Innovative Technologies for Waste Reduction in the Extraction and Processing of Critical Raw Materials

This study addresses the pressing challenge of substantial waste generation during the extraction and processing of critical raw materials (CRMs), which are essential for emerging technologies and the transition to a sustainable economy. While previous research has documented individual technologies and practices, it has often lacked an integrated, cross-regional perspective and a strategic framework for implementation. To fill this gap, this study develops an integrated conceptual model of zero-waste mining systems, informed by a systematic comparative analysis of innovative technologies and best practices from Europe, Australia, and Canada. The research adopts a mixed-method approach combining a comprehensive literature review, in-depth case studies, and a strategic SWOT analysis to evaluate the feasibility, scalability, and transferability of advanced waste-reduction technologies. Key findings demonstrate that precision mining techniques, sensor-based selective extraction, advanced flotation and leaching methods, and tailings valorization can significantly reduce waste—by up to 60%—while enhancing resource recovery and generating additional economic value. The proposed conceptual model synthesizes these practices within the circular economic framework, emphasizing the need for technological integration, supportive regulatory environments, and crossindustry collaboration. This study contributes to the literature by offering a systematic, cross-regional synthesis of innovative CRM waste-reduction strategies and proposing a transferable model that bridges the gap between descriptive case evidence and actionable strategies for sustainable mining. The findings provide both theoretical and practical insights, supporting policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in advancing circular economy principles in the CRM sector