<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>ergonomi̇</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Ergonomi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2651-4877</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Sevinç Serpil AYTAÇ</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33439/ergonomi.1779978</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Ergonomi</subject>
                                                            <subject>Ergonomics Design</subject>
                                                            <subject>Design Anthropology</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Ergonomi</subject>
                                                            <subject>Ergonomi Tasarımı</subject>
                                                            <subject>Tasarım Antropolojisi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>AN ANTHROPOMETRIC AND ERGONOMIC EXAMINATION ON TIN PACKAGING</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>TENEKE AMBALAJLAR ÜZERİNE ANTROPOMETRİK VE ERGONOMİK BİR İNCELEME</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2397-9185</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Nalçakan</surname>
                                    <given-names>Selin</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6162-7016</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Sevindik</surname>
                                    <given-names>Orhan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ-CERRAHPAŞA</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260415">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>15</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>9</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>15</fpage>
                                        <lpage>26</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251013">
                        <day>10</day>
                        <month>13</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260402">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>02</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2018, Ergonomi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Ergonomi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Packaging design is a multidimensional discipline that integrates biomechanical functionality, anthropometric compatibility, and user safety, extending beyond the mere physical protection of the product. Despite their advantages of superior mechanical durability, metal-based packaging presents significant ergonomic limitations regarding user interaction due to rigid form factors, surfaces with low friction coefficients, and high opening torque requirements.This research examines the ergonomic performance of metal packaging utilizing a Multiple Case Study model. Through &quot;purposive sampling,&quot; the study identifies three extreme typologies that holistically represent distinct physical scales (size) and biomechanical requirements (grip type): (1) a 5L olive oil tin (Cylindrical Grip), (2) a 140g tuna can (Lateral Grip), and (3) a 10g lip balm tin (Precision Grip). For the data collection process, a systematic Ergonomic Expert Review method focusing on the structural characteristics of the design was adopted. These selected samples were analyzed holistically along the axes of (1) Anthropometric Compatibility, (2) Biomechanical Interaction, and (3) Safety, utilizing torque equations defined in the literature and datasets reflecting the hand morphology (Brachycheiry/Mesocheiry) specific to the local population. The findings reveal that designs exhibiting anthropometric incompatibility—even within the &quot;Best-Case Scenario&quot; based on healthy young adult data—violate accessibility boundaries for disadvantaged groups.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Ambalaj tasarımı; ürünün fiziksel korunmasının ötesinde, biyomekanik işlevsellik, antropometrik uyum ve kullanıcı güvenliğini bütünleştiren çok boyutlu bir disiplindir. Metal esaslı ambalajlar, üstün mekanik dayanıklılık avantajlarına rağmen; rijit form faktörleri, düşük sürtünme katsayısına sahip yüzeyleri ve yüksek açma torku gereksinimleri nedeniyle kullanıcı etkileşimi açısından ciddi ergonomik sınırlar barındırmaktadır.Bu araştırma, metal ambalajların ergonomik performansını Çoklu Durum Çalışması (Multiple Case Study) modeliyle incelemektedir. Çalışmada, &quot;amaçlı örneklem&quot; yöntemiyle; farklı fiziksel ölçekleri (boyut) ve biyomekanik gereksinimleri (kavrama tipi) bütüncül olarak temsil eden üç uç tipoloji belirlenmiştir: (1) 5L zeytinyağı tenekesi (Silindirik Kavrama), (2) 140g ton balığı kutusu (Yanal Kavrama) ve (3) 10g dudak kremi kutusu (Hassas Kavrama). Veri toplama sürecinde, tasarımın yapısal özelliklerine odaklanan sistematik bir Ergonomik Uzman Değerlendirmesi (Expert Review) yöntemi benimsenmiştir. Seçilen bu örneklemler; yerel popülasyona özgü el morfolojisini (Brachycheri/Mesocheri) yansıtan veri setleri ve literatürde tanımlanan tork denklemleri kullanılarak; (1) Antropometrik Uyumluluk, (2) Biyomekanik Etkileşim ve (3) Güvenlik eksenlerinde bütüncül olarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, sağlıklı genç yetişkin verilerine dayalı &#039;En İyi Durum Senaryosu&#039;nda (Best-Case Scenario) dahi antropometrik uyumsuzluk gösteren tasarımların, dezavantajlı gruplar için erişilebilirlik sınırlarını ihlal ettiğini ortaya koymaktadır.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Tin Packaging</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Biomechanical Functionality</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Expert Review</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Grip Biomechanics</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  packaging Ergonomics</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Teneke Ambalaj</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ambalaj Ergonomisi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  biyomekanik işlevsellik</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Uzman İncelemesi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Kavrama Biyomekaniği</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Arıkan, A. (2011). Metal Ambalaj. Ambalaj Bülteni, 46, 36-40.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aygün, E. (2007). The Effect of Packaging On Consumer’s Purchase Behavior: A Survey on Food Products [Master’s thesis, Sakarya University].</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Baltacı, A. (2019). Nitel Araştırma Sürecinde Veri Analizi Yöntemleri: Betimsel Analiz, İçerik Analizi ve Tematik Analiz. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), 368-388.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bayraktar, İ. A., Özşahin, E. (2018). Türkiye’de Yaşayan Yetişkinlerin El Antropometrik Ölçülerinin Belirlenmesi. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 6(3), 469-478.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Becer, E. (2014). Ambalaj Tasarımı. Dost Kitapevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bošnjaković, G., Vladić, G. (2020). Research Methodologies For Assessing The Ergonomics of Packaging Products – A Review. Journal of Graphic Engineering and Design, 11(1), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.24867/GRID-2020-p.37</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Calver, G. (2007). What is Packaging Design? Rotovision.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Clarkson, J., Coleman, R. (2015). History of Inclusive Design in The UK. Applied Ergonomics, 46(Part B), 235–47.   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2013.03.002</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erdal, G. (2024). Metal Packaging in The Food Industry. International Journal of Humanities and Art Researches, 9(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10828954</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ertem, H. (1999). Examination of Packaging From The Perspective of Industrial Product Design and A Proposed Model For Packaging Design Methodology [PhD thesis, Marmara University].</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 12(2), 219-245.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İnce Parpucu, T., Keskin, T., Günal, A., Başkurt, F., Başkurt, Z. (2023). The Relationship Between Anthropometric Characteristics of The Hand and Grip Strength and Dexterity in Healthy Young Individuals. Medical Journal of Süleyman Demirel University, 30(3), 552–560. https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.1348704</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaya, Ö., Özok, A. F. (2017). Tasarımda Antropometrinin Önemi. Journal of Engineering Sciences and Design, 5(SI: Ergonomics2016), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.45182</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Koç, K. (2015). Recyclable Solid Waste Management and Route Optimization: A Case Study of Meram District, Konya [Master’s thesis, Selçuk University].</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lewis, R., Menardi, C., Yoxall, A., Langley, J. (2007). Finger Friction: Grip and Opening Packaging. Wear, 263(7-12), 1124-1132.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Madanlar, S. (2019). Ergonomic Consumer Product Design: Principles, Evaluation and Application [Master’s thesis, Dokuz Eylül University].</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Napier, J. R. (1956). The Prehensile Movements of The Human Hand. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume, 38(4), 902-913.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Önlü, N. (2004). Creativity and Functionality in Design: Its Place in Textile Design. Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences, 3(1), 85–95.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özden, Ö., Sönmez, S. (2024). Paper and Cardboard Packaging Technique. Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative Research &amp; Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. Sage Publications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pheasant, S., Haslegrave, C. M. (2006). Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and The Design of Work (3rd ed.). CRC Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rowson, J., Yoxall, A. (2011). Hold, Grasp, Clutch or Grab: Consumer Grip Choices During Food Container Opening. Applied Ergonomics, 42(5), 627-633.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., ..., Jinks, C. (2018). Saturation in Qualitative Research: Exploring Its Conceptualization and Operationalization. Quality &amp; Quantity, 52(4), 1893-1907.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sönmez, V., Alacapınar, F. G. (2014). Örneklendirilmiş Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Anı Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yağar, F., Dökme, S. (2018). Nitel Araştırmalarda Örnekleme Yöntemleri. Journal of Current Researches on Health Sector, 8(1), 29–38.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldırım, A., Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (10. baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
