Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

THE STRAIT OF HORMUZ AND IRAN’S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 29 - 59, 31.01.2020

Öz

The demand for energy in the world is increasing day by day, and for the countries that have an energy deficit, the uninterrupted and safe energy trade has vital importance. An important part of energy trade is provided by the sea and this makes the strategic straits more valuable than ever before in history. The most important of these straits is the Strait of Hormuz (SH), which is a key to the transportation of the Middle Eastern oil and that natural gas flow to Europe, the South Asia and the Pacific. The SH has attracted the attention of the whole world due to the recent diplomatic crisis between the US and Iran. In the event that Iran does not terminate its nuclear activities, the US’s declaration on blocking the Iran’s petroleum trade and Iran’s announcement in shutting down the SH directly to sea trade have increased the tension in the region. It is inevitable that these potential initiatives seriously disrupt the world energy trade. In this regard, the policies of China, India and Turkey, whose economic growths base on energy import, have been a subject of discussion. The aim of this paper is to examine the strategic, economic, and politic importance of the Strait of Hormuz and Effects on Iran’s international relations and foreign policy. The paper has the purpose of revealing the attitudes and policies of international actors on the SH and regional politics.

Kaynakça

  • Aghahosseini, Mohsen (1999). “Evidence Before the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal”. International Law FORUM du droit international 1(4): 208-214.
  • Al-Khalifa, Talal M. (2012). The Gulf and Southeast Asia: Regional Security Complex and Regional Security Community. Doctoral Dissertation. Exeter: University of Exeter.
  • Ari, Tayyar (2007). Irak, Iran, ABD ve Petrol. Istanbul: Alfa Basım Yayın Dagıtım.
  • Ashrafpour, Ashraf (2010). Geostrategic Importance of Persian Gulf. Doctoral Dissertation, Maharashtra: University of Pune.
  • Berlin, Donald L. (2006). “India in the Indian Ocean”. Naval War College Review 59(2): 58-89.
  • Borger, Julian, and Patrick Wintour (2018). Trump Administration Unveils Full Extent of US Sanctions on Iran. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/05/iran-launches-military-drill-response-return-us-sanctions.
  • Buzan, Bary, Ole Waever and Jaap de Wilde (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Buzan, Barry (2003). Regional Security Complex Theory in the Post-Cold War World. In Theories of New Regionalism. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Buzan, Barry and Ole Waever (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buzan, Bary (2008). People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. London: ECPR Press.
  • Caldwell, Dan (1996). “Flashpoints in the Gulf: Abu Musa and the Tunb islands”. Middle East Policy 4(3): 50-58.
  • Christou, Odysseas and Constantinos Adamides (2013). “Energy Securitization and Desecuritization in the New Middle East”. Security Dialogue 44(5-6): 507-522.
  • Clawson, Patrick and Michael Eisenstadt (2008). “Halting Iran’s Nuclear Programme: The Military Option”. Survival 50(5): 13-19.
  • Cordesman, Anthony H. (2007). Iran, Oil, and the Strait of Hormuz. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
  • Cordesman, Anthony H. and Martin Kleiber (2007). Iran’s Military Forces and Warfighting Capabilities: The Threat in the Northern Gulf. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
  • DiChristopher, Tom (2018). “Trump Announces He Will Withdraw US from Iran Nuclear Deal and Restore Sanctions”. Available: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/08/trump-to-announce-he-will-withdraw-us-from-iran-nuclear-deal.html. (Accessed: 27.05.2019).
  • Din, Mae (1990). “The Transport Importance of the Arabian (Persian) Gulf”. Transport Reviews: A Transnational Transdisciplinary Journal 10(2): 127-148.
  • Downs, Erica and Suzanne Maloney (2011). “Getting China to Sanction Iran: The Chinese-Iranian Oil Connection”. Foreign Affairs 90(2): 15-21.
  • Edelman, Eric S. and Whitney M. McNamara (2017). Contain, Degrade, and Defeat A Defense Strategy for A Troubled Middle East. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments.
  • Elahi, Homayoun (2005). The Persian Gulf and its Problems. Tehran: Ghamus Publication.
  • Endicott, Travis W. (2016). The Strait Defense: A Case Study Comparison of Global Straits. Master’s Thesis. Bloomington: Indiana University.
  • Erdag, Ramazan (2017). Regional Security Complex Theory and the Middle East and North Africa. In Libya in the Arab Spring. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Farrar, Quinton C. (2010). “U.S. Energy Sanctions and the Race to Prevent Iran from Acquiring Weapons of Mass Destruction”. Fordham L. Rev. No. 79: 2347-2393.
  • Fathollah-Nejad, Ali (2018). “Europe and the Future of Iran Policy: Dealing with a Dual Crisis”, Brookings Doha Center. Available: https://www.brookings.edu/research/europe-and-the-future-of-iran-policy-dealing-with-a-dual-crisis/.
  • Guzansky, Yoe, Jonathan Schachter and Gallia Lindenstrauss. (2011). Between Piracy and Persia: Mounting Threats to Maritime Chokepoints in the Middle East, Foreign Policy Research Institute. Available: https://www.fpri.org/article/2011/09/between-piracy-and-persia-mounting-threats-to-maritime-chokepoints-in-the-middle-east/.
  • Haghshenass, Fariborz (2008). Iran’s Asymmetric Naval Warfare, Policy Focus No. 87, Washington DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
  • James, Mina and Serwer Daniel (2014). “Circumventing Hormuz”. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 56(1): 121-138.
  • Katzman, Kenneth (2019). Iran Sanctions. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
  • Katzman, Kenneth, Neelesh W. Nerurkar and Michael Ratner (2012). Iran’s Threat to the Strait of Hormuz. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
  • Kausch, Kristina (2015). Geopolitics and Democracy in the Middle East. Madrid: Fride.
  • Kerr, Paul K. and Kenneth Katzman (2018). Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
  • Khan, Sabahat (2010). “Iranian Mining of the Strait of Hormuz: Plausibility and Key Considerations”, Report No. 4.
  • Kitous, Alban G., Bert Saveyn, Steve Gervais, Tobias Wiesenthal and Antonio Soria R. (2013). “Analysis of the Iran Oil Embargo”, Report No. 25691. JRC Scientific and Policy Reports.
  • Kuduoglu, Alptug (2019). “Iran’da Musaddik Donemi: 1951-1953 (The Period of Mosaddik in Iran: 1951-1953)”. Journal of Iranian Studies 2(2): 37-62.
  • Kumaraswamy, Prasanna. R. (2008). “India’s Persian Problems”. Strategic Insights 7(3): 1-10.
  • Kutlu, Ovunc (2019). “US-Iran Tension Threatens Secure Energy Supply in Hormuz”. 21.06.2019. Available: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/energy-security/us-iran-tension-threatens-secure-energy-supply-in-hormuz/25841. (Accessed: 04.07.2019).
  • Lee, Luke T. (1983). “The Law of the Sea Convention and Third States”. The American Journal of International Law 77(3): 541-568.
  • Lesser, Ian O. (1991). Oil, The Persian Gulf, and Grand Strategy Contemporary Issues in Historical. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corp.
  • Lindsay, James M. and Ray Takeyh (2010). “After Iran Gets the Bomb: Containment and Its Complications”. Foreign Affairs 89(2): 33-49.
  • Mabro, Robert (2008). “On the Security of Oil Supplies, Oil Weapons, Oil Nationalism and All That”. OPEC Energy Review 32(1): 1-12.
  • Massaroni, Christopher (1982). “The United States-Iran Hostage Agreement: A Study in Presidential Powers”. Cornell Int’l LJ No. 15: 150-201.
  • McNally, Robert (2012). Managing Oil Market Disruption in a Confrontation with Iran. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Morgan, Cody (2015). “U.S.-Iran Relations: A History of Covert Action and a Promising Future”. The Cohen Journal 2(1): 1-22.
  • Morin, Rebecca (2019). “Pentagon Sending 1,000 U.S. Troops to Middle East after Oil Tanker Attacks”. Available: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/06/17/us-sending-1-000-troops-middle-east-after-oil-tanker-attack/1483739001/. (Accessed: 04.07.2019).
  • Morris, Richard B. and Jeffrey B. Morris, eds. (1953). Encyclopedia of American History. Vol. 2. New York: Harper.
  • Nadimi, Farzin (2019). “Clarifying Freedom of Navigation in the Gulf”. Available: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/clarifying-freedom-of-navigation-in-the-gulf. (Accessed: 17.08.2019).
  • Naji, Saeid and Jayum Jawan (2011). “Role of the Persian Gulf’s Oil in the U.S. Geopolitical Codes during the Cold War Geopolitical Order”. International Journal of Business 1(5): 206-220.
  • Pamuk, Humeyra (2019). “Turkey Stopped Purchasing Iranian Oil as of May: Turkish Official”. Available: https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2019-05-22/turkey-stopped-purchasing-iranian-oil-as-of-may-turkish-official. (Accessed: 02.07.2019).
  • Pant, Harsh V. (2013). “Rising China in India’s Vicinity: A Rivalry Takes Shape in Asia”. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 29(2): 364-381. Parsi, Rouzbeh and John Rydqvist eds. (2011). Iran and the West: Regional Interests and Global Controversies. Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency.
  • Pethiyagoda, Kadira (2018). “India’s Pursuit of Strategic and Economic Interests in Iran”. Brookings Doha Center Analysis Paper No. 23.
  • Pham, J. Peter (2010). “Iran’s Threat to the Strait of Hormuz: A Realist Assessment”. American Foreign Policy Interests 32(2): 64-74.
  • Pieper, Moritz (2013). “Turkish Foreign Policy toward the Iranian Nuclear Programme: In Search of a New Middle East Order after the Arab Spring and the Syrian Civil War”. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations 12(3): 81-92.
  • Purushothaman, Uma (2012). “American Shadow over India–Iran Relations”. Strategic Analysis 36(6): 899-910.
  • Ramazani, Rouhollah K. (1979). “Security in the Persian Gulf”. Foreign Affairs 57(4): 821-835.
  • Ratner, Michael (2018). “Iran’s Threats, the Strait of Hormuz, and Oil Markets: In Brief”. Congressional Research Service Report No. 45281.
  • Rodrigue, Jean-Paul (2004). “Straits, Passages and Chokepoints: A Maritime Geostrategy of Petroleum Distribution”. Cahiers De Géographie Du Québec 48(135): 357-374.
  • Sagan, Scott D. (2006). “How to Keep the Bomb from Iran”. Foreign Affairs 85(5): 45-59.
  • Savyon, Ayelet and E. Kharrazi (2019). “How Will Iran Prevent the Export of Oil from the Persian Gulf to World Markets?”. Inquiry & Analysis Series No. 1452.
  • Scita, Jacopo (2019). China Could Resolve The Next Crisis In The Persian Gulf, But Not This One. Country Brief. Available: https://lobelog.com/china-could-resolve-the-next-crisis-in-the-persian-gulf-but-not-this-one/. (Accessed: 24.10.2019).
  • Shoamanesh, Sam S. (2007). “History Brief: Timeline of US-Iran Relations until the Obama Administration”. MIT International Review, 1(5): 4-7.
  • Shyam, Manjula R. (1985). “The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and Military Interests in the Indian Ocean”. Ocean Development and International Law 15(2): 147-170.
  • Singh, Meena R. (2012). “Iran: India’s Gateway to Central Asia”. Strategic Analysis 36(6): 957-975.
  • Smart, Alan, Ken Willett, Yuan Chou and Guy Jakeman (2012). “NESA Identified Issues: Strait of Hormuz”. ACIL Tasman Report.
  • Sokolski, Henry and Patrick Clawson (2005). Getting Ready for Nuclear-Ready Iran. Darby, Pennsylvania: Diane Publishing.
  • The GCC: Alliance Politics. (1993). Whitehall Papers 20(1): 35-50.
  • Topham, Gwyn (2019). Airlines Avoid Iran Drone Strike Area Due to Fears of “Miscalculation”. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/21/airlines-avoid-strait-of-hormuz-after-iranian-strike-on-us-drone. (Accessed: 04.07.2019).
  • Torbat, Akbar E. (2005). “Impacts of the US Trade and Financial Sanctions on Iran”. World Economy 28(3): 407-434.
  • Wahlisch, Martin (2012). “The Iran-US Dispute, the Strait of Hormuz, and International Law”. The Yale Journal of International Law Online No. 37: 22-34.
  • Walsh, Nick P. (2019). What Shooting Down a $110M US Drone Tells Us About Iran. Available: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/25/middleeast/iran-drone-shooting-capabilities-npw-intl/index.html. (Accessed: 04.07.2019).
  • Westermayr, Josef (2015). “Realpolitik in Iran Opportunities and Challenges”. Politikon No. 28: 138-161.
  • Winzer, Christian (2012). “Conceptualizing Energy Security”. Energy Policy No. 46: 36-48.
  • Zamora, Manuel F. and Linda R. Zamora (2014). “The Strait of Hormuz as a Global and US Security Concern: A Transportation and Maritime Security Case Illustration”. Journal of Homeland and National Security Perspectives 1(1): 66-79.
  • BBC News (2003). “Full Text: Iran Declaration”. Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3211036. stm. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • BP (2008). “Statistical Review of World Energy 2018”. Available: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-statsreview -2018-full-report.pdf. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • Congress. Gov. (1992) “H.R.5434 - Iran-Iraq Arms Non-Proliferation Act of 1992”. Available: https://www. congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-bill/5434/text. (Accessed: 27.05.2019).
  • Congress. Gov. (1996) “H.R.3107 - Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996”. Available: https://www.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/house-bill/3107. (Accessed: 27.05.2019).
  • Corporate Fair Trade Community. “Oil Tanker Insurance Rate Increases After Attacks in Strait of Hormuz”. Available: https://www.corpfairtrade.com/oil-tanker-insurance-rate-increases-after-attacks-in-strait-of-hormuz. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • Daily Sabah (2019). “Leading Refinery Tüpraş to Halt Oil Imports from Iran”. Available: https://www.daily sabah.com/energy/2019/05/08/leading-refinery-tupras-to-halt-oil-imports-from-iran. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • EIA. (2017). “World Oil Transit Chokepoints”. Available: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/regions -topics.php?RegionTopicID=WOTC. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • EIA. (2019a). “The Strait of Hormuz is the World’s Most Important Oil Transit Chokepoint”. Available: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39932. (Accessed: 09.09.2018).
  • EIA. (2019b). “Short-Term Energy Outlook”. Available: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php? id=39932. (Accessed: 18.08.2019).
  • EIA. (2019c). “World Energy Prices”. Available: https://www.iea.org/statistics/prices. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • European Commission. “Countries and Regions, Gulf Region”. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/po licy/countries-and-regions/regions/gulf-region/. (Accessed, May 28, 2019).
  • European Commission. “European Union, Trade in Goods with Iran”. Available: https://webgate.ec. europa.eu/isdbresults/factsheets/country/details_iran_en.pdf. (Accessed: 28.05.2019).
  • European Commission. “EU/Iran Negotiations for Trade & Cooperation Agreement to restart on 12 January”. Available: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-05-18_en.htm. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • European Commission. “EU Restrictive Measures Against Iran”. Available: https://www.consilium. europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/iran/. (Accessed: 27.05.2019).
  • European External Action Service. “Iran Deal: EU Remains Committed to the Continued Implementation of the Nuclear Deal, Mogherini Says”. Available: https://eeas.europa.eu /headquarters/headquarters-homepage/44239/iran-deal-eu-remains-committedcontinued-implementation-nuclear-deal-mogherini-says_en. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • European Parliament Think Tank. “An EU Strategy for Relations with Iran After the Nuclear Deal”. Available: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2016/578005/EXPO_ID A(2016)578005_EN.pdf. (Accessed: 15.05.2019).
  • Every CRS Report. “Iran Sanctions”. Available: https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20190712_RS20 871_76a1b4a1a24bb7ce8ca360e011f7d7c72c3b7b7d.html#_Toc14424764. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • Federation of American Scientists. “Unclassified Report on Military Power of Iran April 2010”. Available: https://fas.org/man/eprint/dod_iran_2010.pdf. (Accessed: 05.06.2019).
  • Fox News Network. “What is the Strait of Hormuz, where Iran shot down US Navy drone?”. Available: https://www.foxnews.com/world/whats-the-strait-of-hormuz-iran-shot-us-navy-droned. (Accessed: 25.07.2019).
  • Global Firepower. “Middle Eastern Powers Ranked by Military Strength”. Available: https://www.global firepower.com/countries-listing-middle-east.asp. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (2004). “Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran”. Available: https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/gov2003-63.pdf. (Accessed: 19.05.2019).
  • International Union for Conservation of Nature. “United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea”. Available: https://www.iucn.org/theme/marine-and-polar/our-work/international-ocean-governance/unclos. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • Legal Information Institute. “Title 22: Foreign Relations and Intercourse, Chapter 95—Iran Freedom and Counter Proliferation (8801–8811)”. Available: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode /text/22/chapter-95. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • Newsclick (2019). “India to Import Oil from US, Saudi to Make up for Iran Shortfall”. Available: https://www. newsclick.in/Oil-Import-India-IOC-US-Saudi-Iran. (Accessed: 21.05.2019).
  • OEC (2017a). “Qatar”. Available: https://oec.world/en/profile/country/qat/. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • OEC (2017b). “Oman”. Available: https://oec.world/en/profile/country/omn/. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • OEC (2017c). “Bahrain”. Available: https://oec.world/en/profile/country/bhr/. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • OPEC. (2019a). “Saudi Arabia Facts and Figures”. Available: https://www.opec.org/opecweb_/en/about _us/169.htm. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • OPEC. (2019b). “Iran Facts and Figures”. Available: https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/ 163.htm. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • OPEC. (2019c). “Iraq Facts and Figures”. Available: https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/16 4.htm. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • OPEC. (2019d). “Kuwait Facts and Figures”. Available: https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/16 5.htm. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • OPEC. (2019e). “UAE Facts and Figures”. Available: https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/170 .htm. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • The Washington Post. “Text of President Bush’s 2002 State of the Union Address”. Available: https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/transcripts/sou012902.htm. (Accessed: 04.08.2019).
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. “World Military Expenditure Grows to $1.8 Trillion in 2018”. Available: https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2019/world-military-expenditure-grows-18-trillion-2018. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • U.N. Conference on Trade and Development. “Review of Maritime Transport 2018”. Available: https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2018_en.pdf. (Accessed: 05.04.2019).
  • U.N. Security Council Committee. “Resolution 1737, Adopted by the Security Council at its 5612th Meeting, on 23 December 2006”. Available: https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_ doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1737. (Accessed: 27.05.2019).
  • U.N. Security Council. “Resolution 1747”. Available: https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/unsc_res17 47-2007.pdf. (Accessed: 04.06.2019).
  • U.N. Security Council. “Resolution 1803”. Available: https://undocs.org/S/RES/1803. (Accessed: 04.06.2019).
  • U.N. Security Council. “Resolution 1929”. Available: https://undocs.org/S/RES/1929(2010). (Accessed: 04.06.2019).
  • U.S. Department of State. “Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action”. Available: https://20092017.state.gov /documents/organization/245317.pdf. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • U.S. Department of the Treasury. “Section 1245 of Public Law 112-81, Imposition of Sanctions with Respect to the Financial Sector of Iran”. Available: https://www.treasury. gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/ndaa_publaw.pdf, (Accessed: 05.06.2019).
  • U.S. Department of the Treasury. “Iran Sanctions Act of 1996”. Available: https://www.treasury.gov /resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/isa_1996.pdf. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. “Executive Order 12613--Prohibiting imports from Iran”. Available: https://www.archives.gov/federalregister/codification/executive-order/12613.html. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. “Executive Order No. 12278--Direction to Transfer Iranian Government Assets Overseas”. Available: https://www.archives. gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12278.html. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. “Executive Order 12211--Further Prohibitions on Transactions with Iran”. Available: https://www.archives.gov/federalregister/ codification/executive-order/12211.html. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. “Executive Order 12959, Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to Iran”. Available: https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/1995.html. (Accessed, 30.05.2019).
  • U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. “Executive Order 13059--Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to Iran”. Available: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-08-21/pdf/97-22482.pdf. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control (2017). “Iran Missile Milestones: 1985-2017”. Available: https://www.wisconsinproject.org/iran-missile-milestones/. (Accessed: 25.07.2019).
  • World Economic Forum “India’s Evolving Partnership with the Gulf Region”, Available: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/10/india-s-evolving-partnership-with-the-gulf-region/, (Accessed: 19.05.2019).
Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 29 - 59, 31.01.2020

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aghahosseini, Mohsen (1999). “Evidence Before the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal”. International Law FORUM du droit international 1(4): 208-214.
  • Al-Khalifa, Talal M. (2012). The Gulf and Southeast Asia: Regional Security Complex and Regional Security Community. Doctoral Dissertation. Exeter: University of Exeter.
  • Ari, Tayyar (2007). Irak, Iran, ABD ve Petrol. Istanbul: Alfa Basım Yayın Dagıtım.
  • Ashrafpour, Ashraf (2010). Geostrategic Importance of Persian Gulf. Doctoral Dissertation, Maharashtra: University of Pune.
  • Berlin, Donald L. (2006). “India in the Indian Ocean”. Naval War College Review 59(2): 58-89.
  • Borger, Julian, and Patrick Wintour (2018). Trump Administration Unveils Full Extent of US Sanctions on Iran. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/05/iran-launches-military-drill-response-return-us-sanctions.
  • Buzan, Bary, Ole Waever and Jaap de Wilde (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Buzan, Barry (2003). Regional Security Complex Theory in the Post-Cold War World. In Theories of New Regionalism. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Buzan, Barry and Ole Waever (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buzan, Bary (2008). People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. London: ECPR Press.
  • Caldwell, Dan (1996). “Flashpoints in the Gulf: Abu Musa and the Tunb islands”. Middle East Policy 4(3): 50-58.
  • Christou, Odysseas and Constantinos Adamides (2013). “Energy Securitization and Desecuritization in the New Middle East”. Security Dialogue 44(5-6): 507-522.
  • Clawson, Patrick and Michael Eisenstadt (2008). “Halting Iran’s Nuclear Programme: The Military Option”. Survival 50(5): 13-19.
  • Cordesman, Anthony H. (2007). Iran, Oil, and the Strait of Hormuz. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
  • Cordesman, Anthony H. and Martin Kleiber (2007). Iran’s Military Forces and Warfighting Capabilities: The Threat in the Northern Gulf. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
  • DiChristopher, Tom (2018). “Trump Announces He Will Withdraw US from Iran Nuclear Deal and Restore Sanctions”. Available: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/08/trump-to-announce-he-will-withdraw-us-from-iran-nuclear-deal.html. (Accessed: 27.05.2019).
  • Din, Mae (1990). “The Transport Importance of the Arabian (Persian) Gulf”. Transport Reviews: A Transnational Transdisciplinary Journal 10(2): 127-148.
  • Downs, Erica and Suzanne Maloney (2011). “Getting China to Sanction Iran: The Chinese-Iranian Oil Connection”. Foreign Affairs 90(2): 15-21.
  • Edelman, Eric S. and Whitney M. McNamara (2017). Contain, Degrade, and Defeat A Defense Strategy for A Troubled Middle East. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments.
  • Elahi, Homayoun (2005). The Persian Gulf and its Problems. Tehran: Ghamus Publication.
  • Endicott, Travis W. (2016). The Strait Defense: A Case Study Comparison of Global Straits. Master’s Thesis. Bloomington: Indiana University.
  • Erdag, Ramazan (2017). Regional Security Complex Theory and the Middle East and North Africa. In Libya in the Arab Spring. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Farrar, Quinton C. (2010). “U.S. Energy Sanctions and the Race to Prevent Iran from Acquiring Weapons of Mass Destruction”. Fordham L. Rev. No. 79: 2347-2393.
  • Fathollah-Nejad, Ali (2018). “Europe and the Future of Iran Policy: Dealing with a Dual Crisis”, Brookings Doha Center. Available: https://www.brookings.edu/research/europe-and-the-future-of-iran-policy-dealing-with-a-dual-crisis/.
  • Guzansky, Yoe, Jonathan Schachter and Gallia Lindenstrauss. (2011). Between Piracy and Persia: Mounting Threats to Maritime Chokepoints in the Middle East, Foreign Policy Research Institute. Available: https://www.fpri.org/article/2011/09/between-piracy-and-persia-mounting-threats-to-maritime-chokepoints-in-the-middle-east/.
  • Haghshenass, Fariborz (2008). Iran’s Asymmetric Naval Warfare, Policy Focus No. 87, Washington DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
  • James, Mina and Serwer Daniel (2014). “Circumventing Hormuz”. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 56(1): 121-138.
  • Katzman, Kenneth (2019). Iran Sanctions. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
  • Katzman, Kenneth, Neelesh W. Nerurkar and Michael Ratner (2012). Iran’s Threat to the Strait of Hormuz. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
  • Kausch, Kristina (2015). Geopolitics and Democracy in the Middle East. Madrid: Fride.
  • Kerr, Paul K. and Kenneth Katzman (2018). Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
  • Khan, Sabahat (2010). “Iranian Mining of the Strait of Hormuz: Plausibility and Key Considerations”, Report No. 4.
  • Kitous, Alban G., Bert Saveyn, Steve Gervais, Tobias Wiesenthal and Antonio Soria R. (2013). “Analysis of the Iran Oil Embargo”, Report No. 25691. JRC Scientific and Policy Reports.
  • Kuduoglu, Alptug (2019). “Iran’da Musaddik Donemi: 1951-1953 (The Period of Mosaddik in Iran: 1951-1953)”. Journal of Iranian Studies 2(2): 37-62.
  • Kumaraswamy, Prasanna. R. (2008). “India’s Persian Problems”. Strategic Insights 7(3): 1-10.
  • Kutlu, Ovunc (2019). “US-Iran Tension Threatens Secure Energy Supply in Hormuz”. 21.06.2019. Available: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/energy-security/us-iran-tension-threatens-secure-energy-supply-in-hormuz/25841. (Accessed: 04.07.2019).
  • Lee, Luke T. (1983). “The Law of the Sea Convention and Third States”. The American Journal of International Law 77(3): 541-568.
  • Lesser, Ian O. (1991). Oil, The Persian Gulf, and Grand Strategy Contemporary Issues in Historical. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corp.
  • Lindsay, James M. and Ray Takeyh (2010). “After Iran Gets the Bomb: Containment and Its Complications”. Foreign Affairs 89(2): 33-49.
  • Mabro, Robert (2008). “On the Security of Oil Supplies, Oil Weapons, Oil Nationalism and All That”. OPEC Energy Review 32(1): 1-12.
  • Massaroni, Christopher (1982). “The United States-Iran Hostage Agreement: A Study in Presidential Powers”. Cornell Int’l LJ No. 15: 150-201.
  • McNally, Robert (2012). Managing Oil Market Disruption in a Confrontation with Iran. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Morgan, Cody (2015). “U.S.-Iran Relations: A History of Covert Action and a Promising Future”. The Cohen Journal 2(1): 1-22.
  • Morin, Rebecca (2019). “Pentagon Sending 1,000 U.S. Troops to Middle East after Oil Tanker Attacks”. Available: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/06/17/us-sending-1-000-troops-middle-east-after-oil-tanker-attack/1483739001/. (Accessed: 04.07.2019).
  • Morris, Richard B. and Jeffrey B. Morris, eds. (1953). Encyclopedia of American History. Vol. 2. New York: Harper.
  • Nadimi, Farzin (2019). “Clarifying Freedom of Navigation in the Gulf”. Available: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/clarifying-freedom-of-navigation-in-the-gulf. (Accessed: 17.08.2019).
  • Naji, Saeid and Jayum Jawan (2011). “Role of the Persian Gulf’s Oil in the U.S. Geopolitical Codes during the Cold War Geopolitical Order”. International Journal of Business 1(5): 206-220.
  • Pamuk, Humeyra (2019). “Turkey Stopped Purchasing Iranian Oil as of May: Turkish Official”. Available: https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2019-05-22/turkey-stopped-purchasing-iranian-oil-as-of-may-turkish-official. (Accessed: 02.07.2019).
  • Pant, Harsh V. (2013). “Rising China in India’s Vicinity: A Rivalry Takes Shape in Asia”. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 29(2): 364-381. Parsi, Rouzbeh and John Rydqvist eds. (2011). Iran and the West: Regional Interests and Global Controversies. Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency.
  • Pethiyagoda, Kadira (2018). “India’s Pursuit of Strategic and Economic Interests in Iran”. Brookings Doha Center Analysis Paper No. 23.
  • Pham, J. Peter (2010). “Iran’s Threat to the Strait of Hormuz: A Realist Assessment”. American Foreign Policy Interests 32(2): 64-74.
  • Pieper, Moritz (2013). “Turkish Foreign Policy toward the Iranian Nuclear Programme: In Search of a New Middle East Order after the Arab Spring and the Syrian Civil War”. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations 12(3): 81-92.
  • Purushothaman, Uma (2012). “American Shadow over India–Iran Relations”. Strategic Analysis 36(6): 899-910.
  • Ramazani, Rouhollah K. (1979). “Security in the Persian Gulf”. Foreign Affairs 57(4): 821-835.
  • Ratner, Michael (2018). “Iran’s Threats, the Strait of Hormuz, and Oil Markets: In Brief”. Congressional Research Service Report No. 45281.
  • Rodrigue, Jean-Paul (2004). “Straits, Passages and Chokepoints: A Maritime Geostrategy of Petroleum Distribution”. Cahiers De Géographie Du Québec 48(135): 357-374.
  • Sagan, Scott D. (2006). “How to Keep the Bomb from Iran”. Foreign Affairs 85(5): 45-59.
  • Savyon, Ayelet and E. Kharrazi (2019). “How Will Iran Prevent the Export of Oil from the Persian Gulf to World Markets?”. Inquiry & Analysis Series No. 1452.
  • Scita, Jacopo (2019). China Could Resolve The Next Crisis In The Persian Gulf, But Not This One. Country Brief. Available: https://lobelog.com/china-could-resolve-the-next-crisis-in-the-persian-gulf-but-not-this-one/. (Accessed: 24.10.2019).
  • Shoamanesh, Sam S. (2007). “History Brief: Timeline of US-Iran Relations until the Obama Administration”. MIT International Review, 1(5): 4-7.
  • Shyam, Manjula R. (1985). “The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and Military Interests in the Indian Ocean”. Ocean Development and International Law 15(2): 147-170.
  • Singh, Meena R. (2012). “Iran: India’s Gateway to Central Asia”. Strategic Analysis 36(6): 957-975.
  • Smart, Alan, Ken Willett, Yuan Chou and Guy Jakeman (2012). “NESA Identified Issues: Strait of Hormuz”. ACIL Tasman Report.
  • Sokolski, Henry and Patrick Clawson (2005). Getting Ready for Nuclear-Ready Iran. Darby, Pennsylvania: Diane Publishing.
  • The GCC: Alliance Politics. (1993). Whitehall Papers 20(1): 35-50.
  • Topham, Gwyn (2019). Airlines Avoid Iran Drone Strike Area Due to Fears of “Miscalculation”. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/21/airlines-avoid-strait-of-hormuz-after-iranian-strike-on-us-drone. (Accessed: 04.07.2019).
  • Torbat, Akbar E. (2005). “Impacts of the US Trade and Financial Sanctions on Iran”. World Economy 28(3): 407-434.
  • Wahlisch, Martin (2012). “The Iran-US Dispute, the Strait of Hormuz, and International Law”. The Yale Journal of International Law Online No. 37: 22-34.
  • Walsh, Nick P. (2019). What Shooting Down a $110M US Drone Tells Us About Iran. Available: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/25/middleeast/iran-drone-shooting-capabilities-npw-intl/index.html. (Accessed: 04.07.2019).
  • Westermayr, Josef (2015). “Realpolitik in Iran Opportunities and Challenges”. Politikon No. 28: 138-161.
  • Winzer, Christian (2012). “Conceptualizing Energy Security”. Energy Policy No. 46: 36-48.
  • Zamora, Manuel F. and Linda R. Zamora (2014). “The Strait of Hormuz as a Global and US Security Concern: A Transportation and Maritime Security Case Illustration”. Journal of Homeland and National Security Perspectives 1(1): 66-79.
  • BBC News (2003). “Full Text: Iran Declaration”. Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3211036. stm. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • BP (2008). “Statistical Review of World Energy 2018”. Available: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-statsreview -2018-full-report.pdf. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • Congress. Gov. (1992) “H.R.5434 - Iran-Iraq Arms Non-Proliferation Act of 1992”. Available: https://www. congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-bill/5434/text. (Accessed: 27.05.2019).
  • Congress. Gov. (1996) “H.R.3107 - Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996”. Available: https://www.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/house-bill/3107. (Accessed: 27.05.2019).
  • Corporate Fair Trade Community. “Oil Tanker Insurance Rate Increases After Attacks in Strait of Hormuz”. Available: https://www.corpfairtrade.com/oil-tanker-insurance-rate-increases-after-attacks-in-strait-of-hormuz. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • Daily Sabah (2019). “Leading Refinery Tüpraş to Halt Oil Imports from Iran”. Available: https://www.daily sabah.com/energy/2019/05/08/leading-refinery-tupras-to-halt-oil-imports-from-iran. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • EIA. (2017). “World Oil Transit Chokepoints”. Available: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/regions -topics.php?RegionTopicID=WOTC. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • EIA. (2019a). “The Strait of Hormuz is the World’s Most Important Oil Transit Chokepoint”. Available: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39932. (Accessed: 09.09.2018).
  • EIA. (2019b). “Short-Term Energy Outlook”. Available: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php? id=39932. (Accessed: 18.08.2019).
  • EIA. (2019c). “World Energy Prices”. Available: https://www.iea.org/statistics/prices. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • European Commission. “Countries and Regions, Gulf Region”. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/po licy/countries-and-regions/regions/gulf-region/. (Accessed, May 28, 2019).
  • European Commission. “European Union, Trade in Goods with Iran”. Available: https://webgate.ec. europa.eu/isdbresults/factsheets/country/details_iran_en.pdf. (Accessed: 28.05.2019).
  • European Commission. “EU/Iran Negotiations for Trade & Cooperation Agreement to restart on 12 January”. Available: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-05-18_en.htm. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • European Commission. “EU Restrictive Measures Against Iran”. Available: https://www.consilium. europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/iran/. (Accessed: 27.05.2019).
  • European External Action Service. “Iran Deal: EU Remains Committed to the Continued Implementation of the Nuclear Deal, Mogherini Says”. Available: https://eeas.europa.eu /headquarters/headquarters-homepage/44239/iran-deal-eu-remains-committedcontinued-implementation-nuclear-deal-mogherini-says_en. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • European Parliament Think Tank. “An EU Strategy for Relations with Iran After the Nuclear Deal”. Available: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2016/578005/EXPO_ID A(2016)578005_EN.pdf. (Accessed: 15.05.2019).
  • Every CRS Report. “Iran Sanctions”. Available: https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20190712_RS20 871_76a1b4a1a24bb7ce8ca360e011f7d7c72c3b7b7d.html#_Toc14424764. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • Federation of American Scientists. “Unclassified Report on Military Power of Iran April 2010”. Available: https://fas.org/man/eprint/dod_iran_2010.pdf. (Accessed: 05.06.2019).
  • Fox News Network. “What is the Strait of Hormuz, where Iran shot down US Navy drone?”. Available: https://www.foxnews.com/world/whats-the-strait-of-hormuz-iran-shot-us-navy-droned. (Accessed: 25.07.2019).
  • Global Firepower. “Middle Eastern Powers Ranked by Military Strength”. Available: https://www.global firepower.com/countries-listing-middle-east.asp. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (2004). “Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran”. Available: https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/gov2003-63.pdf. (Accessed: 19.05.2019).
  • International Union for Conservation of Nature. “United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea”. Available: https://www.iucn.org/theme/marine-and-polar/our-work/international-ocean-governance/unclos. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • Legal Information Institute. “Title 22: Foreign Relations and Intercourse, Chapter 95—Iran Freedom and Counter Proliferation (8801–8811)”. Available: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode /text/22/chapter-95. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • Newsclick (2019). “India to Import Oil from US, Saudi to Make up for Iran Shortfall”. Available: https://www. newsclick.in/Oil-Import-India-IOC-US-Saudi-Iran. (Accessed: 21.05.2019).
  • OEC (2017a). “Qatar”. Available: https://oec.world/en/profile/country/qat/. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • OEC (2017b). “Oman”. Available: https://oec.world/en/profile/country/omn/. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • OEC (2017c). “Bahrain”. Available: https://oec.world/en/profile/country/bhr/. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • OPEC. (2019a). “Saudi Arabia Facts and Figures”. Available: https://www.opec.org/opecweb_/en/about _us/169.htm. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • OPEC. (2019b). “Iran Facts and Figures”. Available: https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/ 163.htm. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • OPEC. (2019c). “Iraq Facts and Figures”. Available: https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/16 4.htm. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • OPEC. (2019d). “Kuwait Facts and Figures”. Available: https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/16 5.htm. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • OPEC. (2019e). “UAE Facts and Figures”. Available: https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/170 .htm. (Accessed: 24.07.2019).
  • The Washington Post. “Text of President Bush’s 2002 State of the Union Address”. Available: https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/transcripts/sou012902.htm. (Accessed: 04.08.2019).
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. “World Military Expenditure Grows to $1.8 Trillion in 2018”. Available: https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2019/world-military-expenditure-grows-18-trillion-2018. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • U.N. Conference on Trade and Development. “Review of Maritime Transport 2018”. Available: https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2018_en.pdf. (Accessed: 05.04.2019).
  • U.N. Security Council Committee. “Resolution 1737, Adopted by the Security Council at its 5612th Meeting, on 23 December 2006”. Available: https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_ doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1737. (Accessed: 27.05.2019).
  • U.N. Security Council. “Resolution 1747”. Available: https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/unsc_res17 47-2007.pdf. (Accessed: 04.06.2019).
  • U.N. Security Council. “Resolution 1803”. Available: https://undocs.org/S/RES/1803. (Accessed: 04.06.2019).
  • U.N. Security Council. “Resolution 1929”. Available: https://undocs.org/S/RES/1929(2010). (Accessed: 04.06.2019).
  • U.S. Department of State. “Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action”. Available: https://20092017.state.gov /documents/organization/245317.pdf. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • U.S. Department of the Treasury. “Section 1245 of Public Law 112-81, Imposition of Sanctions with Respect to the Financial Sector of Iran”. Available: https://www.treasury. gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/ndaa_publaw.pdf, (Accessed: 05.06.2019).
  • U.S. Department of the Treasury. “Iran Sanctions Act of 1996”. Available: https://www.treasury.gov /resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/isa_1996.pdf. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. “Executive Order 12613--Prohibiting imports from Iran”. Available: https://www.archives.gov/federalregister/codification/executive-order/12613.html. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. “Executive Order No. 12278--Direction to Transfer Iranian Government Assets Overseas”. Available: https://www.archives. gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12278.html. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. “Executive Order 12211--Further Prohibitions on Transactions with Iran”. Available: https://www.archives.gov/federalregister/ codification/executive-order/12211.html. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. “Executive Order 12959, Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to Iran”. Available: https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/1995.html. (Accessed, 30.05.2019).
  • U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. “Executive Order 13059--Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to Iran”. Available: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-08-21/pdf/97-22482.pdf. (Accessed: 30.05.2019).
  • Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control (2017). “Iran Missile Milestones: 1985-2017”. Available: https://www.wisconsinproject.org/iran-missile-milestones/. (Accessed: 25.07.2019).
  • World Economic Forum “India’s Evolving Partnership with the Gulf Region”, Available: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/10/india-s-evolving-partnership-with-the-gulf-region/, (Accessed: 19.05.2019).
Toplam 121 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Yusuf Sayın Bu kişi benim

Fatih Kılıc

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sayın, Y., & Kılıc, F. (2020). THE STRAIT OF HORMUZ AND IRAN’S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. Eurasian Research Journal, 2(1), 29-59.