The effects of parental involvement in English language learning of secondary school students

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 250 - 275, 27.09.2017

Erol Poyraz

Öz

The aim of this quantitative study
was to investigate how secondary school students’ parents participate in their
children’s home-based learning activities in English. The participants of the
study were 343 parents (F: 230, M: 113) whose children were studying at four
different secondary schools in Muğla, Turkey. The study was designed based on
descriptive survey model and comparative and correlational associative models.
The Parent Involvement in Students’ Home Based Learning Activities Scale
(PI-SHBLAS) was used to collect data. The data were collected during 2016-2017
academic year. Firstly, factor analysis was performed to determine the
construct validity of PI-SHBScienceLAS and then One-Way ANOVA test was used to
test whether the difference between the mean of more than two groups is
significant and T-Test was used to test whether the difference between the
averages is meaningful (significant) at a certain level of confidence by
comparing the averages of a group or sample with two dependent variables.  The data showed that fathers were more
enthusiastic than mothers in their involvement. Moreover, it was also found
that as students’ grade levels increase, parents’ active participation
decrease. On the other hand, the study revealed that as the parents’ education
levels increase, they become more aware of the importance of the involvement
process in their children’s education in English. Results also show that as
parents’ monthly income increases, so does their active involvement.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Parental Involvement, English Education, Home-Based Learning

Kaynakça

• Arias, M. B., & Morillo-Campbell, M. (2008). Promoting ELL parental involvement: challenges in contested times. Retrieved January 18, 2017, from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED506652.pdf Aronson, J. Z. (1996). How schools can recruit hard-to-reach parents. Educational Leadership, 53(7), 58-60. Astone, N. M., & McLanahan, S. S. (1991). Family structure, parental practices and high school completion. American Sociological Review, 56(3), 309-320. Babbie, E. R. (1990). Survey research methods Wadsworth Pub. Co Belmont, Calif, 78-82. Barge, J. K., & Loges, W. E. (2003). Parent, student, and teacher perceptions of parental involvement. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 31(2), 140-163. Berman, P., McLaughlin, M., Bass, G., Pauly, E., & Zellman, G. (1977). Federal programs supporting educational change: Factors affecting implementation and continuation. Retrieved February 6, 2017 from http://cnx.org/content/ro 14845/latest/ Bhargava, S., & Witherspoon, D. P. (2015). Parental involvement across middle and high school: Exploring contributions of individual and neighborhood characteristics. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(9), 1702-1719. Brannon, D., & Dauksas, L. (2012). Studying the Effect Dialogic Reading Has on Family Members' Verbal Interactions during Shared Reading. SRATE Journal, 21(2), 9-20. Branwhite, T. (2000). Helping adolescents in school. Greenwood Publishing Group. Bray, M., & Kowk, P. (2003). Demand for private supplementary tutoring: Conceptual considerations, and socio-economic patterns in Hong Kong. Economics of Education Review, 22(6), 611–620. Carrasquillo, A. L. & London, C. B. G. (1993). Parents and schools: a source book. INC, New York, Garlard Publishing. Catsambis, S., & Garland, J. E. (1997). Parental involvement in students’ education during middle and high school. Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed at Risk, 18, 1-40. Centre for Educational Research and Innovation, (1997). Education at a glance: OECD indicators. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Chao, R. K. (2000). Cultural explanations for the role of parenting in the school success of asian-america children. In resilience across contexts. family, work, culture and community, Malway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Chi, J., & Rao N. (2003). Parental beliefs about school learning and children’s educational attainment: Evidence from rural China. Ethos, 31(3), 330–356. Choi, P. K. (2003). The best students will learn English: Ultra-utilitarianism and linguistic imperialism in education in post-1997 Hong Kong. Journal of Education Policy, 18(6), 673-694. Cochran, M. (1987). The Parental empowerment process: Building on family strengths. Equity and Choice, 4(1), 9-23. Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95-121. Coleman, P. (1998). Parent, student and teacher collaboration: the power of three. INC, Thousand Oaks, California, Corwin Press. Comer, J. P., & Haynes, N. M. (1991). Parent involvement in schools: an ecological approach, The Elementary School Journal, 91(3), 271-277. Contreras, A. R. (1988). Use of educational reform to create effective schools. Education and Urban Society, 20(4), 399-413. Cooper, H. (1989). Homework. New York: Longman. Cooper, H., Lindsay, J. J., & Nye, B. (2000). Homework in the home: how student, family, and parenting-style differences relate to the homework process, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 464-487. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Pegem Akademi. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Qualitative procedures. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, 173-202. Crouter, A. C., Helms-Erickson, H., Updegraff, K., & McHale, S. M. (1999). Conditions underlying parents’ knowledge about children’s daily lives in middle childhood. Between- and within-family comparisons. Child Development, 70(1), 246–259. Crozier, G. (1999). Parental involvement: who wants it?. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 9(3), 219-238. Deal, T. E. and Peterson, K. D. (2009). Shaping School Culture (2nd Edition). San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass. Delgado-Gaitan, C. (1991). Involving parents in the schools: A process of empowerment. American Journal of Education, 100, 20-46. Delgado-Gaitan, C. (2001). The power of community: Mobilizing for family and schooling. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Deplanty, J., Coulter-Kern, R., & Duchane, K. (2007). Perceptions of parent involvement in academic achievement. The Journal of Educational Research, 100(61), 361-368. Deslandes, R., & Potvin, P. (1999). Autonomy, parenting, parental involvement in schooling and school achievement: perception of Quebec adolescents. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association, Quebec, Canada. Domina, T. (2005). Leveling the home advantage: assessing the effectiveness of parental involvement in elementary school. Sociology of Education, 78(July), 233-249. Dubois, D. L., Eitel, S. K., & Felner, R. D. (1994). Effects of family environment and parent-child relationships on school adjustment during the transition to early adolescence. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 405-414. Eccles, J. S., & Harold, R. D. (1996). Family involvement in children’s and adolescents’ schooling. Family-School Links: How Do They Affect Educational Outcomes, 3-34. Eng, S., Szmodis, W., & Mulsow, M. (2014). Cambodian parental involvement: The role of parental beliefs, social networks, and trust. The Elementary School Journal, 114(4), 573-594. Epstein, J. L. (1992). School and Family Partnerships. Report No. 6. Epstein, J. L. (2001). School, family and community partnerships: Preparing educators and improving schools. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Fan, X., & Chen, M. (2001). Parental involvement and students’ academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 13(1), 1–22. doi:10.1023/A:1009048817385. Feuerstein, A. (2000). School characteristics and parent involvement: Influences on participation in children's schools. The Journal of Educational Research, 94(1), 29-39. Forey, G., Besser, S., & Sampson, N. (2016). Parental involvement in foreign language learning: The case of Hong Kong. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 16(3), 383-413. Freire, P. (2002). Pedagogy of the oppressed. 30th Anniversary Edition. New York: Continuum International. Gangel, K. O., & Benson, W. S. (1983). Christian education: Its history and philosophy. Chicago: Moody. Garcia Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Garcı´a, H. V. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01834.x. Grolnick, W. S., & Slowiaczek, M. L. (1994). Parents' involvement in children's schooling: A multidimensional conceptualization and motivational model. Child Development, 65(1), 237-252. Gutman, L. M., & Midgley, C. (2000). The role of protective factors in supporting the academic achievement of poor African American students during the middle school transition. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29 (2), 223–249. doi:10.1023/A:1005108700243. Hara, S. R. (1998). Parent involvement: The key to improved student achievement. School Community Journal, 8, 9-19. Hester, H. (1989). Start at home to improve home-school relations. NASSP Bulletin, 73(513), 23-27. Hiner, N. R. (1988). The cry of sodom enquired into: Educational analysis in seventeenth century New England. Urbana II: University of Illinois Press. Hill, N. E., & Taylor, L. C. (2004). Parental school involvement and children's academic achievement: Pragmatics and issues. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(4), 161-164. Hill, N. E., Castellino, D. R., Lansford, J. E., Nowlin, P., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (2004). Parent academic involvement as related to school behavior, achievement, and aspirations: Demo-graphic variations across adolescence. Child Development, 75(5), 1491-1509. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00753.x. Hill, N. E., & Tyson, D. F. (2009). Parental involvement in middle school: A meta-analytic assessment of the strategies that promote achievement. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 740–763. doi:10.1037/a0015362. Ho Sui-Chi, E., & Willms, D. J. (1996). Effects of parental involvement on Eight-Grade achievement. Sociology of Education, 69, 126- 141. Holcomb-McCoy, C. (2007). Transitioning to high school: Issues and challenges for African American students. Professional School Counseling, 10(3), 253-260. doi:10.5330/prsc.10.3.t786743452x51lk2. Hoover-Dempsey, K. V., Bassler, O. C., & Brissie, J. S. (1987). Parent involvement: Contributions of teacher efficacy, school socioeconomic status, and other school characteristics. American Educational Research Journal, 24(3), 417-435. Hoover-Dempsey, K. V., Bassler, O. C, & Brissie, J. S. (1992). Explorations in parent-school relations. Journal of Educational Research, 85(5), 287-294. Hornby, G., & Lafaele, R. (2011). Barriers to parental involvement in education: an explanatory model. Educational Review, 63(1), 37-52. Izzo, C.V., Weissberg, R.P., Kasprow, W.J., & Fendrich, M. (1999). A longitudinal study of teacher perceptions of parent involvement in children’s education and school performance. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 817-839. Jafarov, J. (2015). Factors affecting parental involvement in education: The analysis of literature. Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 18(4) 35-42. Jeynes, W. H. (2011). Parental Involvement and Academic Success. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. UK. Jordan, C., Orozco, E., & Averett, A. (2002). Emerging issues in school, family, & community connections: Annual Synthesis 2001. 7-53. Kandel, D. B., & Lesser, G. S. (1969). Parental and peer influences on educational plans of adolescents. American Sociological Review, 213-223. Karaçöp, A., Akıllı, M., & Aksu, F. F. (2016). The Parent Involvement in Students’ Home Based Science Learning Activities Scale (PI-SHBScienceLAS): Validity and Reliability Studies. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 8(1), 57-77. Keys, W., & Fernandes, C. (1993). What Do Students Think about School?: Research Into the Factors Associated with Positive and Negative Attitudes Towards School and Education: a Report for the National Commission on Education. National Foundation for Educational Research. Kon, I. S., & Losenkov, V. A. (1978). Friendship in adolescence: Values and behavior. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 40(1), 143-155. LaRocque, M., Kleiman, I., & Darling, S. M. (2011). Parental involvement: the missing link in school achievement, preventing School Failure. Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 55(3), 115-122. Lawton, B. L., & Logio, K. A. (2009). Teaching the Chinese language to heritage versus non-heritage learners: Parents’ perceptions of a community weekend school in the United States. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 22(2), 137-155. Lee, J. S., & Bowen, N. K. (2006). Parent involvement, cultural capital, and the achievement gap among elementary school children. American Educational Research Journal, 43(2), 193- 218. Lee, Y.C. (2008). Parental involvement and support for Taiwanese children’s English language and literacy learning. Master thesis, Boston College, Boston, USA. Li, X. (1999). How can language minority parents help their children become bilingual in familial context? A case study of a language minority mother and her daughter. Bilingual Research Journal, 23(2-3), 211-223. McClellan, E. B., & Reese, W. J. (1988). The Social History of American Education. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. McGill, R. K., Hughes, D., Alicea, S., & Way, N. (2012). Academic adjustment across middle school: The role of public regard and parenting. Developmental Psychology, 48(4), 1003-1018. McKay, M. M., Atkins, M. S., Hawkins, T., Brown, C., & Lynn, C. (2003). Inner-city African American parental involvement in children's schooling: Racial socialization and social support from the parent community. American Journal of Community Psychology, 32(1/2), 107-114. Moll, L.C., Amanti, C., Neff, D., & Gonzalez, N. (1992). Funds of knowledge for teaching: Using a qualitative approach to connect home and classrooms. Theory into Practice, 31, 131-141. Morgan, V., Fraser, G., Dunn, S., & Cairns, E. (1992). Parental Involvement in Education: how do parents want to become involved?. Educational studies, 18(1), 11-20. Oswald, H., Baker, D. P., & Stevenson, D. L. (1988). School charter and parental management in West Germany. Sociology of Education, 255-265. Park, H. (2008). The varied educational effects of parent-child communication: A comparative study of fourteen countries. Comparative Education Review, 52(2), 219-243. Philipsen, M. (1996). Parental Involvement in School: In Search for Socially Situated Understanding. USA: Virginia Commonwealty University Redding, S. (1992). Parent scale to measure the efficacy of strategies to enhance the curriculum of the home. In A Paper Presented at the Manual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. Sampson, P. M. (1999). Models of site-based management and parent perception of student achievement: a national study, Retrospective Theses and Dissertations, 12480, http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/12480 Senechal, M., & LeFevre, J. (2002). Parental involvement in the development of children’s reading skill: A five-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 73(2), 445-460. Senechal, M. (2006). Testing the home literacy model: Parent involvement in kindergarten is differentially related to grade 4 reading comprehension, fluency, spelling, and reading for pleasure. Scientific Studies of Reading, 10(1), 59–87. Sheldon, S. B. (2002). Parents' social networks and beliefs as predictors of parent involvement. The Elementary School Journal, 102, 301-348. Sheldon, S. B., & Epstein, J. L. (2005). Involvement counts: Family and community partnerships and mathematics achievement. The Journal of Educational Research, 98(4), 196-207. Siann, G., Draper, J., & Cosford, B. (1982). Pupils as consumers: perceptions of guidance and counselling in a Scottish school. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 10(1), 51-61. Simmons, R. G., & Blyth, D. A. (1987). Moving into adolescence: The impact of pubertal change and school context. Hawthorn, NY: Aldine de Gruyler. Sonnier, I. L. (1982). Holistic Education: How I Do It. College Student Journal, 16(1), 64-69. Stallings, J. (1986). What do we mean by quality in education. Rethinking Reform. The Principal's Dilemma, 61-70. Sternberg, R.J. (1985). Beyond IQ: A Triarchic theory of human intelligence. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ule, M., Zivoder, A., & du Bois-Reymond, M. (2015). Simply the best for my children: Patterns of parental involvement in education. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 28, 329–348. Vural, B. (2004). Öğrencinin başarısı için aile-okul birlikteliği. İstanbul, Hayat yayıncılık. Vygotsky, L. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. Readings on the development of children, 23(3), 34-41. Wang, M., & Eccles, J. S. (2012). Adolescent behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement trajectories in school and their differential relations to educational success. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(1), 31–39. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2011.00753.x. Wang, M., & Sheikh-Khalil, S. (2014). Does parental involvement matter for student achievement and mental health in high school? Child Development, 85(2), 610–625. doi:10.1111/cdev.12153. Wang, M., Hill, N. E., & Hofkens, T. (2014). Parental involvement and African American and European american adolescents’ academic, behavioral, and emotional development in secondary school. Child Development, 85(6), 2151–2168. doi:10.1111/cdev.12284. Washington, A. (2011). A national study of parental involvement: Its trends, status, and effects on school success. Western Michigan University. Whitney, I., Nabuzoka, D., & Smith, P. K. (1992). Bullying in schools: Mainstream and special needs. Support for Learning, 7(1), 3-7. Xuesong, G. (2006). Strategies used by Chinese parents to support English language learning: Voices of ‘Elite’ university students. RELC Journal, 37(3), 285-298.