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CURRENT TRENDS IN CENTRAL ASIAN HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMS

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 23 - 42, 25.04.2022

Öz

Due to the ongoing global and regional economic, political and social processes, educational systems of several Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), once being parts of a unified educational system, have been drifting away from each other, transforming in their unique ways, under the pressure of their local circumstances. The article discusses the evolution and the current state of higher education institutions (HEI) in Central Asian countries, concentrating on such topics as the accessibility of tertiary education, its funding, digitalization, global mobility, and accreditation processes. The systems are analyzed and compared within the given categories. The purpose of this article is to characterize some trends in the development of higher education systems in these countries, which are characteristic of the current period of their political and social development.

Kaynakça

  • Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Statistics of education. Retrieved from https://stat.gov.kz/official/industry/62/statistic/6. Accessed: 05.04.2021.
  • Agency on statistics under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan. Socio-demographic sector. Retrieved from https://www.stat.tj/ru/database-socio-demographic-sector. Accessed: 03.03.2021.
  • ARWU (2021). ARWU 2021 University rankings published. Retrieved from https://www.unipage.net/ru/2235. Accessed: 29.01.2022.
  • Ashwin, Paul (2020). Measuring the quality of university education: Beyond the nonsense of university rankings. Retrieved from https://emails.illinois.edu/newsletter/1635190894.html. Accessed: 03.02.2022.
  • ASIA-Plus (2018a). Higher education in Tajikistan goes online. Retrieved from https://news.tj/ru/news/tajikistan/society/20161003/visshee-obrazovanie-v-tadzhikistane-uhodit-v-internet. Accessed: 29.01.2021.
  • ASIA-Plus (2018b). Our goal is to improve the quality of higher education. Retrieved from https://www.news.tj/ru/news/tajikistan/society/20170113/nasha-tsel-povishenie-kachestva-visshego-obrazovaniya. Accessed: 31.01.2021.
  • Avesta.tj (2021). Tajik State University of Economics and Finance has been accredited by the IAAR of Kazakhstan. Retrieved from http://avesta.tj/2021/02/10/tadzhikskij-gosuniversitet-ekonomiki-i-finansov-proshel-akkreditatsiyu-naar-kazahstana/. Accessed: 06.02.2022.
  • Digital Kazakhstan. About the program. Retrieved from https://digitalkz.kz/oprogramme/. Accessed: 25.04.2021.
  • European Commission (2017a). Overview of the higher education system. Uzbekistan. Retrieved from https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/sites/eacea-site/files/countryficheuzbekistan_2017.pdf Accessed: 22.04.2021.
  • European Commission (2017b). Overview of the higher education system. Kyrgyzstan.Retrieved from http://kyrgyz/countryfiche_kyrgyzstan_2017.pdf. Accessed: 22.03.2021.
  • Fergana.ru (2021). Researchers found out why Russia has the most students from Central Asia. Retrieved from https://fergana.ru/news/123422/. Accessed: 22.01.2022.
  • Handa, Neera (2018). Education for Sustainability through Internationalization: Transnational Knowledge Exchange and Global Citizenship. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Inbusiness.kz (2020). The pandemic has not affected the number of foreign students in the universities of Kazakhstan. Retrieved from https://inbusiness.kz/ru/last/pandemiya-ne-povliyala-na-chislo-inostrannyh-studentov-v-vuzah-kazahstana. Accessed: 15.04.2021.
  • Inform.kz (2021). What has changed in the field of education and science over the years of independence? Retrieved from https://www.inform.kz/ru/chto-izmenilos-v-sfere-obrazovaniya-i-nauki-za-gody-nezavisimosti_a3780677. Accessed: 10.05.2021.
  • Information Agency 24.kg (2017). Loans for education intend to issue in Kyrgyzstan. Retrieved from https://24.kg/obschestvo/55671/. Accessed: 31.03.2021.
  • IQAA (2021). Thematic analysis. Retrieved from https://iqaa.kz/images/thematic%20analysis/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B 0 % D 0 % B D % D 0 % B 0 % D 0 % B B % D 0 % B 8 % D 0 % B 7 % 2 0COVID%2019.pdf. Accessed: 1 0.02.2022.
  • Jonbekova, Dilrabo (2020). “The diploma disease in Central Asia: Students’views about the purpose of university education in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan.” Studies in Higher Education, 45: 1183-1196.
  • Kapital.kz (2020). The cost of educational grants will triple. Retrieved from https://kapital.kz/gosudarstvo/87427/stoimost-obrazovatel-nykh-grantov-uvelichat-v-tri-raza.html. Accessed: 06.04.2021.
  • Marto, Jan-Francois (2020). Pandemic and education in Kazakhstan: Severe loss and increasing inequality. Retrieved from https://blogs.worldbank.org/ru/europeandcentralasia/post-COVID-education-kazakhstan-heavy-losses-and-deepening-inequality. Accessed: 10.04.2021.
  • Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Tertiary and postgraduate education. Retrieved from https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/edu/activities/272?lang=ru. Accessed: 15.03.2021.
  • Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2012). Strategy for Academic Mobility in Kazakhstan 2012-2020. Retrieved from www.erasmusplus.kz/attachments/article/156/strategia-acad-mob-2020.doc. Accessed: 15.03.2021.
  • Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2018). Implementation of programs of academic mobility. Retrieved from https://enic-kazakhstan.kz/uploads/additional_files_items/52/file/realizaciya-programm-akademicheskoy-mobilnosti.pdf?cache=1574332857. Accessed: 18.04.2021.
  • Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2019). Implementation of principles of Bologna process in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Retrieved from https://enic-kazakhstan.kz/uploads/additional_files_items/56/file_en/analiticheskiy-otchet-za-2019-god.pdf?cache=1581490568. Accessed: 23.03.2021.
  • National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. Education and culture. Retrieved from http://www.stat.kg/ru/statistics/obrazovanie/. Accessed: 22.04.2021.
  • Novikov, Artem (2017). “Taza Coom” is a program for the formation of the new modern digital platform of the country. Retrieved from http://knews.kg/2017/06/11/taza-koom-eto-programma-formirovaniya-novoj-sovremennoj-tsifrovoj-platformy-strany-artem-novikov/. Accessed: 29.03.2021.
  • Nur.kz (2018). The government has determined the cost of studying in universities of Kazakhstan 3 years in advance. Retrieved from https://www.nur.kz/1728632-pravitelstvo-opredelilo-stoimost-uceby-v-vuzah-kazahstana-na-3-goda-vpered.html. Accessed: 15.03.2021.
  • Press Office of the Prime Minister. Over 131 thousand students to take part in UNT in 2020 — Ministry of Education and Science. Retrieved from https://primeminister.kz/en/news/v-etom-godu-v-ent-primut-uchastie-bolee-131-tysuchashchihsya-mon-rk-25636. Accessed: 14.03.2021.
  • Sabzalieva, Emma (2019). “Higher Education Policy in Central Asia and Afghanistan.” Working Paper #51. Bishkek: University of Central Asia.
  • Seidakhmetova, Rymma. Honorable mission. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=31505277#pos=4;-96. Accessed: 15.02.2021.
  • Tajik Development Gateway (2017). Retrieved from http://www.tajik-gateway.org/wp/?cat=18 Accessed: 30.03.2021.
  • Tajik Development Gateway (2018). Retrieved from http://www.tajik-gateway.org/wp/?lang=ru&id=1191&paged=5. Accessed: 30.02.2021.
  • Times Higher Education (2021). Rankings Impact 2021. Retrieved from www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/impact/2021/quality-education#!/page/0/length/25/locations/kaz/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/undefined. Accessed: 12.02.2022.
  • The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics. Demography. Retrieved from https://stat.uz/en/official-statistics/demography. Accessed: 27.02.2021.
  • The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics. Social protection, rights of mothers and children. Retrieved from https://stat.uz/en/official-statistics/social-protection. Accessed: 01.03.2021.
  • The World Bank (2019). Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) – Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyz Republic, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=KZ-TJ-KG-UZ-TM. Accessed: 05.04.2021.
  • The World Bank (2015). Retrieved from http://www.vsemirnyjbank.org/ru/news/feature/2015/02/12/more-equitable-and-efficient-higher-education-in-tajikistan-needed-to-meet-labor-market-demands. Accessed: 31.03.2021.
  • Ulukbek uulu, Yrysbek (2020). Elections 2020. How parties propose to develop the economy of Kyrgyzstan. Retrieved from https://rus.azattyk.org/a/30839682.html. Accessed: 15.02.2021.
  • UNESCO. Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow. Accessed: 14.03.2021.
  • UNESCO. Kazakhstan. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/kz. Accessed: 15.04.2021.
  • UNESCO. The Kyrgyz Republic. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/kg. Accessed: 15.04.2021.
  • UNESCO. Tajikistan. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/tj. Accessed: 15.04.2021.
  • UNESCO. Uzbekistan. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/uz. Accessed: 15.04.2021.
  • UNESCO (2016). Education 2030: The Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action. Retrieved from unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002456/245656R.pdf. Accessed: 15.03.2021.
  • UNESCO (2021). Policy Brief: Higher Education in Central Asia. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377911_rus. Accessed: 10.02.2022.
  • UzDaily.com (2020). “Academic mobility” program is being introduced in Uzbekistan. Retrieved from https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/62684. Accessed: 11.03.2021.
  • WENR (2021). Education in Kazakhstan. Sidiqa AllahMorad, Knowledge Analysis Manager, WES, Ed. Chris Mackie. Retrieved from https://wenr.wes.org/2021/07/education-in-kazakhstan. Accessed: 05.11.2021.
  • World Data Atlas (2017). Retrieved from https://knoema.com/atlas/Kazakhstan/topics/Education/Expenditures-on-Education/Public-spending-on-educationas-a-share-of-GDP. Accessed: 15.02.2021.
  • Yeniseyev, Maksim (2017a). Uzbekistan launches ambitious reform of the higher education sector. Retrieved from http://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2017/05/09/feature-01. Accessed: 02.03.2021.
  • Yeniseyev, Maksim (2017b). Education reforms in Uzbekistan to keep schoolchildren together longer. Retrieved from http://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2017/08/02/feature-01. Accessed: 05.03.2021.
Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 23 - 42, 25.04.2022

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Statistics of education. Retrieved from https://stat.gov.kz/official/industry/62/statistic/6. Accessed: 05.04.2021.
  • Agency on statistics under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan. Socio-demographic sector. Retrieved from https://www.stat.tj/ru/database-socio-demographic-sector. Accessed: 03.03.2021.
  • ARWU (2021). ARWU 2021 University rankings published. Retrieved from https://www.unipage.net/ru/2235. Accessed: 29.01.2022.
  • Ashwin, Paul (2020). Measuring the quality of university education: Beyond the nonsense of university rankings. Retrieved from https://emails.illinois.edu/newsletter/1635190894.html. Accessed: 03.02.2022.
  • ASIA-Plus (2018a). Higher education in Tajikistan goes online. Retrieved from https://news.tj/ru/news/tajikistan/society/20161003/visshee-obrazovanie-v-tadzhikistane-uhodit-v-internet. Accessed: 29.01.2021.
  • ASIA-Plus (2018b). Our goal is to improve the quality of higher education. Retrieved from https://www.news.tj/ru/news/tajikistan/society/20170113/nasha-tsel-povishenie-kachestva-visshego-obrazovaniya. Accessed: 31.01.2021.
  • Avesta.tj (2021). Tajik State University of Economics and Finance has been accredited by the IAAR of Kazakhstan. Retrieved from http://avesta.tj/2021/02/10/tadzhikskij-gosuniversitet-ekonomiki-i-finansov-proshel-akkreditatsiyu-naar-kazahstana/. Accessed: 06.02.2022.
  • Digital Kazakhstan. About the program. Retrieved from https://digitalkz.kz/oprogramme/. Accessed: 25.04.2021.
  • European Commission (2017a). Overview of the higher education system. Uzbekistan. Retrieved from https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/sites/eacea-site/files/countryficheuzbekistan_2017.pdf Accessed: 22.04.2021.
  • European Commission (2017b). Overview of the higher education system. Kyrgyzstan.Retrieved from http://kyrgyz/countryfiche_kyrgyzstan_2017.pdf. Accessed: 22.03.2021.
  • Fergana.ru (2021). Researchers found out why Russia has the most students from Central Asia. Retrieved from https://fergana.ru/news/123422/. Accessed: 22.01.2022.
  • Handa, Neera (2018). Education for Sustainability through Internationalization: Transnational Knowledge Exchange and Global Citizenship. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Inbusiness.kz (2020). The pandemic has not affected the number of foreign students in the universities of Kazakhstan. Retrieved from https://inbusiness.kz/ru/last/pandemiya-ne-povliyala-na-chislo-inostrannyh-studentov-v-vuzah-kazahstana. Accessed: 15.04.2021.
  • Inform.kz (2021). What has changed in the field of education and science over the years of independence? Retrieved from https://www.inform.kz/ru/chto-izmenilos-v-sfere-obrazovaniya-i-nauki-za-gody-nezavisimosti_a3780677. Accessed: 10.05.2021.
  • Information Agency 24.kg (2017). Loans for education intend to issue in Kyrgyzstan. Retrieved from https://24.kg/obschestvo/55671/. Accessed: 31.03.2021.
  • IQAA (2021). Thematic analysis. Retrieved from https://iqaa.kz/images/thematic%20analysis/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B 0 % D 0 % B D % D 0 % B 0 % D 0 % B B % D 0 % B 8 % D 0 % B 7 % 2 0COVID%2019.pdf. Accessed: 1 0.02.2022.
  • Jonbekova, Dilrabo (2020). “The diploma disease in Central Asia: Students’views about the purpose of university education in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan.” Studies in Higher Education, 45: 1183-1196.
  • Kapital.kz (2020). The cost of educational grants will triple. Retrieved from https://kapital.kz/gosudarstvo/87427/stoimost-obrazovatel-nykh-grantov-uvelichat-v-tri-raza.html. Accessed: 06.04.2021.
  • Marto, Jan-Francois (2020). Pandemic and education in Kazakhstan: Severe loss and increasing inequality. Retrieved from https://blogs.worldbank.org/ru/europeandcentralasia/post-COVID-education-kazakhstan-heavy-losses-and-deepening-inequality. Accessed: 10.04.2021.
  • Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Tertiary and postgraduate education. Retrieved from https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/edu/activities/272?lang=ru. Accessed: 15.03.2021.
  • Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2012). Strategy for Academic Mobility in Kazakhstan 2012-2020. Retrieved from www.erasmusplus.kz/attachments/article/156/strategia-acad-mob-2020.doc. Accessed: 15.03.2021.
  • Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2018). Implementation of programs of academic mobility. Retrieved from https://enic-kazakhstan.kz/uploads/additional_files_items/52/file/realizaciya-programm-akademicheskoy-mobilnosti.pdf?cache=1574332857. Accessed: 18.04.2021.
  • Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2019). Implementation of principles of Bologna process in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Retrieved from https://enic-kazakhstan.kz/uploads/additional_files_items/56/file_en/analiticheskiy-otchet-za-2019-god.pdf?cache=1581490568. Accessed: 23.03.2021.
  • National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. Education and culture. Retrieved from http://www.stat.kg/ru/statistics/obrazovanie/. Accessed: 22.04.2021.
  • Novikov, Artem (2017). “Taza Coom” is a program for the formation of the new modern digital platform of the country. Retrieved from http://knews.kg/2017/06/11/taza-koom-eto-programma-formirovaniya-novoj-sovremennoj-tsifrovoj-platformy-strany-artem-novikov/. Accessed: 29.03.2021.
  • Nur.kz (2018). The government has determined the cost of studying in universities of Kazakhstan 3 years in advance. Retrieved from https://www.nur.kz/1728632-pravitelstvo-opredelilo-stoimost-uceby-v-vuzah-kazahstana-na-3-goda-vpered.html. Accessed: 15.03.2021.
  • Press Office of the Prime Minister. Over 131 thousand students to take part in UNT in 2020 — Ministry of Education and Science. Retrieved from https://primeminister.kz/en/news/v-etom-godu-v-ent-primut-uchastie-bolee-131-tysuchashchihsya-mon-rk-25636. Accessed: 14.03.2021.
  • Sabzalieva, Emma (2019). “Higher Education Policy in Central Asia and Afghanistan.” Working Paper #51. Bishkek: University of Central Asia.
  • Seidakhmetova, Rymma. Honorable mission. Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=31505277#pos=4;-96. Accessed: 15.02.2021.
  • Tajik Development Gateway (2017). Retrieved from http://www.tajik-gateway.org/wp/?cat=18 Accessed: 30.03.2021.
  • Tajik Development Gateway (2018). Retrieved from http://www.tajik-gateway.org/wp/?lang=ru&id=1191&paged=5. Accessed: 30.02.2021.
  • Times Higher Education (2021). Rankings Impact 2021. Retrieved from www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/impact/2021/quality-education#!/page/0/length/25/locations/kaz/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/undefined. Accessed: 12.02.2022.
  • The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics. Demography. Retrieved from https://stat.uz/en/official-statistics/demography. Accessed: 27.02.2021.
  • The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics. Social protection, rights of mothers and children. Retrieved from https://stat.uz/en/official-statistics/social-protection. Accessed: 01.03.2021.
  • The World Bank (2019). Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) – Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyz Republic, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=KZ-TJ-KG-UZ-TM. Accessed: 05.04.2021.
  • The World Bank (2015). Retrieved from http://www.vsemirnyjbank.org/ru/news/feature/2015/02/12/more-equitable-and-efficient-higher-education-in-tajikistan-needed-to-meet-labor-market-demands. Accessed: 31.03.2021.
  • Ulukbek uulu, Yrysbek (2020). Elections 2020. How parties propose to develop the economy of Kyrgyzstan. Retrieved from https://rus.azattyk.org/a/30839682.html. Accessed: 15.02.2021.
  • UNESCO. Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow. Accessed: 14.03.2021.
  • UNESCO. Kazakhstan. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/kz. Accessed: 15.04.2021.
  • UNESCO. The Kyrgyz Republic. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/kg. Accessed: 15.04.2021.
  • UNESCO. Tajikistan. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/tj. Accessed: 15.04.2021.
  • UNESCO. Uzbekistan. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/uz. Accessed: 15.04.2021.
  • UNESCO (2016). Education 2030: The Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action. Retrieved from unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002456/245656R.pdf. Accessed: 15.03.2021.
  • UNESCO (2021). Policy Brief: Higher Education in Central Asia. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377911_rus. Accessed: 10.02.2022.
  • UzDaily.com (2020). “Academic mobility” program is being introduced in Uzbekistan. Retrieved from https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/62684. Accessed: 11.03.2021.
  • WENR (2021). Education in Kazakhstan. Sidiqa AllahMorad, Knowledge Analysis Manager, WES, Ed. Chris Mackie. Retrieved from https://wenr.wes.org/2021/07/education-in-kazakhstan. Accessed: 05.11.2021.
  • World Data Atlas (2017). Retrieved from https://knoema.com/atlas/Kazakhstan/topics/Education/Expenditures-on-Education/Public-spending-on-educationas-a-share-of-GDP. Accessed: 15.02.2021.
  • Yeniseyev, Maksim (2017a). Uzbekistan launches ambitious reform of the higher education sector. Retrieved from http://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2017/05/09/feature-01. Accessed: 02.03.2021.
  • Yeniseyev, Maksim (2017b). Education reforms in Uzbekistan to keep schoolchildren together longer. Retrieved from http://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2017/08/02/feature-01. Accessed: 05.03.2021.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Gulnar Nadırova Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-7837-2598

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Nadırova, G. (2022). CURRENT TRENDS IN CENTRAL ASIAN HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMS. Eurasian Research Journal, 4(2), 23-42.