Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Eğitim Kuram ve Uygulama Araştırmaları Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Bu çalışmanın amacı, çocukları Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı’na bağlı okullarda öğrenim gören velilerin okula yönelik algılarını ölçmeye yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Araştırma, Ege Bölgesi’nde yer alan bir ilde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin velilerinden oluşan 1658 kişilik bir örneklem üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliliğini incelemek amacıyla Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) uygulanmıştır. AFA sonuçları, ölçeğin “Okul Rehberlik Hizmetleri”, “Okul Sosyal Etkinlikleri”, “Okuldaki Öğretmenler” ve “Okul Yöneticileri” olmak üzere dört faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olduğunu ve toplam varyansın %61,51’ini açıkladığını göstermiştir. DFA bulguları (CFI=0.99, TLI=0.99, RMSEA=0.045, SRMR=0.033, GFI=0.90) modelin yüksek düzeyde uyum gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Ölçeğin güvenirliği Cronbach alfa ve McDonald’s omega katsayıları ile değerlendirilmiş; ölçek geneli için ,965, alt boyutlar için ise ,849 ile ,949 arasında değişen değerler elde edilmiştir. Bu bulgular, ölçeğin yüksek düzeyde iç tutarlılığa sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak geliştirilen ölçek, velilerin okula yönelik algılarını çok boyutlu, geçerli ve güvenilir biçimde ölçebilen bir araç olarak değerlendirilmektedir.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure parents’ perceptions of schools where their children are enrolled in schools affiliated with the Ministry of National Education. The research was conducted with a sample of 1,658 parents of students attending schools in a province located in the Aegean Region of Türkiye. To examine the construct validity of the scale, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed. The EFA results indicated that the scale had a four-factor structure consisting of “School Guidance Services,” “School Social Activities,” “Teachers at School,” and “School Administrators,” explaining 61.51% of the total variance. The CFA findings (CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.045, SRMR = 0.033, GFI = 0.90) demonstrated a high level of model fit. The reliability of the scale was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega coefficients. For the overall scale, the reliability coefficient was .965, while the sub-dimensions ranged between .849 and .949. These results indicate a high level of internal consistency. In conclusion, the developed scale is considered a multidimensional, valid, and reliable instrument for measuring parents’ perceptions of schools.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>validity</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  reliability</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  perception</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  school</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  parent</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  scale</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Ölçek</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Geçerlik</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Güvenirlik</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Algı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Okul</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Veli</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                    <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                                            <award-id>no</award-id>
                                            </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akın, A., &amp; Sarıçam, H. (2014). Okul deneyimleri ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 14(3), 1123–1140.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Alıcı, D. (2013). Okula yönelik tutum ölçeği&#039;nin geliştirilmesi: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 38(168), 318–331.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Alıcı, N. (2013). Okula Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aldridge, J. M., &amp; McChesney, K. (2020). Measuring school climate: A systematic review of school climate research. Review of Educational Research, 90(6), 857–899. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654320953033</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ASCA. (2019). The ASCA National Model: A framework for school counseling programs (4th ed.). American School Counselor Association.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aydoğdu, E., &amp; Baş, G. (2021). Velilerin okul sosyal etkinliklerine ilişkin algıları. Eğitim ve Bilim, 46(207), 243–260.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ball, A., Bates, S., Amorose, A. A., &amp; Dawn, A. B. (2017). The Parent Perceptions of Overall School Experiences Scale: Initial development and validation. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282917742310</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bayırlı, A., &amp; Balcı, A. (2021). Okul müdürlerinin eğitim programı liderliğini belirlemeye yönelik bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(2), 1252–1276. https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.938818</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bekmezci, S. M., &amp; Doğan, N. (2021). Ölçek geliştirmede açımlayıcı faktör analizi, karar ağacı ve yapay sinir ağları sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(4), 135–154.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bentler, P. M., &amp; Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bogay, A., Avcı, D., &amp; Özdemir, S. (2018). Ebeveyn okul iklimi ölçeği Türkçe formunun psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi ve ebeveyn okul iklimi algısının cinsiyete göre belirlenmesi. İlköğretim Online, 17(1), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2018.413743</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. John Wiley &amp; Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118619179</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Browne, M. W., &amp; Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen &amp; J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Sage.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bryan, J., &amp; Holcomb-McCoy, C. (2007). An examination of school counselor involvement in school–family–community partnerships. Professional School Counseling, 10(5), 441–454.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bütüner, S. Ö., &amp; Gür, H. (2007). V diyagramlarına yönelik bir tutum ölçeğinin geliştirilme çalışması. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 176, 72–85.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32, 470–483.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2004). Veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pagem A.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., &amp; Demirel, F. (2014). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (17. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Carey, J., &amp; Dimmitt, C. (2012). School counseling and student outcomes: Summary of six statewide studies. Professional School Counseling, 16(2), 146–153.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Christenson, S. L., &amp; Sheridan, S. M. (2001). Schools and families: Creating essential connections for learning. Guilford Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cohen, J., McCabe, E., Michelli, N. M., &amp; Pickeral, T. (2009). School climate: Research, policy, practice, and teacher education. Teachers College Record, 111(1), 180–213.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Creswell, J. W. (2016). Araştırma deseni; nitel, nicel, karma yöntem yaklaşımları (3. Baskı). Eğiten Kitap.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çayak, S. (2024). Veli-okul işbirliği ölçeğinin karşılıklık ve güvenirlik çalışması. Akademik Sosyal Bilim Çalışmaları Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.29228/JASSS.75356</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., &amp; Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Pegem Akademi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Deslandes, R., &amp; Bertrand, R. (2005). Motivation of parent involvement in secondary-level schooling. Journal of Educational Research, 98(3), 164–175.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Doi, Y., &amp; Minowa, M. (2003). Factor structure of the 12-item general health questionnaire in the Japanese general adult population. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 57(4), 379–383.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Doğan, N., &amp; Başokçu, T. O. (2010). İstatistik tutum ölçeği için uygulanan faktör analizi ve aşamalı kümeleme analizi sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 1(2), 65–71.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Doğan, T. (2017). Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi kullanımı. İlköğretim Online, 16(1), 123–145.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., &amp; Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399–412.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., &amp; Pachan, M. (2011). A meta-analysis of after-school programs. American Journal of Community Psychology, 45(3–4), 294–309.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Eccles, J. S., &amp; Barber, B. L. (1999). Student council, volunteering, basketball, or marching band: What kind of extracurricular involvement matters? Journal of Adolescent Research, 14(1), 10–43.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Epstein, J. L. (1995). School/family/community partnerships: Caring for the children we share. Phi Delta Kappan, 76(9), 701–712.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erkan, S. (2011). Okullarda rehberlik hizmetlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 11(3), 1147–1166.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erkuş, A. (2014). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme–I: Temel kavramlar ve işlemler (2. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ertem, H. Y., &amp; Gökalp, G. (2017). Velilerin okul iklimi algısı ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi,18(2), 155–173.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fan, W., &amp; Chen, M. (2001). Parental involvement and students’ academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 13(1), 1–22.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fietzer, A. W., &amp; Ponterotto, J. (2015). A psychometric review of instruments for social justice and advocacy attitudes. Journal for Social Action in Counseling and Psychology, 7(1), 19–40.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fraser, B. J. (1998). Classroom environment instruments: Development, validity and applications. Learning Environments Research, 1, 7–34.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fredricks, J. A., &amp; Eccles, J. S. (2006). Is extracurricular participation associated with beneficial outcomes? Developmental Psychology, 42(4), 698–713.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Freiberg, H. J., &amp; Stein, T. A. (1999). Measuring school climate: The School Climate Inventory. Journal of Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59(2), 187–203.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">George, D., &amp; Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (4th ed.). Allyn &amp; Bacon.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gülleroğlu, H. D. (2008). Okula ilişkin tutum ölçeği. Eğitim Bilimleri ve Uygulama Dergisi, 7(13), 77–86.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Güriş, S., &amp; Astar, M. (2014). Bilimsel araştırmalarda SPSS ile istatistik (Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı). Der Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Güven, M. (2019). Rehberlik hizmetlerine ilişkin veli algıları. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 48(224), 129–150.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hallinger, P. (2011). Leadership for learning: Lessons from 40 years of empirical research. Journal of Educational Administration, 49(2), 125–142.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hattie, J. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hayes, A. F., &amp; Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use Omega rather than Cronbach’s alpha for estimating reliability. Communication Methods and Measures,14(1), 1–24.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hayduk, L. A. (2014). Structural equation modeling with LISREL: Essentials and advances. Johns Hopkins University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., &amp; Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7(2), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428104263675</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hill, K. M. (2006). Development and validation of a scale measuring parental perceptions of the special education process. Open Access Master’s Theses, Paper 1580. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1580 https://doi.org/10.23860/thesis-hill-kimberly-2006</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., &amp; Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hoy, W. K., &amp; Feldman, D. H. (1987). The school climate survey: A tool for school improvement. Educational Administration Quarterly, 23(3), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X8702300304</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hu, L. T., &amp; Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jöreskog, K. G., &amp; Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8: User’s reference guide. Scientific Software International.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kalaycı, Ş. (2008). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. Asil Yayın Dağıtım Ltd., Ankara.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karagöz, Y., Demir, M., &amp; Günel, Y. (2019). Araç kasko sigortası yaptırırken şirket seçimini etkileyen faktörlerin tespitine yönelik ölçek geliştirilmesi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(42).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kashyap, G. C., &amp; Singh, S. K. (2017). Reliability and validity of general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) for male tannery workers: A study carried out in Kanpur, India. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 102.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kline, P. (1994). A general description of factor analysis. An Easy Guide to Factor Analysis. Taylor &amp; Francis.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Klassen, R. M., &amp; Chiu, M. M. (2010). Effects on teachers’ self-efficacy and job satisfaction. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(4), 741–752.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Koç, E. (2018). Veli öğretmen ilişkisi ölçeği: Geliştirme, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Koç, M. H. (2018). Veli görüşlerine göre veli öğretmen ilişkisi ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi ve veli öğretmen ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 218, 56–76.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Leithwood, K., &amp; Jantzi, D. (2000). The effects of leadership on student engagement. Journal of Educational Administration, 38(2), 112–129.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Li, W. H., Chung, J. O., Chui, M. M., &amp; Chan, P. S. (2009). Factorial structure of the Chinese version of the 12-item general health questionnaire in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(23), 3253–3261.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref67">
                        <label>67</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liang, Y., Wang, L., &amp; Yin, X. (2016). The factor structure of the 12-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) in young Chinese civil servants. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14(1), 136.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref68">
                        <label>68</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liu, Y. (2003). Developing a scale to measure the interactivity of websites. Journal of Advertising Research, June, 207–217.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref69">
                        <label>69</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref70">
                        <label>70</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. McGraw Hill.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref71">
                        <label>71</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nunnally, J. C., &amp; Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw Hill.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref72">
                        <label>72</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özgür, E. (2003). Çok değişkenli istatistiksel analiz yöntemleri ve bir uygulama. Gazi Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref73">
                        <label>73</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özmentes, G. (2006). Müzik dersine yönelik tutum ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. İlköğretim Online, 5(1), 23–29. http://ilkogretim-online.org.tr</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref74">
                        <label>74</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Patır, S. (2009). Faktör analizi ile öğretim üyesi değerleme çalışması. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 23(4), 69–86.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref75">
                        <label>75</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rey, J. J., Abad, F. J., Barrada, J. R., Garrido, L. E., &amp; Ponsoda, V. (2014). The impact of ambiguous response categories on the factor structure of the GHQ–12. Psychological Assessment, 26(3), 1021–1030.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref76">
                        <label>76</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Roberts, J. K., &amp; Henson, R. K. (2001). A confirmatory factor analysis of a new measure of teacher efficacy: Ohio State Teacher Efficacy Scale. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Seattle.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref77">
                        <label>77</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Scherer, R. F., Luther, D. C., Wiebe, F. A., &amp; Adams, J. S. (1988). Dimensionality of coping: Factor stability using the ways of coping questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 62(3), 763–770.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref78">
                        <label>78</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schueler, B. E., Capotosto, L., Bahena, C., McIntyre, J., &amp; Gehlbach, H. (2014). Measuring parent perceptions of school climate. Psychological Assessment, 26(3), 1218–1229.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref79">
                        <label>79</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., &amp; King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323–338.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref80">
                        <label>80</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şencan, H. (2005). Davranış bilimleri için geçerlik ve güvenirlik. Seçkin Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref81">
                        <label>81</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sebastian, J., Allensworth, E., &amp; Huang, H. (2017). The role of teacher leadership in how principals influence classroom instruction and student learning. American Journal of Education, 123(1), 69–108.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref82">
                        <label>82</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sheldon, S. B. (2003). Linking school–family–community partnerships in urban elementary schools to student achievement. The Elementary School Journal, 103(5), 401–422.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref83">
                        <label>83</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sink, C. A., &amp; Stroh, H. R. (2003). Raising achievement test scores of early elementary school students through comprehensive school counseling programs. Professional School Counseling, 6(5), 350–364.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref84">
                        <label>84</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Taşdan, M., &amp; Yılmaz, K. (2008). Okul yöneticilerinin liderlik stillerine ilişkin öğretmen algıları. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 14(1), 93–112.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref85">
                        <label>85</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tavakol, M., &amp; Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref86">
                        <label>86</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tavşancıl, E. (2002). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref87">
                        <label>87</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tavşancıl, E. (2014). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi (6. Baskı). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref88">
                        <label>88</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Turanlı, N., Türker, K. M., &amp; Keçeli, V. (2008). Matematik alan derslerine yönelik tutum ölçeği geliştirilmesi. 
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 34, 254–262.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref89">
                        <label>89</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Whiston, S. C., Tai, W. L., Rahardja, D., &amp; Eder, K. (2011). School counseling outcome research. Journal of Counseling &amp; Development, 89(1), 37–55.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref90">
                        <label>90</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldırım, K. (2019). Velilerin öğretmenlere yönelik algıları. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 48(223), 85–104.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref91">
                        <label>91</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yurtbakan, E., &amp; Akyıldız, S. (2020). Aile okul algısı ve katılımı ölçeği: Bir ulaşılabilirlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Bayburt Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(30). https://doi.org/10.35675/befdergi.686853</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref92">
                        <label>92</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yüksel, M., &amp; Kutlu, Ö. (2024). Okul başarısını algılama ölçeği: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 60, 975-994. https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.1370397</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref93">
                        <label>93</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Weston, R., &amp; Gore, P. A. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 719–751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286345</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref94">
                        <label>94</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Worthington, R., &amp; Wittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
Zinbarg, R. E., Revelle, W., Yovel, I., &amp; Li, W. (2005). Cronbach’s α, Revelle’s β, and McDonald’s ωH: Their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. Psychometrika, 70(1), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-003-0974-7</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
