Esthetic Perception of Smile Esthetics among Dental Students and Dental Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study

Anıl Yıldız; Doğaç Can Demirel; Murat Feriz; Zeliha Şanıvar Abbasgholızadeh; Yılmaz Umut Aslan; Yasemin Özkan

doi:10.29228/erd.132

TR EN

Diş Hekimliği Öğrencileri ve Uzmanlık Öğrencileri Arasında Gülüş Estetiğine Yönelik Estetik Algı: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı akademik düzeylerdeki diş hekimliği öğrencileri ile diş hekimliği uzmanlık öğrencilerinin estetik diş hekimliği algılarını değerlendirmek ve standartlaştırılmış, dijital olarak modifiye edilmiş gülüş görüntüleri kullanılarak temel estetik parametrelerin değerlendirilmesindeki farklılıkları belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu tanımlayıcı kesitsel çevrim içi anket çalışması, Marmara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi’nde öğrenim gören diş hekimliği öğrencileri ve diş hekimliği uzmanlık öğrencileri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Demografik özellikler, estetik diş hekimliğine yönelik genel algılar ve modifiye edilmiş gülüş parametrelerine ilişkin tercihleri değerlendiren toplam 16 sorudan oluşan yapılandırılmış bir anket uygulanmıştır. Altı estetik değişken, standartlaştırılmış gülüş görüntüleri üzerinde dijital olarak modifiye edilmiştir. Veriler tanımlayıcı istatistikler ve Pearson ki-kare testi kullanılarak analiz edilmiş, istatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyi p < 0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bulgular: Toplam 500 katılımcı çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Genel estetik algılar açısından cinsiyete bağlı anlamlı fark bulunmamıştır (p > 0,05); ancak dudak vermilyon yüksekliği açısından kadın katılımcıların daha yüksek tercih gösterdiği saptanmıştır (p = 0,028). Akademik düzeyin çeşitli algısal alanlar üzerinde anlamlı etkisi olduğu belirlenmiştir (p < 0,05). Akademik ilerleme ile birlikte katılımcıların estetik diş hekimliği tanımı daha basit estetik kavramlardan uzaklaşarak hizalanma, simetri ve orantısal ilişkilere yönelmiştir. Diş hekimliği uzmanlık öğrencileri, dar bukkal koridor, hiç ya da minimal gingival görünüm ve diastema olmaması yönünde anlamlı derecede daha güçlü tercih göstermiştir (p < 0,05). Buna karşın, altın oran ve dental orta hat pozisyonuna ilişkin tercihler gruplar arasında benzer bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Estetik diş hekimliğinde estetik algı, akademik eğitim ve klinik deneyim ile birlikte ilerleyici şekilde gelişmektedir. Diş hekimliği uzmanlık öğrencileri estetik sapmalara karşı daha yüksek duyarlılık göstermekte olup, cinsiyete bağlı farklılıklar sınırlıdır. Bu bulgular, estetik değerlendirme becerisinin geliştirilmesinde eğitimin önemini vurgulamakta ve biyolojik olarak uyumlu tedavi sonuçlarının elde edilmesi için yapılandırılmış estetik eğitimin erken dönemde müfredata entegrasyonunu desteklemektedir.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışma, kamu, ticari veya kar amacı gütmeyen kuruluşlardan herhangi bir özel destek almamıştır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma, Marmara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır (Protokol No: 09.2025-25-0063, Tarih: 31.01.2025). Tüm katılımcılardan veri toplama öncesinde yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onam alınmıştır.

Thanks

Yazarlar, Marmara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi ve Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü’ne kurumsal destekleri için teşekkür eder.

Esthetic Perception of Smile Esthetics among Dental Students and Dental Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate esthetic perceptions of cosmetic dentistry among dental students at different academic levels and dental residents, and to identify differences in the evaluation of key esthetic parameters using standardized, digitally modified smile images. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional online survey was conducted among dental students and dental residents at Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. A structured questionnaire consisting of 16 items was used to assess demographic characteristics, general perceptions of esthetic dentistry, and preferences for modified smile parameters. Standardized smile images were digitally manipulated to evaluate six esthetic variables. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s chi-square test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 500 participants completed the survey. No significant gender-based differences were observed in general perceptions of esthetic dentistry (p > 0.05), except for lip vermilion height (p = 0.028). Academic level significantly influenced several perceptual domains (p < 0.05). With increasing academic progression, participants shifted from simplified esthetic concepts toward greater emphasis on alignment, symmetry, and proportional relationships. Dental residents demonstrated a stronger preference for narrower buccal corridors, no or minimal gingival display, and absence of diastema compared with dental students (p < 0.05). In contrast, preferences for the golden ratio and dental midline position remained consistent across groups. Conclusion: Esthetic perception in dentistry evolves progressively with academic education and clinical experience. Dental residents exhibit greater sensitivity to esthetic deviations, while gender differences are minimal. These findings highlight the importance of structured esthetic education in improving clinical decision-making and achieving biologically harmonious treatment outcomes.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or nonprofit sectors.

Ethical Statement

This study was approved by the Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee (Protocol No: 09.2025-25-0063, Date: January 31, 2025). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.

Thanks

The authors would like to thank the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and the Institute of Health Sciences for their institutional support.

References

Abu Alhaija ES, Al-Shamsi NO, Al-Khateeb SN. Perceptions of Jordanian laypersons and dental professionals to altered smile aesthetics. Eur. J. Orthod. 2011;33(4):450-456. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjq100
Alhammadi MS, Halboub E, Al-Mashraqi AA, Al-Homoud M, Wafi S, Zakari A, et al. Perception of facial, dental, and smile esthetics by dental students. J. Esthet. Restor. Dent. 2018;30(5):415-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12405
Althagafi N. Esthetic smile perception among dental students at different educational levels. Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dent. 2021;13:163-172. https://doi.org/10.2147/ccide.s304216
Amin E, Khan M, Siddiqui MO, Babar A, Hassan F, Ejaz W. Perception of altered smile esthetic among dentists, students, and laypersons using digital photographs: A comparative study. Pak. Armed Forces Med. J. 2021;71(3):875-879. https://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v71i3.4592
Beldiman MA, Diaconu-Popa D, Tatarciuc M, Nicolaiciuc O, Vasilache C, Luca O. Digital smile design in prosthodontics: an overview. Rom. J. Oral. Rehabil. 2022;14(1):150-156.
Coachman C, Calamita MA. Digital smile design: a tool for treatment planning and communication in esthetic dentistry. Quintessence Dent. Technol. 2012;35:103-111.
Cracel-Nogueira F, Pinho T. Assessment of the perception of smile esthetics by laypersons, dental students and dental practitioners. Int. Orthod. 2013;11(4):432-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2013.09.007
Ioi H, Kang S, Shimomura T, Kim SS, Park SB, Son WS. Effects of vertical positions of anterior teeth on smile esthetics in Japanese and Korean orthodontists and orthodontic patients. J. Esthet. Restor. Dent. 2013;25(4):274-282. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12032

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Prosthodontics

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Anıl Yıldız
0009-0008-7515-0325
Türkiye

Doğaç Can Demirel
0009-0007-7822-6391
Türkiye

Murat Feriz
0009-0007-0409-8171
Türkiye

Zeliha Şanıvar Abbasgholızadeh
0000-0001-8688-1758
Türkiye

Yılmaz Umut Aslan ^*
0000-0003-0500-7546
Türkiye

Yasemin Özkan
0000-0002-4699-638X
Türkiye

Publication Date

September 1, 2026

Submission Date

April 14, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 23, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.29228/erd.132

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA42NR62BD

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yıldız, A., Demirel, D. C., Feriz, M., Şanıvar Abbasgholızadeh, Z., Aslan, Y. U., & Özkan, Y. (2026). Esthetic Perception of Smile Esthetics among Dental Students and Dental Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study. European Journal of Research in Dentistry, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.29228/erd.132

AMA

1.Yıldız A, Demirel DC, Feriz M, Şanıvar Abbasgholızadeh Z, Aslan YU, Özkan Y. Esthetic Perception of Smile Esthetics among Dental Students and Dental Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Eur. J. res. Dent. (ERD). 2026;10(2). doi:10.29228/erd.132

Chicago

Yıldız, Anıl, Doğaç Can Demirel, Murat Feriz, Zeliha Şanıvar Abbasgholızadeh, Yılmaz Umut Aslan, and Yasemin Özkan. 2026. “Esthetic Perception of Smile Esthetics Among Dental Students and Dental Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study”. European Journal of Research in Dentistry 10 (2). https://doi.org/10.29228/erd.132.

EndNote

Yıldız A, Demirel DC, Feriz M, Şanıvar Abbasgholızadeh Z, Aslan YU, Özkan Y (September 1, 2026) Esthetic Perception of Smile Esthetics among Dental Students and Dental Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study. European Journal of Research in Dentistry 10 2

IEEE

[1]A. Yıldız, D. C. Demirel, M. Feriz, Z. Şanıvar Abbasgholızadeh, Y. U. Aslan, and Y. Özkan, “Esthetic Perception of Smile Esthetics among Dental Students and Dental Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study”, Eur. J. res. Dent. (ERD), vol. 10, no. 2, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.29228/erd.132.

ISNAD

Yıldız, Anıl - Demirel, Doğaç Can - Feriz, Murat - Şanıvar Abbasgholızadeh, Zeliha - Aslan, Yılmaz Umut - Özkan, Yasemin. “Esthetic Perception of Smile Esthetics Among Dental Students and Dental Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study”. European Journal of Research in Dentistry 10/2 (September 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.29228/erd.132.

JAMA

1.Yıldız A, Demirel DC, Feriz M, Şanıvar Abbasgholızadeh Z, Aslan YU, Özkan Y. Esthetic Perception of Smile Esthetics among Dental Students and Dental Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Eur. J. res. Dent. (ERD). 2026;10. doi:10.29228/erd.132.

MLA

Yıldız, Anıl, et al. “Esthetic Perception of Smile Esthetics Among Dental Students and Dental Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study”. European Journal of Research in Dentistry, vol. 10, no. 2, Sept. 2026, doi:10.29228/erd.132.

Vancouver

1.Anıl Yıldız, Doğaç Can Demirel, Murat Feriz, Zeliha Şanıvar Abbasgholızadeh, Yılmaz Umut Aslan, Yasemin Özkan. Esthetic Perception of Smile Esthetics among Dental Students and Dental Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Eur. J. res. Dent. (ERD). 2026 Sep. 1;10(2). doi:10.29228/erd.132

EUROPEAN JOURNAL of RESEARCH in DENTISTRY
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Johnson R, Patel S, Martinez L, Chen Y, Roberts K, Lee A, et al. National Institute of Dental Research Working Group. Trends in oral health care utilization among adults in the United States, 2000–2020. Natl Inst Dent Res Tech Rep; 2021. Report No: 54.
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Open Access Policy
An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make possible an unprecedented public good. The old tradition is the willingness of scientists and scholars to publish the fruits of their research in scholarly journals without payment, for the sake of inquiry and knowledge. The new technology is the Internet. The public good they make possible is the worldwide electronic distribution of the peer-reviewed journal literature and completely free and unrestricted access to it by all scientists, scholars, teachers, students, and other curious minds. Removing access barriers to this literature will accelerate research, enrich education, share the learning of the rich with the poor and the poor with the rich, make this literature as useful as it can be, and lay the foundation for uniting humanity in a common intellectual conversation and quest for knowledge.

For various reasons, this kind of free and unrestricted online availability, which we will call open access, has so far been limited to small portions of the journal literature. But even in these limited collections, many different initiatives have shown that open access is economically feasible, that it gives readers extraordinary power to find and make use of relevant literature, and that it gives authors and their works vast, readership and impact. To secure these benefits for all, we call on all interested institutions and individuals to help open up access to the rest of this literature and remove the barriers, especially the price barriers that stand in the way. The more who join the effort to advance this cause, the sooner we will all enjoy the benefits of open access.

The literature that should be freely accessible online is that which scholars give to the world without expectation of payment. Primarily, this category encompasses their peer-reviewed journal articles, but it also includes any unreview preprints that they might wish to put online for comment or to alert colleagues to important research findings. There are many degrees and kinds of wider and easier access to this literature. By "open access" to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited.

While the peer-reviewed journal literature should be accessible online without cost to readers, it is not costless to produce. However, experiments show that the overall costs of providing open access to this literature are far lower than the costs of traditional forms of dissemination. With such an opportunity to save money and expand the scope of dissemination at the same time, there is today a strong incentive for professional associations, universities, libraries, foundations, and others to embrace open access as a means of advancing their missions. Achieving open access will require new cost recovery models and financing mechanisms, but the significantly lower overall cost of dissemination is a reason to be confident that the goal is attainable and not merely preferable or utopian.

To achieve open access to scholarly journal literature, we recommend two complementary strategies.
I. Self-Archiving: First, scholars need the tools and assistance to deposit their refereed journal articles in open electronic archives, a practice commonly called, self-archiving. When these archives conform to standards created by the Open Archives Initiative, then search engines and other tools can treat the separate archives as one. Users then need not know which archives exist or where they are located in order to find and make use of their contents.

II. Open-access Journals: Second, scholars need the means to launch a new generation of journals committed to open access, and to help existing journals that elect to make the transition to open access. Because journal articles should be disseminated as widely as possible, these new journals will no longer invoke copyright to restrict access to and use of the material they publish. Instead they will use copyright and other tools to ensure permanent open access to all the articles they publish. Because price is a barrier to access, these new journals will not charge subscription or access fees, and will turn to other methods for covering their expenses. There are many alternative sources of funds for this purpose, including the foundations and governments that fund research, the universities and laboratories that employ researchers, endowments set up by discipline or institution, friends of the cause of open access, profits from the sale of add-ons to the basic texts, funds freed up by the demise or cancellation of journals charging traditional subscription or access fees, or even contributions from the researchers themselves. There is no need to favor one of these solutions over the others for all disciplines or nations, and no need to stop looking for other.

Open access to peer-reviewed journal literature is the goal. Self-archiving (I.) and a new generation of open-access journals (II.) are the ways to attain this goal. They are not only direct and effective means to this end, they are within the reach of scholars themselves, immediately, and need not wait on changes brought about by markets or legislation. While we endorse the two strategies just outlined, we also encourage experimentation with further ways to make the transition from the present methods of dissemination to open access. Flexibility, experimentation, and adaptation to local circumstances are the best ways to assure that progress in diverse settings will be rapid, secure, and long-lived.

The Open Society Institute is committed to providing initial help and funding to realize this goal. It will use its resources and influence to extend and promote institutional self-archiving, to launch new open-access journals, and to help an open-access journal system become economically self-sustaining. While the Open Society Institute's commitment and resources are substantial, this initiative is very much in need of other organizations to lend their effort and resources.

We invite governments, universities, libraries, journal editors, publishers, foundations, learned societies, professional associations, and individual scholars who share our vision to join us in the task of removing the barriers to open access and building a future in which research and education in every part of the world are that much more free to flourish. Submitting a paper to ERD is free of charges. In addition, ERD has not have article processing charges.