Araştırma Makalesi
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Rethinking Euroscepticism in Turkey: Government, Opposition and Public Opinion

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 30.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.684764

Öz

This article aims to scrutinise the state of euroscepticism in Turkey with a particular focus on the shifting preferences of government, opposition and public opinion in the last decade. Building upon Yılmaz’s (2011) analysis, the article will try to make sense of the eurosceptic transformations in Turkish politics from 2008 onwards. Accordingly, first, shifting governmental discourses towards the EU will be discussed with a particular focus on how the AKP government adopted the ‘Sévres Syndrome’ as a key political tool to denigrate Europe. Second, euroscepticism in opposition parties will be scrutinised comparing the strategic eurosceptic rhetoric of the CHP with the ideologically-driven euroscepticism of the MHP. Final section will examine how Turkish public responds to the eurosceptic/pro-EU shifts in the discourses of major political parties. Overall, the article argues that euroscepticism in Turkish politics in the last decade often fluctuates between government and opposition in response to certain domestic political turning points appearing to be more strategic than ideologically-driven, more volatile than stable, and hence less and less credible. 

Kaynakça

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Türkiye’deki Avrupa Şüpheciliğini Yeniden Düşünmek: Hükümet, Muhalefet ve Kamuoyu

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 30.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.684764

Öz

Bu çalışma, hükümet, muhalefet ve kamuoyunun değişen tercihlerine odaklanarak, son on yılda Türkiye’deki Avrupa şüpheciliğinin durumunu mercek altına almayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, Yılmaz’ın (2011) analizinin üstüne koyarak, özellikle 2008 sonrası dönemde Türk siyasetindeki Avrupa şüpheci dönüşümü anlamlandırmaya çalışacaktır. Buna göre, öncelikle, hükümetin Avrupa’ya yönelik değişen söylemleri tartışılacak ve hükümetin Avrupayı kötüleme amacıyla “Sevr Sendromu”’nu nasıl önemli bir siyasi araç olarak kullandığı vurgulanacaktır. İkinci olarak, muhalefet partilerinde gözlenen Avrupa şüpheciliği ele alınacak ve CHP’nin stratejik şüpheci söylemiyle MHP’nin ideolojik şüpheci söylemi karşılaştırılacaktır. Son bölümde ana siyasi partilerin söylemlerindeki Avrupa şüpheci/Avrupa yanlısı değişime Türk kamuoyunun nasıl yanıt verdiği tartışılacaktır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma, Türk siyasetinin son on yılında gözlemlenen Avrupa şüphecisi tutumun önemli siyasi dönüm noktalarının etkisiyle kimi zaman hükümet, kimi zaman da muhalefet tarafından sahiplenildiğini vurgulamakta; bundan dolayı Türkiye’deki Avrupa şüpheciliğinin ideoloijk olmaktan ziyade stratejik, oldukça değişken ve bu yüzden de giderek daha az inandırıcı olduğunu savunmaktadır.           

Kaynakça

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  • Eylemer, S. and Taş, İ. (2007). Pro-EU and eurosceptic circles in Turkey. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 23(4), 561-577. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270701674657
  • Göçek, M. (2011). The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining state and society from the Ottoman Empire to the modern era. London: I. B. Tauris.
  • Guida, M. (2008). The Sèvres syndrome and “komplo” theories in the islamist and secular press. Turkish Studies, 9(1), 37-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683840701813994
  • Gülmez, S. B. (2008). The EU policy of the Republican People’s Party: An inquiry on the opposition party and euro-skepticism in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 9(3), 423-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683840802267389
  • Gülmez, S. B. (2013a). The EU policy of the Republican People’s Party (CHP) under Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu: A new wine in an old wine cellar. Turkish Studies, 14(2), 311-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2013.802924
  • Gülmez, S. B. (2013b). Rising euroscepticism in Turkish politics: The cases of the AKP and the CHP. Acta Politica, 48(3), 326–344. https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2013.2
  • Gülmez, S. B. (2014). Understanding the euroscepticism in Turkish politics (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom.
  • Gülmez, S. B. (2018). Cosmopolitan diplomacy. In G. Delanty (Ed.), Routledge international handbook of cosmopolitanism studies (2nd ed.), (pp. 430-439). London: Routledge.
  • Gümrükçü, T. (2018). Turkey's Erdogan tells ministers to stop using U.S. firm McKinsey. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-economy-erdogan/turkeys-erdogan-tells-ministers-to-stop-using-u-s-firm-mckinsey-idUSKCN1MG074?feedType= RSS&feedName=topNews&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=twitter.
  • Günay, C. and Dzihic, V. (2016). Decoding the authoritarian code: Exercising “legitimate” power politics through the ruling parties in Turkey, Macedonia and Serbia. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16(4), 529-549. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2016.1242872
  • Güneş-Ayata, A. (2003). From euro-scepticism to Turkey-scepticism: Changing political attitudes on the European Union in Turkey. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 5(2), 205-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461319032000097941
  • Habertürk. (2007). Genel seçim 2007 [General Elections 2007]. Retrieved from https://www.haberturk.com/secim2007.
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  • Hürriyet. (2013). Kılıçdaroğlu'ndan Almanya Başbakanı Merkel'e mektup [Letter from Kılıçdaroğlu to German Chancellor Merkel]. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ gundem/kilicdaroglundan-almanya-basbakani-merkele-mektup-23551250.
  • Hürriyet. (2017). Bahçeli'den hükümete ilk eleştiri’ [Bahçeli’s first criticism of the government]. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/bahceli-15-temmuz-sonrasinda-avrupa-ayakta-alkislamaliydi-40396424.
  • Hürriyet. (2018). 24 Haziran 2018 Cumhurbaşkanlığı seçim sonuçları [24 June 2018 Presidential Elections Results]. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/secim/24-haziran-2018-secimleri/.
  • Hürriyet Daily News. (2013). Turkey may face ‘tough’ EU report. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-may-face-tough-eu-report.aspx?PageID=238&NID= 55649&NewsCatID=338.
  • Hürriyet Daily News. (2018). Turkey and Netherlands agree to 'normalize diplomatic ties' after sour period. Retrieved from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-and-netherlands-agree-to-normalize-diplomatic-ties-after-sour-period-134799.
  • İçener, E. (2016). Turkey – EU relations after the failed July 15 coup attempt. Bilig, 79, 69-87. Retrieved from www.jstor.com
  • İçener, E. and Çağlıyan-İçener, Z. (2011). The Justice and Development Party's identity and its role in the EU's decision to open accession negotiations with Turkey. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 11(1), 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2011.556426
  • Kaya, A. (2017). Europeanization of civil society in Turkey: Legacy of the #Occupygezi movement. Turkish Studies, 18(1), 125-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2016.1258552
  • Kaya, A. (2020). Right-wing populism and islamophobism in Europe and their impact on Turkey–EU relations. Turkish Studies, 21(1), 1-28. doi: 10.1080/14683849.2018.1499431
  • Keyman, E. F. and Aydın-Düzgit, S. (2013). Transforming Turkey-EU relations: Ground for hope?. In S. Aydın-Düzgit, A. Duncker, D. Huber, E. F. Keyman, and N. Tocci (Eds.), Global Turkey in Europe: Political, economic and foreign policy dimensions of Turkey’s evolving relationship with the EU (pp. 275–282). Retrieved from ww.jstor.org
  • Kirişci, K. (2006). Turkey's foreign policy in turbulent times (European Union Institute for Security Studies Chaillot Papers No 92). Retrieved from https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/turkeys-foreign-policy-turbulent-times
  • Langan, M. (2017). Virtuous power Turkey in Sub-Saharan Africa: The ‘Neo-Ottoman’ challenge to the European Union. Third World Quarterly, 38(6), 1399-1414. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1229569
  • Marks, G., Hooghe, L., Nelson, M. and Edwards, E. (2006). Party competition and European Integration in the East and West different structure, same causality. Comparative Political Studies, 39(29), 155-175. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414005281932
  • Nefes, T. S. (2013). Political parties’ perceptions and uses of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories in Turkey. The Sociological Review, 61(2), 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12016
  • NTV. (2018). Bahçeli: Avrupa Birliği kapısı ardına kadar kapandı [Bahçeli: the European Union’s door has shut down completely]. Retrieved from https://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/bahceli-avrupa-birligi-kapisi-ardina-kadar-kapandi,WQGYYRcGYE6nX5XMNhlWZg.
  • Onursal-Beşgül, Ö. (2016). Policy transfer and discursive de-Europeanisation: Higher education from Bologna to Turkey. South European Society and Politics, 21(1), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2016.1152019
  • Öniş, Z. (2003). Globalization, democratization and the far right: Turkey's Nationalist Action Party in critical perspective. Democratization, 10(1), 27-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13510340312331 294017
  • Öniş, Z. (2007). Conservative globalists versus defensive nationalists: Political parties and paradoxes of Europeanization in Turkey. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 9(3), 247-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613190701689902
  • Öniş, Z. (2010). Contesting for Turkey's political ‘centre’: Domestic politics, identity conflicts and the controversy over EU membership. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 18(3), 361-376. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2010.507919
  • Saatçioğlu, B. (2010). Unpacking the compliance puzzle: The case of Turkey‘s AKP under EU conditionality (Kolleg-Forschergruppe Working paper No.14). Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/p/erp/kfgxxx/p0014.html
  • Saatçioğlu, B. (2016). De-Europeanisation in Turkey: The case of the rule of law. South European Society and Politics, 21(1), 133-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2016.1147994
  • Saatçioğlu, B. and El Basani, A. (2013). The AKP’s shifting support for EU accession: Secular constraints, organizational capacities and religious ideas. In C. Fırat and L. Hoffmann (Eds.), Turkey and the European Union: Facing new challenges and opportunities (pp. 138-155). Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Sabah. (2017). MHP lideri Bahçeli: 16 Nisan'dan sonra Avrupa sallanacak [MHP leader Bahçeli: Europe will tremble after 16 April]. Retrieved from https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem /2017/03/18/MHP-lideri-bahceli-ilk-anayasa-mitinginde-konusuyor-canli.
  • Semo, M., Jégo, M. and Ayad, C. (2016, 8 August). Recep Tayyip Erdogan: Les occidentaux ont laissé les Turcs seuls. Le Monde. Retrieved from https://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2016/08/08/recep-tayyip-erdogan-les-occidentaux-ont-laisse-les-turcs-seuls_4979765_3214.html.
  • Sitter, N. (2001). The politics of opposition and European integration in Scandinavia: Is Euro‐scepticism a government‐opposition dynamic?. West European Politics, 24(4), 22-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380108425463
  • Soyaltın-Colella, D. and Akdeniz-Göker, E. (2019). De-Europeanisation and equal citizenship in Turkey: The case of circassians. The International Spectator, 54(4), 62-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2019.1666233
  • Sözcü. (2015). Türkiye’nin, AB’nin toplama kampı olmasına vize vermem [I won’t endorse Turkey to become the EU’s concentration camp]. Retrieved from https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2015/ gundem/turkiyenin-abnin-toplama-kampi-olmasina-vize-vermem-969191/.
  • Spiering, M. (2007). Euro-sceptic concerns about national identity in the European Union and Turkey. In E. Lagro and K. E. Jorgensen (Eds.), Turkey and the Euroean Union: Prospects for a ifficult encounter (pp. 169-184). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Taggart, P. (1998). A touchstone of dissent: Euroscepticism in contemporary western European party systems. European Journal of Political Research, 33(3), 363–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.00387
  • Taggart, P. and Szczerbiak, A. (2004). Contemporary Euroscepticism in the party systems of the European Union candidate states of Central and Eastern Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 43(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2004.00143.x
  • Takvim. (2017). Avrupa’nın şer ittifakı [The unholly alliance of Europe]. Retrieved from https://www.takvim.com.tr/guncel/2017/04/11/avrupanin-ser-ittifaki.
  • Tasch, B. (2016, 8 August). The West 'contradicts the values it is defending': Erdogan blasts the international response to the Turkey coup. Business Insider UK. Retrieved from http://uk.businessinsider.com/erdogan-blasts-international-response-to-turkey-coup-refugee-crisis-2016-8.
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  • Tezcan, E. and Aras, İ. (2015). Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi’nde Euroseptisizm: Avrupa Birliği desteğinin eleştiriye dönüşümü. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, 11(41), 1-35. Retrieved from www.jstor.com
  • Timur, Ş. and Nordland, R. (2016, 25 November). Erdogan threatens to let migrant flood into Europe resume. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/25/ world/europe/turkey-recep-tayyip-erdogan-migrants-european-union.html.
  • Toksabay, E. and Karadeniz, T. (2017, 6 July). EU parliament calls for Turkey accession talks to be suspended. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-eu-parliament/eu-parliament-calls-for-turkey-accession-talks-to-be-suspended-idUSKBN19R194.
  • Vachudova, M. A. (2014). EU leverage and national interests in the Balkans: The puzzles of enlargement ten years on. Journal of Common Market Studies, 52(1), 122-138. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12081
  • Yaka, Ö. (2016). Why not EU? Dynamics of the changing Turkish attitudes towards EU membership. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 24(1), 149-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2015.1056726
  • Yavuz, H. M. (2009). Secularism and Muslim democracy in Turkey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Yılmaz, H. (2006). Two pillars of nationalist Euroskepticism in Turkey: The Tanzimat and Sevres syndromes. In I. Karlsson and A. Strom Melin (Ed.), Turkey, Sweden and the European Union: Experiences and expectations (pp. 29-40). Stockholm: Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies.
  • Yılmaz, H. (2009). The International context. In C. W. Haerpfer, P. Bernhagen, R. F. Inglehart and C. Welzel (Eds.), Democratization (pp. 92-106). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Yılmaz, H. (2011). Euroscepticism in Turkey: Parties, elites, and public opinion. South European Society and Politics, 16(1), 185-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608741003594353
  • Yılmaz, G. (2016a). From Europeanization to de-Europeanization: The Europeanization process of Turkey in 1999–2014. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 24(1), 86-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2015.1038226
  • Yılmaz, G. (2016b). Europeanisation or de-Europeanisation? Media freedom in Turkey (1999–2015). South European Society and Politics, 21(1), 147-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2016.1148102
  • Wódka, J. (2016). Transnational cooperation of Turkish political parties as an ineffective tool of Europeanization. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16(2), 295-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2016.1168640
Toplam 88 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Seçkin Barış Gülmez

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2020
Kabul Tarihi 18 Mart 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Gülmez, S. B. (2020). Rethinking Euroscepticism in Turkey: Government, Opposition and Public Opinion. Ekonomi Politika Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.684764