<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1012-2354</issn>
                                                                                                        <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Erciyes Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Engineering</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Mühendislik</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>The Dyeing Properties of Frangula Bark (Rhamnus Frangula L.) On the Some Textile Materials</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Barut Ağacı Kabuğu’nun (Rhamnus Frangula L.) Bazı Tekstil Materyallerini Boyayabilme Özelliklerinin Araştırılması</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0510-6061</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Benli</surname>
                                    <given-names>Hüseyin</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Kayseri University, Mustafa Çıkrıkçıoğlu vocational shool</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20201231">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>31</month>
                    <year>2020</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>36</volume>
                                        <issue>3</issue>
                                        <fpage>420</fpage>
                                        <lpage>432</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20200708">
                        <day>07</day>
                        <month>08</month>
                        <year>2020</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20201119">
                        <day>11</day>
                        <month>19</month>
                        <year>2020</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1985, Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1985</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Frangula bark is a natural herbal resource commonly used in traditional medicine as a tonic for the regulation of intestinal flora, cuts and wounds, and it has been found that anti-carcinogen, anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial properties have been used in recent years. This study was conducted on the dyeing properties of cotton and wool fabrics which are the most used textile materials of Frangula bark as a source of natural dyestuff. The dyeing processes were carried out both without mordant and using 4 different metal salts (KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, CuSO4.5H2O, FeSO4.7H2O, K2Cr2O7). The dyeing was carried out on HT machine at 100˚C for 60 minutes under laboratory conditions. Simultaneously mordanting method was used in the studies using mordant agents. After dyeing, washing, rubbing, perspiration and light fastness tests were applied to the samples obtained. CIE L*a*b* and K/S values were collected using Konica Minolta 3600d spectrophotometer. The UV visible region spectrum of BAK solutions was determined by VWR spectrophotometer 3100PC and FTIR spectrum by Perkin Elmer 400 spectrometer. The dyeing and other test results, it is predicted that Frangula bark can color cellulosic and protein-based textile materials and this plant source could be a natural source of dyes.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Öz: Barut ağacı kabuğu (BAK) çoğunlukla bağırsak florasının düzenlenmesinde, kesik ve yaralarda tonik olarak geleneksel tıpta ve eczacılıkta sıkça kullanılan doğal bir bitkisel kaynaktır ve son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalarda anti-kanserojen, anti-oksidan, anti-bakteriyel gibi birçok özelliklerinin de olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, BAK’ın doğal bir boyarmadde kaynağı olup olamayacağını test etmek için en önemli tekstil malzemelerinden biri olan pamuklu ve yünlü kumaşların boyama özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Boyama işlemleri hem mordansız (metal tuzu kullanılmadan) hem de 4 farklı metal tuzu (KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, CuSO4.5H2O, FeSO4.7H2O, K2Cr2O7) kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Boyamalar laboratuvar şartlarında HT makinada 100˚C’de 60 dakika süreyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mordanlı yapılan çalışmalarda birlikte mordanlama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Boyamalardan sonra elde edilen numunelere yıkama, sürtme, ter ve ışık haslık testleri uygulanmıştır. CIE L*a*b* ve K/S değerleri Konica Minolta 3600d spektrofotometresi kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. BAK’a ait çözeltinin UV görünür bölge spektrumu VWR spektrofotometre 3100PC ve FTIR spektrumu ise Perkin Elmer 400 spektrometresi kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Boyama renk verimleri ve diğer test sonuçları birlikte değerlendirildiğinde Barut ağacı kabuğunun selülozik ve protein esaslı tekstil materyallerini renklendirebileceği tespit edilmiş olup bu bitkisel kaynağın doğal bir boyarmadde kaynağı olarak kullanılabileceği öngörülmektedir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Barut ağacı kabuğu</kwd>
                                                    <kwd> </kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Rhamnus Frangula</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Emodin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd> </kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Antrakinon</kwd>
                                                    <kwd> </kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Boyama</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                                                    </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[1]	Gulrajani, M. L. 2001. Present status of natural dyes. Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research, 26(2001), 191-201.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[2]	Samanta, A. K., Agarwal, P. 2009. Application of natural dyes on textiles. Indian Journal of Fibers &amp; Textile Research, 34(2009), 384 -399.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[3]	Melo, M. J. 2009. History of Natural dyes in the Ancient Mediterranean World. Handbook of Natural Colorants, ed. 2009, Becktold, T., Mussak, R., Wiley.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[4]	Chengaiah, B., et al. 2010. Medicinal Importance of Natural Dyes-a Review. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2(2010), 144-154.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[5]	Samanta, A. K., Konar, A. 2011. Dyeing of Textiles with Natural Dyes. Kumbasar, E. P. A. ed. 2011, Natural dyes, InTech, Croatia.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[6]	Karadağ, R. 2007. Doğal Boyamacılık, Dösim, Ankara, 128s.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[7]	Giusti, M. M., Wallace, T. C. 2009. Flavonoids as natural pigments. Bechtold T., Mussak R., ed. 2009, Handbook of natural colorants, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., United Kingdom, pp.257-258.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[8]	Davulcu, A., et al. 2014. Dyeing of cotton with thyme and pomegranate peel. Cellulose, 21(2014), 4671-4680.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[9]	Benli, H., Bahtiyari, M. İ. 2015 (a). Use of ultrasound in biopreparation and natural dyeing of cotton fabric in a single bath. Cellulose, 22(2015), 867-877.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[10]	Benli, H., Bahtiyari, M. İ. 2016. Pamuklu kumaşların ozon-hidrojen peroksit kombinasyonu ile ağartılması ve doğal boyalar ile renklendirilmesi. Tekstil ve Mühendis, 23(2016), 189-196.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[11]	Benli, H. 2017. An investigation of dyeability of wool fabric with red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var.) extract. Industria Textila, 68(2017), 108-115.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[12]	Benli, H. 2017. A Study on the Dyeing Characteristic of Wool Fabric with American Ivy (Parthenocissus Quinquefolia L.). Tekstil ve Mühendis, 24(2017), 54-61.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[13]	Han, S., Yang, Y. 2005. Antimicrobial activity of wool fabric treated with curcumin. Dyes and Pigments, 64(2005), 157-161.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[14]	Singh, R., et al. 2005. Antimicrobial activity of some natural dyes. Dyes and Pigments, 66(2005), 99-102.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[15]	Gawish, S. M., et al. 2017. Effect of Mordant on UV Protection and Antimicrobial Activity of Cotton, Wool, Silk and Nylon Fabrics Dyed with Some Natural Dyes. Journal of Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology, 8(2017), 1-9.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[16]	Yılmaz, F., et al. 2020 (a). Use of Viburnum Opulus L. (Caprifoliaceae) in Dyeing and Antibacterial Finishing of Cotton. Journal of Natural Fibers, 17(2020),1081-1088.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[17]	Yılmaz, F., et al. 2020 (b). Treatment of originally coloured wools with garlic stem extracts and zinc chloride to ensure anti‐bacterial properties with limited colour changes. Coloration Technology, 136(2020),147-152.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[18]	Andreeva, T. I., et al. 2004. Medicinal plants antioxidant activity of cranberry tree (viburnum Opulus l.) bark extract. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 38(2004), 548-550.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[19]	Şapcı, H., et al. 2017. Antimicrobial and antifungal activity of fabrics dyed with viburnum opulus and onion skins. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 4(2017), 280-284.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[20]	Grifoni, D., et al. 2009. Laboratory and Outdoor Assessment of UV Protection Offered by Flax and Hemp Fabrics Dyed with Natural Dyes. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 85(2009), 313-320.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[21]	Hou, X., et al. 2013. Dyeing and UV-protection properties of water extracts from orange peel. Journal of Cleaner Production, 52(2013), 410-419.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[22]	Van den Beg, A. J. J., Labadie, R. P. 1984. Antraquinones, Anthrones and Dianthrones in Callus Culures of Rhamnus frangula and Rhamnus purshiana. Planta Medica, 50(1984), 449-451.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[23]	Francis, G. W., Aksnes, D. W., Holt, ϕ. 1998. Assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of anthraquinone glycosides from Rhamnus frangula. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, 36(1998), 769-772.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[24]	Manojlovic, N. T., Solujic, S., Sukdolak, S., Milosev, M. 2005. Antifungal activity of Rubia tinctorum, Rhamnus frangula and Caloplaca cerina. Fitoterapia, 76(2005), 244-246.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[25]	Singh, D., Rawat, M. S. M., Semalty, A., Semalty, M. 2012. Emodin–phospholipid complex A potential of herbal drug in the novel drug delivery system. Journal of Thermal Analysis Calorimetry, 108(2012), 289-298.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[26]	Muñoz, G. D. et al. 2018. Chapter 11 - Anthraquinones: An Overview, Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, 58(2018), 313-338.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[27]	Kremer, D., et al. 2012. Anthraquinone profiles, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Frangula rupestris (Scop.) Schur and Frangula alnus Mill. Bark. Food Chemistry, 131(2012), 1174–1180.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[28]	Tebrencu, C. E., et al. 2015. Phytochemical evaluation and HPTLC investigation of bark and extracts of Rhamnus Frangula Linn. Phytochemistry Reviews, 14(2015), 613-621.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[29]	Gonçalves, R. S., et al. 2018. An optimized protocol for anthraquinones isolation from Rhamnus frangula L. Natural Product Research, 32(2018), 366-369.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[30]	Mueller, S. O., et al. 1999. Occurrence of Emodin, Chrysophanol and Physcion in Vegetables, Herbs and Liquors. Genotoxicity and Anti-genotoxicity of the Anthraquinones and of the Whole Plants. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 37(1999), 481-491.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[31]	Andersen, D. O., et al. 1991. In vitro virucidal activity of selected anthraquinones and anthraquinone derivatives. Antiviral Research, 16(1991), 185-196.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[32]	Agarwal, S. K., et al. 2000. Antifungal activity of anthraquinone derivatives from Rheum emodin. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72(2000), 43-46.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[33]	Sydiskis, R. J., et al. 1991. Inactivation of enveloped viruses by anthraquinones extracted from plants. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 35(1991), 2463-2466.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[34]	Zhou, X. M., Chen, Q. H. 1988. Biochemical study of Chinese rhubarb XXII. Inhibitory effect of anthraquinone derivatives on sodium-potassium-ATPase of a rabbit renal medulla and their diuretic action. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 23(1988), 17-20.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[35]	Koyama, M., Kelly, T. R., Watanabe, K. A. 1988. Novel type of potential anticancer agents derived from crysophanol and emodin. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 31(1988), 283-284.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[36]	Zhang, L., Hung. M. C. 1996. Sensitization of HER-2/neu-overexpressing non-small cell lung cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs by tyrosine kinase inhibitor emodin. Oncogene, 12(1996), 571-576.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[37]	Zhang, L., Chang, C. J., Bacus, S. S., Hung, M. C. 1995. Suppressed transformation and induced differentiation of HER-2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer cells by emodin. Cancer Research, 55(1995), 3890-3896.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[38]	Zhang, L., et al. 1998. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor, emodin and its derivative repress HER-2/neu-induced cellular transformation and metastasis-associated properties. Oncogene, 16 (1998), 2855-2863.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[39]	Huang, Q., et al. 2007. Anti-cancer properties of anthraquinones from rhubarb. Medicinal Resarch Reviews, 27(2007), 609-630.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[40]	Benli, H., Bahtiyari, M. I. 2015 (b). Combination of ozone and ultrasound in pretreatment of cotton fabrics prior to natural dyeing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 89 (2015), 116-124.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[41]	DIN 53924, 1997. Testing of Textiles e Velocity of Soaking Water of Textile Fabrics (Method by Determining the Wicking Height). Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V, Berlin, 1997.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[42]	McDonald, R., 1997. Recipe prediction for textiles, McDonald R., ed. 1997, Colour physics for industry (2nd Edition), Society of Dyers and Colourists, Bradford, England.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[43]	ISO 105-B02:1994, Textiles–Tests for color fastness, Part B02: Color fastness to artificial light, International Organization for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[44]	ISO 105-C10:2006, Textiles–Tests for color fastness - Part C10: Color fastness to washing with soap or soap and soda, Test Condition: Test A (1), International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[45]	ISO 105-X12:1993, Textiles–Tests for color fastness, Part X12: Color fastness to rubbing, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[46]	ISO 105-E04:1994, Textiles–Tests for color fastness, Part E04: Color fastness to perspiration, International Organization for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[47]	Vankar, P.S. 2000. Chemistry of natural dyes. Resonance, (2000),73-80.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[48]	Vargas, F., Rivas, C., Medrano, M. 2004. Interaction of Emodin, Aloe-Emodin, and Rhein with Human Serum Albumin: A Fluorescence Spectroscopic Study. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 14(2004), 227-231.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[49]	Cristea, D., Vilarem, D. 2006. Improving light fastness of natural dyes on cotton yarn. Dyes and Pigments, 70 (2006), 238-245.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
